线爆炸法制备WC-Co硬质合金涂层的实验研究

描述了线爆炸喷涂的基本原理。利用自行研制的线爆炸装置,分别在真空和大气环境下进行了高速喷涂WC Co硬质合金涂层的实验,得到了亚微米的超细晶涂层,涂层的最高硬度达Hv=2190,为原始材料硬度的1.4倍;在涂层与基体结合面处发现了不同于涂层和基体组织的过渡层;对涂层的显微硬度、金相组织和结合强度进行了检测和分析。     

纳米碳化钨增强镍基合金热喷涂涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用高速氧焰喷涂技术制备质量分数为40%纳米碳化钨增强镍基合金涂层,探讨其显微组织、相组成及硬度,并评价其摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,与传统碳化钨增强镍基合金涂层相比较,两类涂层的组成相同,但纳米碳化钨增强镍基合金涂层组织中的碳化钨颗粒尺寸较小且分布更均匀,其硬度比传统碳化钨增强镍基合金涂层高10%,磨痕深度小20%.     

干摩擦条件下3Cr13 涂层的加速磨损机理研究

在MM200摩擦磨损试验机上对高速电弧喷涂3Cr13涂层在干摩擦条件下的加速磨损机理进行了研究.涂层在加速磨损过程中经历了跑合磨损、稳定磨损、剧烈磨损这三个不同的阶段.采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度仪和纳米压痕仪对涂层磨损各阶段的截面形貌、残余应力、硬度和纳米力学性能进行了表征.结果表明:在加速磨损寿命3个阶段中,涂层的磨损机制和影响残余应力的主导因素是动态变化的,过分的冷作硬化加剧了涂层的失效,涂层磨损寿命长短关键在于稳定磨损时间的长短.     

等离子喷涂镍基合金涂层内聚强度的截面划痕表征

制备了3类不同成分的等离子喷涂Ni Cr BSi涂层,利用截面大载荷划痕测试方法表征了涂层内聚结合强度,评价了涂层在油润滑条件下的滑动磨损行为,讨论了涂层内部残余应力、显微硬度、内聚强度与涂层耐磨性之间的内在关联.结果表明:在本文所用涂层沉积与划痕测试条件下,Ni Cr BSi涂层内聚强度的高低次序为Ni25Ni35Ni45,涂层显微硬度的高低次序与喷涂原始粉末硬度次序同为Ni25Ni35Ni45;涂层耐磨性与显微硬度间无对应关系,而与内聚结合强度关系密切,三种涂层耐磨性高低次序为Ni25Ni35Ni45;Ni Cr BSi涂层在低载荷条件下的磨损失效形式主要为磨粒磨损,随着载荷增加,涂层内部微小孔隙、裂纹等缺陷在残余拉应力和摩擦剪切力作用下诱发裂纹扩展并引发材料剥落,使疲劳剥落主导了涂层的磨损失效.     

高速铣削难加工材料时硬质合金刀具前刀面磨损机理及切削性能研究

采用涂层硬质合金刀具和细晶粒硬质合金刀具对超高强度合金钢(硬度＞50HRC、抗拉强度σb＞1.4 GPa)和马氏体不锈钢(硬度＞30HRC)等难加工材料进行了干式高速端面铣削试验;选择刀具寿命作为刀具切削性能的评价指标,利用X射线能谱仪和扫描电子显微镜分析了硬质合金刀具前刀面的磨损形态、磨损机理以及刀具的切削性能.结果表明:在难加工材料的高速铣削过程中,涂层硬质合金刀具主要失效形式为前刀面磨损,细晶粒硬质合金刀具主要失效形式为前刀面月牙洼磨损与剥落;2种刀具的主要磨损机理均为扩散磨损和氧化磨损.对细晶粒硬质合金刀具而言,在考虑刀具材料与工件材料适配性的基础上,必须利用合理的刃口强化处理来降低磨损初期的刃口微崩刃倾向.     

Nano-Ni粉体对Fe/WC涂层组织和性能的影响

在Fe/WC喷涂材料中添加不同量的Nano-Ni粉体,采用亚音速火焰喷涂技术在Q235基体上制备涂层,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪等设备进行显微组织、表面形貌观察及物相分析,利用MM-W1磨损试验机和HXD-1000TM型显微硬度仪对涂层的性能进行测试.结果表明:Nano-Ni粉体可以细化涂层组织,提高涂层的致密性,随着Nano-Ni粉体添加量的增大,相应的力学性能均得到提高,在涂层形成过程中Nano-Ni粉体与喷涂材料中的其他成分形成了一些新相,如Fe-Ni固溶体和CeNi3,这些新相为改善涂层组织和提高涂层的力学性能起到积极作用.     

HVAS涂层力学性能的T-S模糊辨识

将基于模糊C均值聚类算法的T-S模糊模型用于辨识大型轴类零件的高速电弧喷涂(HVAS)涂层的力学性能。该方法结合递推最小二乘法辨识后件参数,可以提高收敛速度和增强模型的泛化性能;以3Cr13丝材的喷涂涂层为例,建立了喷涂电压、喷涂电流、喷涂距离和气源压力四个影响因子到涂层强度的非线性映射。仿真结果表明,所建T-S模糊模型具有较好的学习和泛化能力,在辨识力学性能中效果较好。最后利用该模型优化高速电弧喷涂的工艺参数,找出了最佳工艺参数的范围。     

基于扰动波的HVAS液滴耦合振动特性分析

高速电弧喷涂过程中熔融金属液滴的振动特性对喷涂涂层性能具有决定性作用，但限于实验技术很难检测液滴的动力学行为，因而利用扰动波理论建立了气流和液滴的耦合振动方程组，并数值求解获得了喷涂气流最不稳定波数，与Bradley的数据曲线进行了比较，二者呈现出较好的吻合性，误差在士2％之间，验证了所建立的HVAS小扰动液滴模型是有效的；根据HVAS液滴耦合振动模型分析了不同喷涂气流及其速度对不同熔融金属的相应HVAS液滴振动特性。结果表明，HVAS过程中用N2具有一定的优势，且增加气流速度有利于提高喷涂涂层的结合强度，从而为HVAS过程中的材料选择与工艺控制提供了基本的理论依据。     

巴基管增强镍基自熔合金喷涂层在油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损特性

采用氧乙炔火焰喷涂法在45#钢表面制备巴基管增强镍基自熔合金复合喷涂层,并利用激光对所得喷涂层进行重熔处理,用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜分析复合涂层组织结构,在MHK-500型摩擦磨损试验机上测定了油润滑条件下涂层的摩擦学性能.结果表明:激光重熔巴基管增强镍基合金喷涂层均匀、致密且与基体结合牢固;巴基管可以显著提高镍基自熔合金涂层的硬度和在油润滑条件下的耐磨性能,当复合涂层中巴基管质量分数为0.5%时,其耐磨性最佳;巴基管对复合涂层的减摩效果不明显.     

铜表面激光熔覆NiCrWB合金的组织结构与耐磨性能研究

采用高能量密度激光重熔NiCrWB喷涂涂层的方式制备熔覆层,用XRD分析熔覆层和喷涂层的物相组成,用扫描电镜和金相显微镜分析涂层和熔覆层组织形貌以及磨损表面形貌.研究了涂层组织形貌、物相组成对涂层耐磨性能的影响,分析了喷涂层和熔覆层的磨损机理.结果表明:对于NiCrWB材料来说,组织结构对耐磨性能的影响要大于硬度对耐磨性能的影响.显微硬度较低的熔覆层由于组织致密均匀,其耐磨性能明显优于组织缺陷较多的喷涂层.通过扫描电镜观察发现,喷涂层的磨损表面出现较多的疲劳裂纹、凹坑、磨粒和较深的磨痕,推断喷涂层颗粒脱落是由于在周期载荷作用下,裂纹在表层和亚表层扩展后连接,使得裂纹包围区域颗粒脱落.而熔覆层中的裂纹是由于磨损表面发生塑性变形而形成的.     

Coating metals on micropowders by magnetron sputtering

Magnetron sputtering was used to coat various metals on micropowder surfaces. By using this method, the fine particles are better dispersed and can therefore be coated more homogeneously. The micro-powders used include cenospheres from fly ash of coal-burning electric power plants （diameter 40-200 μm and particle density 0.7 ± 0.1 g/cm^3）, as well as carborundum particles of different sizes. Aluminum, silver, copper, cobalt and nickel were used as the coating metals. Tests showed that the coated metal film was compact adhering tightly on the base powders, and the coated powders possess adequate flow properties.     

Research Note Difference between low-volume and high-volume Andersen samplers in measuring atmospheric aerosols

The mass concentration and size distribution of aerosols in Tokaimura were investigated using a high-volume and a low-volume Andersen sampler. A difference was found using the two samplers: the concentration of total aerosols determined with the high-volume sampler is smaller than that of the low-volume sampler by 70-90% throughout the year. Compared to the high-volume sampler, low-volume sampler gave lower concentration for aerosols7μm, higher concentration for aerosols of 3.3-7.0μm and<1.1μm, though similar results for aerosols of 1.1-3.3μm. The low-volume sampler was found to have better separation efficiency and higher accuracy.     

New concept for crack detection

The purpose of this paper is to describe the development, application techniques and the mechanical properties of a new and unique crack-detection coating. The coating consists of a base-layer matrix of epoxy resin and specially formulated, very delicate microcapsules, 250–500 μm in size, which contain black conductive liquid. A second layer of a thin, conductive silver coating then is added on the top of the base layer. Whenever a structure using this coating develops a fatigue crack, the base matrix over the fatigue crack also cracks, rupturing the microcapsules and releasing the conductive liquid into the crack. An electrical circuit is thus completed between the structure and the top conductive silver layer. A change in electrical resistance from 50 K megohms to one-tenth (0.1) of a megohm occurs and the conductive liquid, containing carbon black, will show a visual fine-hairline crack on the upper conductive silver coat (Figs. 1,2). The crack-detection coating is so formulated that the mechanical characteristics and fatigue-crack resistance are greater than the metal structure.     

表面机械滚压处理(SMRT)316L不锈钢梯度纳米层在腐蚀介质下的摩擦学行为研究

采用表面机械滚压处理(surface mechanical rolling treatment，SMRT)技术在316L奥氏体不锈钢表面构筑了梯度纳米结构层. 利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和纳米压痕仪等分析其微观组织、力学性能等基础上，重点探讨了SMRT前后316L在1 mol/L HCl溶液(以纯水环境作为对比组)中的摩擦学行为. 结果表明:经SMRT加工后316L表面梯度纳米晶层厚度达200 μm以上，表面硬化层厚度超过1.5 mm，表面硬度提升至基体近2倍；SMRT大大减缓了材料磨损，与基体试样相比，SMRT试样在腐蚀介质下减摩效果比纯水环境更明显，且在腐蚀环境下表现出优异的耐腐蚀性能，其磨损机制由处理前伴随严重剥落特征的疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损转变为轻微疲劳磨损. 因此，316L不锈钢机械滚压梯度纳米层在腐蚀服役环境下具有较高的潜在工程应用价值.      

Saturated critical heat flux in a multi-microchannel heat sink fed by a split flow system

An extensive experimental campaign has been carried out for the measurement of saturated critical heat flux in a multi-microchannel copper heat sink. The heat sink was formed by 29 parallel channels that were 199 μm wide and 756 μm deep. In order to increase the critical heat flux and reduce the two-phase pressure drop, a split flow system was implemented with one central inlet at the middle of the channels and two outlets at either end. The base critical heat flux was measured using three HFC Refrigerants (R134a, R236fa and R245fa) for mass fluxes ranging from 250 to 1500 kg/m² s, inlet subcoolings from ?25 to ?5 K and saturation temperatures from 20 to 50 °C. The parametric effects of mass velocity, saturation temperature and inlet subcooling were investigated. The analysis showed that significantly higher CHF was obtainable with the split flow system (one inlet–two outlets) compared to the single inlet–single outlet system, providing also a much lower pressure drop. Notably several existing predictive methods matched the experimental data quite well and quantitatively predicted the benefit of higher CHF of the split flow.     

Two-phase flow of refrigerants in 85 μm-wide multi-microchannels: Part II – Heat transfer with 35 local heaters

This article is the second part of a study on flow boiling of R236fa and R245fa. This part presents the heat transfer coefficients obtained in a 12.7 mm silicon evaporator composed of 135 microchannels with 85 μm wide and 560 μm high channels separated by 46 μm wide fins. There were 35 local heaters and temperature measurements arranged in a 5 × 7 array. The heat transfer results were uniform in the lateral direction to the flow (attributable to the inlet restriction) and a function of the heat flux, vapor quality and mass flux. The steady-state standard deviation of the local base temperature was less than 0.2 °C, inferring that the boiling process was very stable. For wall heat fluxes over 45 kW/m², the heat transfer coefficient curves were V-shaped, decreasing for intermittent flow regimes and increasing for annular flow. The three-zone model of Thome et al. (2004) was the best heat transfer prediction method when setting the dryout thickness equal to the channel roughness.     

An improved smoke-wire flow visualization technique using capacitor as power source

An improved smoke-wire flow visualization technique using a large capacitor as the power source was proposed. Electric current discharged from capacitors was used to heat a fine metal wire suspended in the flow field. The oil droplets attached to the wire were vaporized and smoke filaments followed the flow motions. A digital camera was used to record the images of the smoke filaments. The actions of discharging and camera shutter were triggered by signals from a microcontroller to ensure the accurate timing. Clear images of the streaklines were captured at a freestream velocity up to 12.9 m/s, much higher than the limits of the existing techniques.     

Sedimentation of particles in shear flows of viscoelastic fluids with fibers

We study the effect of fiber additives on rheology and sedimentation of particle suspensions in a base viscoelastic suspending fluid in the case when the suspension is subjected to shear flow. We found experimentally that fiber additives (3–6 mm in length and 8–12 μm in diameter at a mass fraction of 0–0.4%) increase the suspension viscosity and retard the particle sedimentation significantly. At the same mass concentration, long and thin fibers reduce the sedimentation velocity and increase the viscosity to a much greater extent than short and thick fibers. We revealed that both rheology and sedimentation are controlled by a single conformational parameter (overlap parameter) defined as the number of fibers per unit volume multiplied by fiber length cubed.     

Two-phase flow of refrigerants in 85 μm-wide multi-microchannels: Part I – Pressure drop

This article is the first part of a study on flow boiling of R236fa and R245fa. This part presents pressure drop measurements obtained on a silicon multi-microchannel evaporator with 85 μm wide and 560 μm high channels separated by 46 μm wide fins. The 135 microchannels were 12.7 mm long. Dielectric refrigerants R236fa and R245fa were used as the evaporating test fluids. The inlet saturation temperature was maintained at 30.5 °C while the mass fluxes were varied from 499 to 1100 kg/m² s and the base heat flux was tested from 130 to 1400 kW/m². A new experimental technique was developed to measure the outlet pressure losses, which represented up to 30% of the total pressure drop and thus cannot be neglected. The microchannel pressure drop measurements were very well predicted by the method of Cioncolini et al. (2009).     

-196℃奥氏体不锈钢母材与焊缝的动态断裂韧性

在-196 ℃对S30408奥氏体不锈钢的母材和焊缝进行了夏比摆锤冲击实验，采用改进的柔度变化率法得到了低温下不锈钢母材夏比试样的起裂点。结果表明，采用改进的柔度变化率法得到的结果比采用传统的柔度变化率法得到的结果更准确。根据实验得到的载荷-位移曲线，结合采用Schindler法和关键曲线法各自所得结果的优点，得到了不锈钢母材的动态裂纹扩展阻力曲线（动态J-R曲线）。依据不锈钢焊缝在低温动载下的载荷-位移曲线及其断裂特征，通过线弹性断裂力学计算获得其动态断裂韧性。