各向异性本构关系在板料成形数值模拟中的应用

对几种能表达面内各向异性的屈服准则Hill、Barlat-Lian、Barlat进行了比较。以弹性变形服从各向同性广义虎克定律的情况下，给出了基于张量算法推导的弹塑性本构关系的一般表达式，并由此导出了相应屈服准则的弹塑性本构关系的显式表达。借助ABAQUS软件本构模块用户子程序接口，分别实现了这些屈服准则在ABAQUS的嵌入。以模拟方形盒的拉延过程为例，分析了不同的屈服准则在板料成形过程数值模拟中的应用。模拟结果表明，基于弹塑性本构关系一般表达所列出的相应屈服准则的显式表达式是正确的；在采用壳元来模拟板料成形时，采用Barlat准则的模拟结果和采用Barlat-Lian准则的结果差别不大。     

镍基合金－碳化铬复合涂层耐磨特性的研究

用真空熔烧法在４５＃钢表面制取了镍基合金－碳化铬复合涂层，用扫描电子显微镜和Ｘ射线衍射仪分析了这种涂层的微观结构、物相组成和性能，并对这种涂层的耐磨特性进行了试验研究．结果表明：镍基合金－碳化铬复合涂层与底材形成了牢固的冶金结合，同时还含有较高比例的硬质相；碳化铬的加入使涂层的耐磨性显著提高，在给定的试验条件下分别于干摩擦和２０＃机械油润滑时，镍基合金－碳化铬复合涂层的耐磨性比４５＃钢的分别高５倍和１０倍以上     

充内压圆柱壳在激光辐照下的初始裂纹萌生机制研究

通过高速摄影在实验中观测到充压柱壳上初始裂纹萌生于激光辐照区中心．通过数值模拟、断口分析和激光辐照区材料的金相分析等手段揭示了裂纹初始萌生的物理力学机制，并进一步证实了裂纹初始萌生位置的问题．根据研究结果，确定了影响裂纹起始萌生的力学量．本项目工作的完成有助于激光辐照下充压柱壳断裂问题的深入研究．     

镍基合金—碳化铬复合涂层耐磨特性的研究

用真空烷烧法在４５＃钢表面制取了镍基合金－碳化铬复合涂层，用扫描电子显微镜和Ｘ射线衍射仪分析了这种涂层的微观结构，物相组成和性能，并对这种涂层的耐磨性进行了试验研究。     

含凹坑缺陷圆柱壳的数值极限分析

使用文［１］提出的三维结构塑性极限分析的一般计算方法，我们对含凹坑缺陷的圆柱壳进行了数值极限分析．对凹坑和筒体各种组合的几何参数，本文给出了筒壳极限压力的上限．计算结果与现有的理论、实验和数值解进行了比较．本文调查和评估了各种形状和尺寸的凹坑对筒壳极限承载能力的影响规律，研究了对应于不同凹坑尺寸的筒壳两种典型的破坏模式．根据以上数值结果，本文采用几何参数Ｇ来反映凹坑各参数对筒壳极限压力的综合影响，并给出了估计带凹坑筒体极限压力的拟合公式．本文结果对含凹坑缺陷压力容器的安全评估具有重要参考价值     

金属板料拉延二次成形的有限元法模拟

建立了二次拉延成形加工的有限元分析计算模型;采用一次成形-回弹计算-二次成形的连续计算过程模拟了实际加工过程;有限元计算采用动力显式计算程序MSC/DYTRAN;用主从面（master surface-slave surface)模型定义板料和模具的接触,摩擦力用库仑定律计算;利用动力松弛法对成形过程中的回弹进行了计算。模拟结果和实际零件比较,证明模型合理,自满稳定,结果可靠,具有良好的应用价值。     

丝束变角度复合材料板壳结构静动力问题研究进展

近年来随着先进自动铺丝技术的发展，生产材料特性随空间位置连续变化的丝束变角度(Variable Angle Tow, VAT)复合材料已成为可能．由此制备的新型复合材料板壳结构不仅具有比传统结构更强的可设计性，而且在提升结构效率方面显示出极大的优越性，是实现航空航天工业装备高性能、轻质化发展的新的重要途径．然而，自动铺丝技术使VAT复合材料板壳结构具有了一般各向异性及面内变刚度特性，给其静动力学问题的分析带来了极大的困难．因此，发展针对该种新型变刚度复合材料板壳结构的力学模型和计算方法至关重要，这也是深入理解其复杂的力学响应机制并进一步促进其在航空航天工程中广泛应用的前提和基础．本文旨在总结近年来有关VAT复合材料板壳结构静动力问题的研究进展，着重从理论分析模型和数值计算方法等方面来简述其最新研究成果，最后讨论了目前VAT复合材料板壳结构静动力问题研究的局限性，并对未来的理论研究进行了展望．     

双曲率壳的力学研究进展

双曲率壳是飞机、汽车以及船舶上常见的薄壁结构，其中性面可看作是一条动曲线沿着另一条曲线扫掠所形成的曲面．双曲率壳的非线性理论不断更新推动着双曲率壳力学行为的研究．随着工程实际应用的不断改进，如功能梯度材料(FGM)，加筋壳，弹性地基模型等的引入，双曲率壳在强度、变形和稳定性等方面的研究得到了进一步促进．本文首先回顾了双曲率壳结构非线性力学基本理论发展过程，主要阐述了经典的二维板壳理论，如Donnell 薄壳理论，一阶剪切变形壳理论，高阶剪切变形壳理论，和三维板壳理论的理论体系及基本公式，并对几种理论之间的联系和应用进行了总结和讨论，简述了近几十年来国内外学者在双曲率壳非线性弯曲、稳定性和振动等方面的最新研究成果，最后对双曲率壳体研究目前的局限性和未来的研究方向进行了探讨．     

均匀设计研究火焰喷涂尼龙1010涂层干摩擦磨损性能

利用均匀试验设计方法考察了火焰喷涂尼龙1010涂层在干摩擦条件下同GCr15钢配副时的摩擦磨损性能；利用SPSS统计软件对试验结果进行了回归分析，建立了涂层摩擦系数和磨损质量损失同pv值相关性的数学模型；采用扫描电子显微镜分析了涂层磨损表面形貌，进而探讨了涂层的磨损机理．结果表明，所建立的回归模型可信、可行，具有显著性和统计意义；火焰喷涂尼龙1010涂层在不同试验条件下的摩擦磨损性能同pv值密切相关；这是由于尼龙1010涂层的粘弹性因摩擦表面温度不同而明显不同所致；当pv值较低时，涂层摩擦表面温度相对较低，涂层仅发生弹性变形，相应的摩擦系数较小；随着pv值的增加，涂层摩擦表面温度升高、破坏加剧，故摩擦系数和磨损质量损失增大；当pv值足够大时，涂层摩擦表面温度进一步升高，部分涂层发生熔融并形成润滑膜，相应的摩擦系数和磨损质量损失降低．涂层的主要磨损机理为塑性变形、疲劳磨损和粘着磨损。     

Fe3Al／A12O3梯度复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能

利用等离子喷技术在钢表面制备了Fe3Al／Al2O3梯度涂层以及Fe3Al-Al2O3双层涂层和Fe3Al—Fe3Al／50%Al2O3-Al2O3三层涂层，采用MRH-3型环一块摩擦磨损试验机对比考察了涂层摩擦磨损性能，采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析磨损表面形貌．结果表明，梯度涂层成分沿涂层厚度方向存在差异，相应的耐磨性能和磨损机制亦有所不同，梯度涂层的主要磨损机制包括颗粒脱落、裂纹萌生与扩展、微区脆裂层状脱落、塑性变形和粘着损伤等．     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

正~~     

人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.