自主推进俯仰震荡翼型的数值模拟研究

运用自适应多重网格法和内置边条法研究了俯仰震荡翼型的运动.通过研究翼型的原地摆动与自由游动,提出了一种确定自主推进俯仰震荡翼型推力的方法,得到了推力系数、功率系数和推进效率与Strouhal数的关系.与以往研究不同的是,我们还得到了Strouhal数随雷诺数的变化规律.此外,从自由游动翼型诱导出的涡量场中可以清楚的观察到旋涡的合并,这与实验研究非常吻合.     

基于虚功率原理的鲹科鱼类波状推进分析

自然界中的大多数鱼类通过波状摆动的方式实现推进,这是动态变形的鱼体和周围流体相互作用的结果,研究推进中流体对鱼体变形的响应不仅可以增强对波状推进的认识,还可以为流动控制提供依据.以鲹科模式推进的仿生二维模型为研究对象,通过数值计算获得鱼体波动产生的流场以及鱼体受到的流体力数据.基于虚功率原理,将鱼体受力分解为4部分,分别是鱼体边界变速运动的瞬时贡献、流场中流体旋转和应变速率相对大小的贡献、壁面剪切应力的类摩阻分量和壁面摩阻分量.结果表明,当鱼体波状摆动产生推力时,鱼体边界变速运动是主要的正推力来源,并且该项80%的推力贡献来源于20%的鱼尾部分的边界变速运动.鱼尾两侧边界层中的流体旋转和应变速率的相对大小和壁面摩阻对推力都是负贡献.对于低雷诺数的情况,流体旋转和应变速率的相对大小的负贡献低于壁面摩阻的负贡献,而在高雷诺数的情况下,流体旋转和应变速率的相对大小的负贡献强于壁面摩阻的负贡献.壁面类摩阻分量相对于其他3项总是较小的.结合标度律分析,在摆动推进的标度关系中,与雷诺数无关的推力部分是由边界的变速运动、流场中流体旋转和应变速率共同提供,且流体旋转和应变速率也贡献了摆动推力中与雷诺数...     

鳗鲡模式游动的鱼体变形曲率波的传播特性研究

将鳗鲡模式游动的七鳃鳗简化成材料性质均匀的变截面黏 弹性梁,通过数值方法求解鱼体在主动弯矩波(作为激励的驱动波)的驱动下匀速游动时身体变形曲率波的传播特性. 结果表明,当主动弯矩 的驱动频率高于鱼体结构基频时,可以观察到曲率波相对于驱动波存在相位滞后,且越靠近尾部滞后现象越明显,这意味着曲率波的波速 小于驱动波的波速,也间接地验证了前人的实验结果. 通过参数研究发现,鱼体变形曲率波与驱动波的波速比与表征流体黏性作用的雷诺数无关,而与表征驱动波和鱼体材料属性的 无量纲激励频率、激励波长及鱼体黏性系数有关. 对于鳗鲡模式游动的鱼类,曲率波与驱动波的波速比随着无量纲激励频率和波长的增大而降低,随着鱼体黏性系数的增大而增大. 进一步研究发现,通过小扰动分析得到的组合相似性参数$\varPi$可以统一描述波速比与激励参数、材料参数之间的关系.      

摆动水翼绕流的数值研究

鱼类经常采用垂直流向的摆动进行游动, 这种摆动可以用行进波来表示. 应用浸入边界方法模拟了低雷诺数条件下水翼NACA65-010在水中摆动时的流场,并研究了雷诺数对水生动物推进效率的影响. 结果表明:随着雷诺数的增大,推力系数和推进效率增大,而功率系数减小;在Re<20时,推力系数,推进效率和功率系数的变化尤为剧烈. 随雷诺数增加,由于水翼摆动诱导的流场变化也更加复杂,水翼后缘处的涡量场强度逐渐增强. 摆动诱导反卡门涡街产生推力.      

A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FLOW DISTURBANCE INDUCED BY A SPHERE OSCILLATING IN INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID

为了改进基于不可压缩流场的声类比法的气动声数值预测方法,首先要明确扰动在可压缩和不可压缩流体媒介中的传播特性. 推导了震荡小球在不可压缩流体中产生的小扰动的理论解,分析其速度场与压力场的特点,并与可压缩情况的解进行比较. 结果显示,速度场中包含传播速度为无穷大和有限值的分量;而压力场只有传播速度为无穷大的分量. 当流体黏性趋于零或小球震荡频率趋于无穷大时,其流场与经典声学中震荡小球声辐射问题的近场声一致,这表明震荡小球产生的近场扰动为不可压缩流场,即伪声.     

基于GIS与确定性系数分析方法的汶川地震滑坡易发性评价

鱼类经常采用垂直流向的摆动进行游动, 这种摆动可以用行进波来表示. 应用浸入边界方法模拟了低雷诺数条件下水翼NACA65-010在水中摆动时的流场,并研究了雷诺数对水生动物推进效率的影响. 结果表明：随着雷诺数的增大,推力系数和推进效率增大,而功率系数减小;在Re<20时,推力系数,推进效率和功率系数的变化尤为剧烈. 随雷诺数增加,由于水翼摆动诱导的流场变化也更加复杂,水翼后缘处的涡量场强度逐渐增强. 摆动诱导反卡门涡街产生推力.     

鳗鲡模式游动的鱼体变形曲率波的传播特性研究

将鳗鲡模式游动的七鳃鳗简化成材料性质均匀的变截面黏弹性梁,通过数值方法求解鱼体在主动弯矩波(作为激励的驱动波)的驱动下匀速游动时身体变形曲率波的传播特性.结果表明,当主动弯矩的驱动频率高于鱼体结构基频时,可以观察到曲率波相对于驱动波存在相位滞后,且越靠近尾部滞后现象越明显,这意味着曲率波的波速小于驱动波的波速,也间接地验证了前人的实验结果.通过参数研究发现,鱼体变形曲率波与驱动波的波速比与表征流体黏性作用的雷诺数无关,而与表征驱动波和鱼体材料属性的无量纲激励频率、激励波长及鱼体黏性系数有关.对于鳗鲡模式游动的鱼类,曲率波与驱动波的波速比随着无量纲激励频率和波长的增大而降低,随着鱼体黏性系数的增大而增大.进一步研究发现,通过小扰动分析得到的组合相似性参数Π可以统一描述波速比与激励参数、材料参数之间的关系.     

鲹科模式鱼体自主前游的标度律研究

鲹科鱼类采用波状摆动可以实现非常高效的巡游游动,在受力动态平衡下以很高的速度向前游动,其性能远超传统的人造水下航行器,因此,探寻鱼体自主前游状态下流体力和前游速度的规律并建立相应的预测式具有重要的意义.在开源OpenFOAM平台和柔性体自主推进算法基础上,实现了波动鱼体自主游动的数值模拟,以NACA0012翼型为典型鱼体外形,对鲹科模式前向自主游动开展了系统的数值模拟.由已获得的栓结模型下推力标度律的启发,分别对自主巡游下的压差力系数和摩阻力系数进行标度研究.结果表明在雷诺数从500到50 000的范围内,压差力系数和摩阻力系数分别具有形式一致的标度规律,由此可根据数值结果给出定量的预测公式,进而根据两作用力的匹配关系可以导出鱼体自主前游速度的标度律,获得了根据已知的鱼体波动参数来预估巡游速度的方法.此外,探讨了雷诺数为500和50 000工况,不同摆尾幅度和频率组合下,鱼体厚弦比对于巡游的水动力标度律和前游速度的影响,并分析了不同鱼体外形对效能比的影响,发现雷诺数越高,获得最优效能比的鱼体越细长.     

长方腔自然对流第一次分岔突变现象的数值分析

在对网格密度作用进行详细分析的基础上,采用二阶全展开 Euler-Taylor-Galerkin分裂步有限元方法,对封闭水平矩形腔体内流体 (Pr=0.71)自然对流的第一次分岔过程进行了数值预报. 计算结果表明,第一次分岔相应的流动拓扑及临界Rayleigh ($Ra$)数随矩形腔体长宽比(W/B)取值的不同时会发生较大变化. 在所计算的长宽比取值范围内,封闭矩形腔内,流体自然对流第一次分岔拓扑的变化对应两种大的类型: 在较小的长宽比取值范围内(W/B\le 2.5),临界Ra数两侧,流动从单一涡核的定常流动突变成为具有不对称结构的定常双涡核运动, 在此范围内临界Ra数的取值随W/B取值的增加而减小;当对应长宽比取值2.6 \le W/B \le 4.0时,第一次分岔拓扑结构的变化呈现出更加复杂的特性,临界Ra数两侧流动从定常双涡核突变为定常非对称的三涡核流动,相应的临界Ra 数也随W/B的增加而减少. 而在区间[2.5,2.6]两端,临界Ra数的取值发生一次阶跃式突增,将该长宽比取值的区间定义为长方腔内该流体第一次分岔的突变区间.      

并列仿生鱼自主游动的数值模拟研究

采用自适应浸没边界方法,数值模拟了两条并列仿生鱼在不同间距下的同相位和反相位自主游动。通过与相同游动参数下单条仿生鱼自主游动的比较,可以得到结论:(1)并列自主游动的速度小于单条鱼游动的速度,并且随着间距减小而减小。相同间距下,反相位并列游动时的速度大于同相位;(2)并列游动时的阻力均大于单条鱼,且随着间距减小而增大;(3)反相位游动时功率消耗随间距减小而增大,但同相位游动则相反;(4)当间距大于0.5个身长时,推进效率都略有增大。所以,在综合考虑了游动速度和推进效率两方面的因素后认为,鱼群中并列相邻的两条鱼应当以反相位摆动,且侧向间距保持在0.5个身长以上,这与自然界中观察的结果是一致的。     

Numerical investigation of flow and combined natural-forced convection from an isothermal square cylinder in cross flow

Unsteady flow and heat transfer from a horizontal isothermal square cylinder is studied numerically using a three-dimensional computational model to investigate the influence of buoyancy on the forced flow and heat transfer characteristics. The numerical model is based on a horizontal square cylinder subjected to laminar fluid flow in an unconfined channel. The governing equations in 3D form are solved using a fractional step method based on the finite difference discretization in addition to a Crank–Nicholson scheme employed to the convective and the viscous terms. Two working fluids–air (Pr = 0.7) and water (Pr = 7)–are considered, and the flow and heat transfer simulations were carried out for the Reynolds and Richardson numbers in the intervals 55 ≤ Re ≤ 250 and 0 ≤ Ri ≤ 2, respectively. The flow characteristics such as time-averaged drag/lift, rms drag/rms lift coefficients as well as Strouhal number were computed. The heat transfer from the cylinder is assessed by mean Nusselt number (and rms Nusselt number) over the total heated cylinder walls. As the buoyancy increases, the mass and the velocity of the fluid flowing underneath the cylinder increases. The fluid is injected into the near wake region with an upward motion which significantly alters the flow field in the downstream as well as upstream regions. The effects of Reynolds, Richardson and Prandtl numbers on the flow field and temperature distributions are discussed in detail. It is shown that the flow and heat transfer characteristics are influenced more for air than water. To fill the void in the literature, useful empirical correlations of practical importance are derived for pure forced and pure natural as well as mixed convection. The mixed convection correlations, in terms of the ratio of pure forced convection, are also developed, and their implications are discussed.     

The effects of surface injection through a perforated square cylinder on some aerodynamic parameters

The surface pressure distribution and the vortex shedding frequency were investigated for the flow around perforated horizontal and diagonal square cylinders with surface injection through various surfaces. For this purpose, surface pressure measurements on each square cylinder (horizontal and diagonal) and vortex shedding frequency measurements in the wake region were performed at three different Reynolds numbers in a wind tunnel. The parameters considered were injection coefficient, position of perforated surface (i.e., top, rear, top-rear and all), pressure coefficient, drag coefficient, and the Strouhal number. The results showed that pressure coefficient distribution, drag coefficient, and the Strouhal number were influenced by the position of the perforated surface and by the injection coefficient. The surface injections through the top-rear, rear and all surfaces of a diagonal square cylinder reduce the drag coefficient for the all Reynolds numbers, while the injection through all surfaces only reduces the drag coefficient of a horizontal square cylinder. The other aerodynamic parameter Strouhal number can also be controlled by injection through certain surfaces of a horizontal square cylinder.     

Numerical simulation of Reynolds number effects on velocity shear flow around a circular cylinder

Three-dimensional Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) are performed to investigate the shear effects on flow around a circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers of Re=60–1000. The shear parameter, β, which is based on the velocity gradient, cylinder diameter and upstream mean velocity at the center plane of the cylinder, varies from 0 to 0.30. Variations of Strouhal number, drag and lift coefficients, and unsteady wake structures with shear parameter are studied, along with their dependence on Reynolds number. The presented simulation provides detailed information for the flow field around a circular cylinder in shear flow. This study shows that the Strouhal number exhibits no significant variation with shear parameter. The stagnation point moves to the high-velocity side almost linearly with shear parameter, and this result mainly influences the aerodynamic forces acting on a circular cylinder in shear flow. Both the Reynolds number and shear parameter influence the movement of the stagnation point and separation point. Mode A wake instability is suppressed into parallel vortex shedding mode at a certain shear parameter. The lift force increases with increasing shear parameter and acts from the high-velocity side to the low-velocity side. In addition, a simple method to estimate the lift force coefficient in shear flow is provided.     

Forced‐convection heat transfer from tandem square cylinders in cross flow at low Reynolds numbers

This paper presents the results of a numerical study on the flow characteristics and heat transfer over two equal square cylinders in a tandem arrangement. Spacing between the cylinders is five widths of the cylinder and the Reynolds number ranges from 1 to 200, Pr=0.71. Both steady and unsteady incompressible laminar flow in the 2D regime are performed with a finite volume code based on the SIMPLEC algorithm and non‐staggered grid. A study of the effects of spatial resolution and blockage on the results is provided. In this study, the instantaneous and mean streamlines, vorticity and isotherm patterns for different Reynolds numbers are presented and discussed. In addition, the global quantities such as pressure and viscous drag coefficients, RMS lift and drag coefficients, recirculation length, Strouhal number and Nusselt number are determined and discussed for various Reynolds numbers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

圆柱绕流流场结构的大涡模拟研究

为进一步揭示绕流现象的形成机理,本文分别对处于层流稳态区、尾流过渡区、剪切层转换区Re分别为26、200、1.4×105的三种典型流态下的单圆柱绕流进行了二维数值模拟研究。Re为26时应用层流模型直接求解N-S方程,而Re分别为200、1.4×105时使用大涡模拟的方法进行计算。数值模拟很好地再现了稳定的涡旋结构、周期性交替脱落的卡门涡街结构、不规则的涡旋结构,在此基础上分析了尾流结构的基本特征及其压强分布规律、平均的流场特性、积分参数(如升力系数、阻力系数、斯特劳哈尔等),并与有关研究成果进行了对比。研究发现,采用不同流动介质时流场特性有所差异,空气为介质时的计算结果更符合实验的成果,而水为介质时计算结果偏差较大,这主要是由尾流涡旋产生的不合理负压造成的。     

PREDICTION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FISH MUSCLE IN VIVO DURING STEADY SWIMMING

在综合游动力学的框架下采用整体模化分析方法,对比研究了鳗鲡鱼类和鲹科鱼类巡游中红肌（驱动鱼类巡游的骨骼肌）的力学性能异同. 该方法将观测总结的鱼体动态变形规律作为已知条件,首先确定鱼游中体外作用（包括流体动力响应和惯性力）,然后间接预测活体的体内作用（包括肌肉主动力和生物组织被动应力）. 研究结果显示,鳗鲡鱼类尾部的肌肉强度明显低于其躯干部分,而鲹科鱼类尾部和躯干部分肌肉强度相当,这与各自的体内作用主导机制相适应. 且体外作用的区别也导致了鲹科鱼类的能效更高. 同时发现,两种模式游动下都存在鱼体躯干内部从头至尾的能量传递,其肌肉输出净功沿鱼体轴向都呈“钟形” 分布. 总体上沿轴向各点的肌肉都输出正的净功.     

A minimal model of self propelled locomotion

Fish locomotion is a complicated problem in the context of fluid–structure interaction and it is still not understood what is linked to biology and what is linked to mechanics. Measurements performed on natural fish and artificial systems reveal that swimming at high Reynolds number is found in a narrow range of Strouhal numbers - a dimensionless combination of the swimming velocity, tail beat amplitude and frequency. With a minimal model of aquatic locomotion, we investigate how this number depends on the numerous parameters at play. We show a strong correlation with the drag coefficient, while the effect of the other parameters can be neglected at the first-order approximation.     

基于重叠网格与结构网格的圆柱绕流数值模拟

为研究重叠网格与结构网格在圆柱绕流数值模拟中的区别,以二维圆柱为例,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS 19.2中的DM与Mesh建立模型并划分重叠网格,利用ANSYS 19.2中的ICEM建立模型并划分结构网格。采用FLUENT 19.2中laminar模型模拟分析系统中的平均升力系数、平均阻力系数、斯特劳哈尔数St等流体动力特性。通过改变流体流速得到两种不同网格下各6组雷诺数Re,这6组雷诺数在60~160之间。结果表明:结构网格与重叠网格的St都随着Re的增加而增加,但相同雷诺数下重叠网格对应的St数值更大,St的增长速度更快;重叠网格与结构网格的平均升力系数与平均阻力系数随着Re的增加趋于稳定的速度都加快,但结构网格的平均升力系数与平均阻力系数趋于稳定的速度更快,且两种网格的平均升力系数与平均阻力系数趋于稳定速度的差距逐渐缩小,当Re=160时,两种网格的平均升力系数与平均阻力系数趋于稳定的速度几乎相同;当雷诺数在60~160之间时,采用重叠网格计算出来的斯特劳哈尔数比结构网格更加接近理论值;从升力功率谱密度分布曲线中可以看出,随着雷诺数的增加,两种网格下的频率逐渐变大,并且相同雷诺数下重叠网格的频率比结构网格大。