SMA阻尼器在土木结构被动控制中的运用

首先确立了SMA耗能阻尼器的力学模型，以Brinson本构关系为理论依据，基于热力学第一定律建立了耗能阻尼器的热力学非线性方程；然后，建立了在耗能阻尼器作用下的框架结构动力学非线性平衡方程及其求解方法；最后，利用文章编写的仿真软件分别对耗能阻尼器的阻尼特性和框架结构的动力响应进行了实例仿真模拟。结果表明，SMA耗能阻尼器具有明显的阻尼特性；对于结构在地震作用下的动力响应具有明显的抑制效果，结构顶层位移、速度峰值衰减率达50～60％；仿真结果与其他学者的试验结果吻合较好，表明文中所述方法的正确性与适用性。     

SMA叠层变刚度水平万向阻尼器滞回性能研究

利用NiTi形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloy,简称SMA)的超弹性特性，开发了一种新型SMA叠层变刚度水平万向阻尼器，介绍了其基本构造和工作原理，建立了阻尼器恢复力计算模型并开展了滞回性能参数分析，研究了SMA张拉应变、SMA直径、阻尼器层数以及每层SMA丝根数对阻尼器行程、刚度、耗能、等效阻尼比的影响.研究结果表明：SMA叠层变刚度水平万向阻尼器的恢复力-位移滞回曲线呈饱满的纺锤形，阻尼器具有良好的能量耗散能力、自复位功能、大行程以及变刚度特性；随着SMA张拉应变由0.03不断增大至0.06,阻尼器最大行程不断减小而单位循环耗能呈先增大后减小趋势；随着SMA直径不断增大，阻尼器刚度和耗能能力不断增大而最大行程和等效阻尼比不变；随着叠层层数不断增大，阻尼器最大行程和单位循环耗能不断增加而刚度不断降低；随着每层SMA布置数量由8根增大至16和32根，阻尼器刚度和单位循环耗能不断增大而最大行程和等效阻尼比变化不明显.     

不同耗能器安装方式下的结构振动控制效果分析

在斜支撑和Ⅴ形支撑的基础上，提出了安装阻尼器的三种新型附加联动机构支撑形式；并对这三种支撑形式下的阻尼器行程和控制力的计算进行了分析，采用放大系数的形式使计算公式得以简化；以SMA耗能阻尼器为对象，利用笔者编写的计算机程序，对包括斜支撑和Ⅴ形支撑在内的五种阻尼器安装方式进行了仿真计算。结果表明：(1)不同安装方式的振动控制效果各不相同，上肢联动机构的放大作用最大；(2)SMA耗能阻尼器的控制效果受SMA丝材长度的影响较大；(3)对不同的结构和不同的阻尼器应选择不同的阻尼器安装方式，才能使整体控制效果达到最佳。     

考虑表面效应的形状记忆合金纳米梁弯曲特性研究

形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloys, SMAs)因其具有形状记忆效应和超弹性,在航空航天、生物医疗、微机电系统领域中得到了广泛的应用．当微结构尺度达到微纳米，表面效应对微结构力学性能的影响是十分显著的．本文基于梁弯曲变形理论以及Gurtin-Murdoch表面弹性理论，考虑拉压不对称、温度对于SMA纳米梁的影响，建立了考虑表面效应的SMA纳米梁相变力学模型．分析了弯曲载荷、温度、表面残余应力以及表面弹性模量对SMA纳米梁力学性能的影响规律．研究表明在SMA纳米梁相变阶段，忽略和考虑表面效应所得的截面应力及应变相对误差较为明显；在相同弯矩下，随温度的增加SMA纳米梁的截面应力随之增加，并且表面效应对其影响有减小趋势；表面残余应力对SMA纳米梁的影响显著．该文研究结果为SMA纳米梁在微机电领域的设计以及应用提供了一定基础与依据．     

超弹性NiTi合金丝动力特性试验及本构模型研究

形状记忆合金(SMA)是一种兼具感知和驱动功能的功能材料,因其独特的形状记忆效应、超弹性和高阻尼等特性,成为土木工程结构振动控制的理想材料.论文研究了超弹性NiTi丝的动力特性和应变率相关的本构模型.试验测试了NiTi丝在不同应变率下的力学性能,建立了应力增量与应变率的关系方程.在试验的基础上,提出了改进的SMA本构模...     

基于结构力学求解器的框架“强柱弱梁”机制探讨

框架结构的强柱弱梁延性机制一直是框架结构抗震设计当中的关键,在抗规中也一直保持重要的位置。文章基于结构力学求解器(Structural Mechanics Solver V2.6.1)的杆系模型,对框架结构的强柱弱梁问题进行半定量的探讨,建模计算了不同梁柱系数下结构的塑性铰分布情况以及极限承载力。同时,考虑结构力学求解器中不能进行塑性计算,为描述结构的延性耗能能力,提出了一种以低刚度杆件模拟塑性铰转动特性的建模方法。     

基于结构力学求解器的框架“强柱弱梁”机制探讨1)

框架结构的强柱弱梁延性机制一直是框架结构抗震设计当中的关键,在抗规中也一直保持重要的位置。文章基于结构力学求解器(Structural Mechanics Solver V2.6.1)的杆系模型,对框架结构的强柱弱梁问题进行半定量的探讨,建模计算了不同梁柱系数下结构的塑性铰分布情况以及极限承载力。同时,考虑结构力学求解器中不能进行塑性计算,为描述结构的延性耗能能力,提出了一种以低刚度杆件模拟塑性铰转动特性的建模方法。     

形状记忆合金伪弹性行为模拟

基于对伪弹性形状记忆合金(SMA)典型应力-应变曲线的特征分析,在原Graesser本构模型中增加简洁多项式来描述SMA应力诱发马氏体相变完成后在变形马氏体相下继续加载阶段的变形特征;并引入应变幅值与混相下SMA弹性模量的关系来改进不同应变幅值下卸载时SMA的应力-应变关系,从而提出了一种新的SMA一维本构关系模拟其伪弹性力学行为。该模型对直径为0.5mm的NiTi合金丝的拉伸加载、卸载试验曲线的模拟结果表明:改进本构模型与原Graesser模型相比,其能够准确地模拟SMA在不同应变幅值下加载和卸载应力-应变关系。此外,通过研究SMA本构模型的物理关系,推导出了控制SMA滞回曲线特征的关键参数fT与相变临界应力、弹性常数之间的明确关系,可利用该关系直接确定参数fT,摆脱了只靠试算获取该参数的传统做法,其准确性得到了试验验证。     

具有体膨胀和剪切效应的结构陶瓷相变塑性细观本构模型:Ⅰ.非比例加载历史

本文在对结构陶瓷的四方至单斜(t→m)马氏体相变进行细观力学、热力学和微观机制分析的基础上,导出了在非比例加载条件下考虑材料的体膨胀和剪切效应的相变塑性细观本构模型。作者首次采用 Mori-Tanaka 方法以自洽的方式导出了材料构元的 Helmho-ltz 自由能及余能函数的解析表达式,它是外加宏观应力(或应变)、温度、相变夹杂体积分数以及夹杂内平均相变应变的函数,其中夹杂体积分数和平均相变应变为描述材料构元微结构变化的内变量。最后按 Hill-Rice 本构理论框架导出相变塑性屈服面方程及增量本构关系。     

具有体膨胀和剪切效应的结构陶瓷相变塑性细观本构模型:Ⅰ.非比例加载历史

本文在对结构陶瓷的四方至单斜(t→m)马氏体相变进行细观力学、热力学和微观机制分析的基础上,导出了在非比例加载条件下考虑材料的体膨胀和剪切效应的相变塑性细观本构模型。作者首次采用 Mori-Tanaka 方法以自洽的方式导出了材料构元的 Helmho-ltz 自由能及余能函数的解析表达式,它是外加宏观应力(或应变)、温度、相变夹杂体积分数以及夹杂内平均相变应变的函数,其中夹杂体积分数和平均相变应变为描述材料构元微结构变化的内变量。最后按 Hill-Rice 本构理论框架导出相变塑性屈服面方程及增量本构关系。     

Performance evaluation of shape-memory-alloy superelastic behavior to control a stay cable in cable-stayed bridges

This paper focuses on introducing and investigating the performance of a new passive control device for stay cable in cable-stayed bridges made with shape-memory alloys (SMA). The superelasticity and damping capability of SMA is sought in this study to develop a supplementary energy dissipation device for stay cable. A linear model of a sag cable and a one-dimensional constitutive model for the SMA are used. The problem of the optimal design of the device is studied. In the optimization problem, an energy criterion associated with the concept of optimal performance of the hysteretic connection is used. The maximum dissipation energy depends on the cross-sectional area, the length, and the location of the SMA on the cable. The effectiveness of the SMA damper in controlling the cable displacement is assessed. Furthermore, a study is conducted to determine the sensitivity of the cable response to the properties of the SMA device. The comparison between the SMA damper and a more classical passive control energy dissipation device, i.e., the tuned mass damper (TMD), is carried out. The numerical results show the effectiveness of the SMA damper to damp the high free vibration and the harmonic vibration better than an optimal TMD.     

四种不同约束形式隔板式铅耗能器的试验研究

铅耗能器主要利用金属铅塑性耗能,是一种构造简单、耗能性能优良而又经济的耗能减震元件。本文提出了一种隔板式铅耗能器。根据其构造和耗能原理,设计了四种不同约束形式的耗能元件,并通过EHF-EM电液伺服疲劳试验机进行了低周循环试验,分析了这四种约束形式对隔板式铅耗能器的力学性能与耗能性能的影响,揭示了其耗能机制。研究结果表明:隔板式铅耗能器主要具有屈服位移小、造价低廉、构造简单、工作性能稳定、耗能性能优良的特点,在建筑结构和大型机械减振控制方面具有广泛的应用前景;对比分析表明,其中B型耗能器力学性能尤为优越,耗能能力大且随位移增大刚度增强,同时对结构振动还具有限位功能。     

考虑损伤的内变量黏弹-黏塑性本构方程

基于Rice 不可逆内变量热力学框架,在约束构型空间中讨论材料的蠕变损伤问题. 通过给定具体的余能密度函数和内变量演化方程推导出考虑损伤的内变量黏弹-黏塑性本构方程. 通过模型相似材料单轴蠕变加卸载试验对一维情况下的本构方程进行参数辨识和模型验证,本构方程能很好地描述黏弹性变形和各蠕变阶段.不同的蠕变阶段具有不同的能量耗散特点. 受应力扰动后,不考虑损伤的材料系统能自发趋于热力学平衡态或稳定态. 在考虑损伤的整个蠕变过程中,材料系统先趋于平衡态再背离平衡态发展. 能量耗散率可作为材料系统热力学状态偏离平衡态的测度;能量耗散率的时间导数可用于表征系统的演化趋势;两者的域内积分值可作为结构长期稳定性的评价指标.      

Shape memory elastic foundation and supports for passive vibration control of composite plates

The paper presents an approach to passive vibration control of shear deformable and thin plates. The first of two methods of vibration control employs prestressed shape memory alloy (SMA) wires embedded in sleeves attached to the surface of the plate. The spacing between the wires can be arbitrary and variable enabling the development of a SMA support system for maximum control with minimum additional weight. The other method considered in the paper utilizes SMA wires supporting the plate at strategically selected points. The mechanism of passive control includes two components: (1) SMA wires prestressed as a result of constrained phase transformation act as an elastic foundation with a variable stiffness and (2) energy dissipation occurs as a result of hysteresis in superelastic wires vibrating together with the structure. As follows from examples, it is possible to achieve a significant reduction of the vibration amplitude over a broad spectrum of driving frequencies using any of two methods considered in the paper.     

阻尼耗能减振框架结构地震作用振动方程求解及地震反应分析Calculation of vibration equation and analysis of seismic response for damping energy dissipation frame structure

研究了设置耗能阻尼器框架的地震作用振动方程求解及该结构的地震反应。框架结构设置耗能阻尼器后,振动方程的阻尼矩阵不再对振型具有正交性,本文对该振动方程给出了状态方程直接积分法,并与传统强制解耦法进行了比较分析,结果表明强制解耦法对结构第一阶振动反应求解偏差较小,而对于高阶振动反应差别较大,并且强制解耦法高估了阻尼器的减震效果。继而采用状态方程直接积分法对设置有粘滞阻尼器的框架结构进行了地震反应分析,探讨了阻尼器位置对框架结构地震反应的影响,结果表明设置有阻尼器的楼层减振效果明显,未设置阻尼器的楼层减振效果差别较大,甚至有可能出现楼层层间侧移增大的现象,由此提出耗能阻尼器应在结构中合理设置。     

Force-displacement characteristics of simply supported beam laminated with shape memory alloys

As a preliminary step in the nonlinear design of shape memory alloy(SMA) composite structures,the force-displacement characteristics of the SMA layer are studied.The bilinear hysteretic model is adopted to describe the constitutive relationship of SMA material.Under the assumption that there is no point of SMA layer finishing martensitic phase transformation during the loading and unloading process,the generalized restoring force generated by SMA layer is deduced for the case that the simply supported beam vibrates in its first mode.The generalized force is expressed as piecewise-nonlinear hysteretic function of the beam transverse displacement.Furthermore the energy dissipated by SMA layer during one period is obtained by integration,then its dependencies are discussed on the vibration amplitude and the SMA’s strain(Ms-Strain) value at the beginning of martensitic phase transformation.It is shown that SMA’s energy dissipating capacity is proportional to the stiffness difference of bilinear model and nonlinearly dependent on Ms-Strain.The increasing rate of the dissipating capacity gradually reduces with the amplitude increasing.The condition corresponding to the maximum dissipating capacity is deduced for given value of the vibration amplitude.The obtained results are helpful for designing beams laminated with shape memory alloys.     

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of the elastocaloric cooling effect in sputter-deposited TiNiCuCo thin films

The exploitation of the elastocaloric effect in superelastic shape memory alloys (SMA) for cooling applications shows a promising energy efficiency potential but requires a better understanding of the non-homogeneous martensitic phase transformation. Temperature profiles on sputter-deposited superelastic \({\mathrm {Ti_{55.2}Ni_{29.3}Cu_{12.7}Co_{2.8}}}\) shape memory alloy thin films show localized release and absorption of heat during phase transformation induced by tensile deformation with a strong rate dependence. In this paper, a model for the simulation of the thermo-mechanically coupled transformation behavior of superelastic SMA is proposed and its capability to reproduce the mechanical and thermal responses observed during experiments is shown. The procedure for experiment and simulation is designed such that a significant temperature change from the initial temperature is obtained to allow potential cooling applications. The simulation of non-local effects is enabled by the use of a model based on the one-dimensional Müller–Achenbach–Seelecke model, extended by 3D mechanisms such as lateral contraction and by non-local interaction, leading to localization effects. It is implemented into the finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics, and comparisons of numerical and experimental results show that the model is capable of reproducing the localized transformation behavior with the same strain rate dependency. Additionally to the thermal and the mechanical behavior, the quantitative prediction of cooling performance with the presented model is shown.     

A micromechanical model of phase boundary movement during solid–solid phase transformations

Summary  Understanding the kinetics of phase boundary movement is of major concern in e.g. martensitic transformation in related engineering applications. The main goal of this paper is to develop such kinetics on the basis of thermodynamic principles at the material microlevel. After a short literature survey in the introduction, the jump condition and thermodynamic force on the interface are discussed based on laws of conservation and thermodynamics. This leads to a relation for the driving force of the transformation front. In particular, the propagating front of a phase-transforming sphere within an elastic-plastic medium is considered. Due to density change, which is implicitly expressed in the transformation volume strain, strains and accompanying stresses are induced which hamper the propagation and influence the transformation kinetics. Together with the latent heat, the heat due to plastic dissipation occurs as a source term in the heat conduction equation. Since kinetics are influenced by temperature, the heat conduction equation and the kinetics equation are coupled. Using Green's function techniques, an integral equation is derived and solved numerically. The results of a parameter study are discussed. Received 10 February 2000; accepted for publication 18 October 2000     

Experimental characterization and micromechanical modeling of superelastic response of a porous NiTi shape-memory alloy

Porous shape-memory alloys are usually brittle due to the presence of various nickel-titanium intermetallic compounds that are produced in the course of most commonly used synthesizing techniques. We consider here a porous NiTi shape-memory alloy (SMA), synthesized by spark-plasma sintering, that is ductile and displays full shape-memory effects over the entire appropriate range of strains. The porosity however is only 12% but the basic synthesizing technique has potential for producing shape-memory alloys with greater porosity that still are expected to display superelasticity and shape-memory effects. The current material has been characterized experimentally using quasi-static and dynamic tests at various initial temperatures, mostly within the superelastic strain range, but also into the plastic deformation regime of the stress-induced martensite phase. To obtain a relatively constant strain rate in the high strain-rate tests, a novel pulse-shaping technique is introduced. The results of the quasi-static experiments are compared with the predictions by a model that can be used to calculate the stress-strain response of porous NiTi shape-memory alloys during the austenite-to-martensite and reverse phase transformations in uniaxial quasi-static loading and unloading at constant temperatures. In the austenite-to-martensite transformation, the porous shape-memory alloy is modeled as a three-phase composite with the parent phase (austenite) as the matrix and the product phase (martensite) and the voids as the embedded inclusions, reversing the roles of austenite and martensite during the reverse transformation from fully martensite to fully austenite phase. The criterion of the stress-induced martensitic transformation and its reversal is based on equilibrium thermodynamics, balancing the thermodynamic driving force for the phase transformation, associated with the reduction of Gibbs’ free energy, with the resistive force corresponding to the required energy to create new interface surfaces and to overcome the energy barriers posed by various microstructural obstacles. The change in Gibbs’ free energy that produces the driving thermodynamic force for phase transformation is assumed to be due to the reduction of mechanical potential energy corresponding to the applied stress, and the reduction of the chemical energy corresponding to the imposed temperature. The energy required to overcome the resistance imposed by various nano- and subnano-scale defects and like barriers, is modeled empirically, involving three constitutive constants that are then fixed based on the experimental data. Reasonably good correlation is obtained between the experimental and model predictions.     

Phase transitions induced by extension in a slender SMA cylinder: Analytical solutions for the hysteresis loop based on a quasi-3D continuum model

In this paper, we propose a quasi-3D continuum model to study the rate-independent hysteresis phenomenon in phase transitions of a slender shape memory alloy (SMA) cylinder subject to the uniaxial tension. Based on the three-dimensional field equations and the traction-free boundary conditions, by using a coupled series-asymptotic expansion method, we manage to express the total elastic potential energy of the cylinder in terms of the leading order term of the axial strain. We further consider the rate-independent dissipation effect in a purely one-dimensional setting. The mechanical dissipation functions are also expressed in terms of the axial strain. The equilibrium configuration of the cylinder is then determined by using the principle of maximizing the total energy dissipation. An illustrative example with some special chosen material constants is further considered. Free end boundary conditions are proposed at the two ends of the cylinder. By conducting a phase plane analysis and through some calculations, we obtain the analytical solutions of the equilibrium equation. We find that the engineering stress–strain curves corresponding to the obtained solutions can capture some important features of the experimental results. It appears that the analytical results obtained in this paper reveal the multiple solutions nature of the problem and shed certain light on the instability phenomena during the phase transition process.