球形磨粒和切削磨粒轮廓分形维数研究

选取 FAENA法作为计算磨粒分形维数方法 ,用试验法、现场收集和磨粒相片 3种方法收集了球形磨粒和切削磨粒各 5 0 0个样本 ,并进行了轮廓分形维数计算 .结果表明 ,这 2种磨粒在 80 0倍放大倍数时具有最好的统计分形 ,轮廓分形维数分布为正态分布 ,球形磨粒分形维数为 D(μD,σ2 )～ D(1.0 2 5 ,0 .36 89× 10 - 4) ,切削磨粒分形维数为 D(μD,σ2 )～ D(1.10 2 ,3.5 79× 10 - 4) ,这 2种典型磨粒轮廓分形维数分布参数的确定对磨粒的自动识别有借鉴作用     

含磨粒油润滑齿轮胶合失效的计算模型与试验研究

在机械设备的运转过程中，齿轮润滑油都含有很多不同尺寸的磨粒，研究表明，磨粒产生的机械效应和热效应都不容忽视，前者可以导致齿轮的磨粒磨损，后者能够造成齿轮的胶合失效。尽管目前人们已经对磨粒导致胶合失效的机理有所认识，但还没有建立起相应的计算方法和模型，有关的试验分析方法也还没有看到文献报道。因此，从机理，计算方法和试验等方面对含磨粒润滑工况下的齿轮胶合失效进行了分析与研究，在给定的条件下，通过几种含     

动脉狭窄对血液流速的影响

为了定量计算动脉局部狭窄对动脉管中血液流动速度的影响，本文分别对狭窄区域内定常流和非定常流动进行了求解，得出了狭窄区域内定常流和脉动流的速度表达式。本文将均匀段的流速形经Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ分解成定常和脉动两部分，然后分别计算出狭窄区域内对应的定常和脉动流速，经Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ合成还原成流速时域波形，同时针对各种情况将不同狭窄对不同的流速波形的作了分析比较。     

电感式磨粒传感器中铁磁质磨粒的磁特性研究

在电感式磨粒传感器中,铁磁质磨粒主要通过磁化作用改变传感器线圈的磁场分布,进而改变线圈的等效电感.建立了线圈中含有铁磁质磨粒时的磁场模型,得出了磨粒磁化场关于退磁因子的磁感应强度表达式.以球磨粒为例,通过计算球磨粒磁化场,得到球磨粒引起线圈电感变化率的解析式,并用有限元法计算了线圈的磁场,分析后发现:理论计算解与数值分析解相符,所建模型可以反映客观实际;磨粒的磁化强度由其磁导率和退磁因子共同决定,球磨粒的磁化强度可近似认为与磁导率无关;球磨粒引起的传感器线圈电感变化率随线圈单位长度上匝数的增加而减小,并趋向于一极限值;传感器线圈的电感变化率与球磨粒半径的三次方成正比,球磨粒半径在100μm以内,电感变化率在10-7数量级.本研究结论可为电感式磨粒传感器的设计提供理论指导.     

磨损磨粒的主成分聚类方法分析

采用主成分聚类分析理论对正常磨粒、滑动磨粒、切削磨粒和疲劳磨粒等4种不同磨粒表面纹理灰度共生矩阵进行分析,得到4个不同纹理方向的能量、熵、惯性矩、局部平稳性、相关、最大概率和方差7个参量.利用主成分理论求解,构造主成分方程,得到磨粒纹理参量主成分的二维分布,最后,通过聚类分析,将4种磨粒纹理参量的主成分划分为不同的聚类区域.结果表明:主成分聚类分类方法可以对磨粒的多参量进行聚类分析;主成分聚类分类方法对冗余数据具有较强地处理能力;多组主成分聚类分析方法具有互补性,特别适合多参量磨粒分类的信息融合处理.     

含碳化钨硬相镍基涂层耐磨粒磨损性能研究

为了改善沙漠地区用汽车发动机缸套／活塞环系统的抗磨粒磨损性能，延长发动机的使用寿命，对３种含不等量硬质相ＷＣ颗粒的镍基复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能进行了试验研究，并且利用扫描电子显微镜对复合涂层表面进行了观察，在此基础上又对其抗磨粒磨损作用机理进行了分析与讨论。Ｆａｌｅｘ试验结果表明，含ＷＣ硬质相的镍基复合涂层的抗磨粒磨损性能明显地比常用缸套／活塞环材料碳铸铁的好，适用于磨粒磨损十分严重的沙漠地区车辆汽     

基于背景色彩识别的磨粒图像分割方法

针对铁谱图像背景色彩相对单一的特点,设计了1种基于背景色彩识别的磨粒图像分割方法,采用该方法对轴尖-宝石轴承的润滑油铁谱图像进行图像分割,并用所得磨粒覆盖面积推算轴尖磨损量.通过大量磨粒图像分割实践表明,所设计的方法具有精度高、计算速度快及适应性强等优点.定量磨损分析表明,该摩擦副的磨损进程极为缓慢.     

新型磨粒在线监测传感器及其试验研究

依据润滑油中磨粒与电感线圈之间耦合关系,设计了1种新型的电感式磨粒传感器,并建立了相应的在线磨粒测试系统.利用在线磨粒监测试验台,对传感器的磨粒检出能力、测试结果的一致性以及测试系统输出与磨粒通过速度的关系进行了试验.结果表明:该在线磨粒监测传感器对粒度大于500μm的铜磨粒和粒度大于100μm的铁磨粒具有较好的检测能力;磁性磨粒收集装置能显著提高传感器对小尺寸铁磁质磨粒的检测能力;在磨粒速度一定情况下,传感器对不同类别不同粒度的磨粒输出一致性好;磨粒速度对测试系统输出影响较大,磨粒速度越快,测试系统输出越小;提高传感器信号放大电路的频响范围,将改善测试系统的响应速度,提高对高速磨粒的检出能力.本研究结论证明该传感器能较好地满足在线磨粒监测的要求.     

碳化钨—高铬铸铁表面复合材料耐磨粒磨损性能的研究

用铸造表面合金化工艺在铸铁表面制备了碳化钨－高铬铸铁复合材料，用ＭＭ－２００型试验机研究了该复合材料的耐磨粒磨损性能，并与球墨铸铁，淬火态４５＾＃钢及Ｆｅ２Ｂ相硼化物层的进行了对比。结果表明：当合金粉剂中含碳化钨颗粒质量分数为２０％时，碳化钨高铬铸铁复合材料的耐磨性最佳；磨粒硬度和尺寸增大时，复合材料的耐磨性提高较大。     

磨粒的三维表面特征描述

介绍了三维表面粗糙度参数和表面纹理指数,采用三维表面高度偏差Sa、均方根Sq、表面斜度Ssk、表面峭度Sku等粗糙度参数和表面纹理指数Stdi描述磨粒的三维表面特征,选用油液分析获得磨粒,对其表面特征进行实例分析.结果表明,运用上述参数能够很好区分不同类型的磨粒表面特征.     

Determination of mode shapes using wavelet transform of free vibration data

In this article, a new method is proposed to determine the mode shapes of linear dynamic systems with proportional viscous damping excited by an impact force. The time signals of responses and a priori knowledge of the natural frequencies are required in this method. The method is particularly suitable for the wavelet techniques which can precisely estimate the natural frequencies. A previously proposed method based on a modified Morlet wavelet function with an adjusting parameter is used to identify the natural frequencies and damping ratios of system, and the mode shapes are estimated using the proposed method in this work. It is shown that the extracted mode shapes are not scaled. Therefore, mass change method is used for scaling the mode shapes. Moreover, the effect of noise on the extracted modal parameters is investigated. The validity of method is demonstrated using numerical and experimental case studies.     

Boundary element approach to creep deformation of edge notched and cracked specimens

A direct formulation of the boundary element method using a complex variable numerical approach is presented for the time-dependent inelastic stresses in edge notched and cracked creeping metallic structural components subject to high temperature gradients. Particular attention is focused on the numerical evaluation of energy rate contour integrals in single edge cracked specimens in tension. The constitutive models used in the numerical calculation are internal state variable creep–plasticity or elastic power law creep model. Numerical results are compared with solution obtained from other methods for different loading rates.     

Generation of Granular Media

A discrete reduced distance method to generate 2-D and 3-D granular porous media is presented. The main property of the method is to produce heterogeneous and/or anisotropic packed beds of joined grains with arbitrary shapes and optimum fitting (i.e., minimum porosity). The iterative generation process starts with the coarsest grain and adjusts the size and location of the next ones depending on the updated available space. Hence, grain size distribution cannot be specified directly but is merely the consequence of user defined input parameters. The latter consists of a set of randomly distributed initial points, a few typical predefined grain shapes as well as the minimum and maximum grain diameters. The simulated granular media can readily be processed by an appropriate mesh generator to allow for subsequent numerical solutions of differential equations.     

轮廓爆破孔壁压力峰值计算方法

爆破孔壁压力峰值是进行非流固耦合爆破动力响应分析的重要参数。针对轮廓爆破孔壁压力峰值的计算方法问题，理论分析了爆炸冲击波与弹性壁面的相互作用，推导了空气冲击波与弹性壁碰撞后压力增大倍数的理论解，并采用流固耦合动力有限元数值分析方法，研究了3种岩体介质、2种轮廓爆破常用炸药、5种常用不耦合系数、2种轴向装药系数工况下轮廓爆破的冲击波碰撞压力增大倍数和炮孔壁压力峰值。结果表明:轮廓爆破时，爆炸冲击波与孔壁碰撞后压力增大倍数并不是常值，与炸药特性、孔壁介质条件、不耦合装药系数等因素相关，孔壁压力峰值也与上述因素密切相关。基于模拟的孔壁压力峰值数据的统计分析，并结合理论推导成果及常用爆破孔壁压力峰值计算形式，提出了一种新的轮廓爆破孔壁压力峰值计算方法。     

静水中气泡上升运动及阻力系数研究

采用模型计算法与实验法结合的方式对静水中气泡上升运动行为进行研究。通过牛顿运动定律，基于不同物理模型，建立气泡在水中运动的微分方程；假设气泡在运动过程中的关键参数取值，推导小气泡在水中浮升过程中的气泡行为预测公式；针对不同流态下的气泡上升关键参数进行适应性分析和算例计算。通过设计气泡上升运动实验，对气泡上升运动公式进行适应性分析，修正关键参数的取值。据此提出一种小气泡上升运动规律的计算方法以及关键参数取值方式及参考区间。     

Fracture toughness from the standpoint of softening hyperelasticity

Fracture toughness of brittle materials is calibrated in experiments where a sample with a preexisting crack/notch is loaded up to a critical point of the onset of static instability. Experiments with ceramics, for example, exhibit a pronounced dependence of the toughness on the sharpness of the crack/notch: the sharper is the crack the lower is the toughness. These experimental results are not entirely compatible with the original Griffith theory of brittle fracture where the crack sharpness is of minor importance.¹To explain the experimental observations qualitatively we simulate tension of a thin plate with a small crack of a finite and varying sharpness. In simulations, we introduce the average bond energy as a limiter for the stored energy of the Hookean solid. The energy limiter induces softening, indicating material failure. Thus, elasticity with softening allows capturing the critical point of the onset of static instability of the cracked plate, which corresponds to the onset of the failure propagation at the tip of the crack. In numerical simulations we find, in agreement with experiments, that the magnitude of the fracture toughness cannot be determined uniquely because it depends on the sharpness of the crack: the sharper is the crack, the lower is the toughness.Based on the obtained results, we argue that a stable magnitude of the toughness of brittle materials can only be reached when a characteristic size of the crack tip is comparable with a characteristic length of the material microstructure, e.g. grain size, atomic distance, etc. In other words, the toughness can be calibrated only under conditions where the hypothesis of continuum fails.     

Effect of the grain elongation on the behaviour of granular materials in biaxial compression

In this article we study the effect of the grain elongation on the shearing behaviour of dense granular materials by means of 2D numerical simulations of biaxial compression tests, using the Contact Dynamics method. The case of grains with hexagonal shapes (and four possible different elongations) is studied in comparison to the case of a sample with circular grains. For the shapes studied, samples with polygonal grains exhibit initial densities higher than the sample with discs, and the initial density decreases when the grain elongation increases. The friction angle at the residual state increases linearly with the particle elongation ratio. The cumulative rotations of discs are higher than those of polygons. Finally, in the case of elongated hexagons, the grains with highest rotations are located along thin bands because the shear bands are thinner and more persistent for these shapes.     

一种有限元模型修正中的参数选择方法

有限元模型修正面临的首要问题是待修正参数的选择.目前主要是基于灵敏度分析的结果进行参数选择.本文从结构固有频率分析的能量法出发,论证了某阶固有频率主要受到同阶振型中发生弹性变形部位刚度的影响,据此提出一种待修正参数的选择方法,以振型中弹性变形为依据,选择弹性变形较大部位的参数作为待修正参数.用一个梁模型仿真验证了该方法的正确性,并将其应用于系杆拱桥的有限元模型修正中,修正后有限元计算结果与试验结果的最大误差缩小至3.3%.     

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE LIMIT LOADS FOR PRESSURE VESSELS WITH PART-THROUGH SLOTS

A numerical investigation of the limit loads is carried out for pressurevessels with part-through slots using a general computational method for the limitanalysis of 3-D structures.The limit pressures are given for a comprehensive range ofgeometric parameters.Some of the calculated results are compared with the results of3-D elastic-plastic finite element analysis and existing numerical solutions.The effectsof various shapes and sizes of part-through slots on the load carrying capacity ofcylindrical shells are investigated and evaluated.Two kinds of typical failure modescorresponding to different dimensions of slots are studied.Based on the numericalresults,a geometric parameter G which combines the slot dimensions and the cylindergeometry is presented.It reasonably reflects the overall effect of slots on the limit loadsof cylinders.An empirical formula for estimating the limit pressures of cylindricalshells with part-through slots is obtained.     

水介质初始参数设置对水下爆炸载荷的影响

针对数值计算中水介质初始参数设置对水下爆炸载荷特性的影响开展了深入分析。基于参考状态参数确定了水介质状态方程形式;从热力学角度分析了常用的两种初始参数设置方式,提出了一种按等温假设设置初始参数的方式,并对LS-DYNA中INITIAL_EOS_ALE关键字给出的参数设置结果进行了分析;采用LS-DYNA程序进行一维球形装药水下爆炸数值计算,分析了3种设置方式下爆炸载荷特性的差异,并与已有研究成果进行了对比。结果表明:当仅改变水介质内能项时,参数按等容过程变化,流场压力源于外界传热,与实际深水环境严重不符;INITIAL_EOS_ALE关键字给出的参数设置结果与仅改变水介质密度（等内能过程）接近,水温变化规律与真实环境不符;按等内能过程和等温过程设置初始参数时,水下爆炸载荷特性计算结果基本相同,与已有成果吻合;综合分析认为,按等温形式进行初始参数设置方式较优。研究成果可为水下爆炸尤其是深水爆炸数值仿真提供参考。