A Comparative Study on Traffic Flow Models Based on Real Measured Data

依据上海延安高架路段的交通流录像资料提取的26000余组实测数据，作出流量-密度图，发现即使在低密度时流密关系亦具有非线性二维区域特性。通过与Kerner提出的非线性二维流密关系模型进行比较，指出一些符合中国交通状况的现象可在图中得以体现。利用观测得到的大量数据，在按密度划分的不同区间内对已有的多个平衡函数进行最优筛选，得到分段平衡函数的表达式，使交通流模型更加贴近真实交通状况。最后提出了基于实测数据计算激进型驾驶者比例的方法，该方法的关键在于利用各种经过特征值变换后的平衡函数形式模拟已有数据的区域边界。关键词：交通流模型；实测数据；流量-密度图；分段平衡函数；激进型驾驶者     

基于交通流实测数据的加速度研究

采用6 个不同密度下的交通流样本, 从视频中提取大量跟驰车对的车头间距、车速、加速度和速度差数据. 统计分析发现, 加速度值域关于0 点具有对称性; 不同密度下加速度分布具有不同特征; 车头间距、车速和速度差对加速度的影响程度随密度不同而不同. 利用实测数据对GM 模型和Bando 模型进行参数优化, 据此提出一种GM 模型的简化形式和一种改进的Bando 模型, 两者拟合该文实测数据的平均误差都在6% 以下.      

基于实测数据的交通流模型比较研究

依据上海延安高架路段的交通流录像资料提取的26000余组实测数据,作出流量-密度图,发现随着路段整体平均密度的递增,Kerner指出的低密度自由流阶段的曲线特性越来越不明显;而在整体平均密度较低的情况下,又存在一定数量的高速度高密度数据.利用观测得到的大量数据,在按密度划分的不同区间内对已有的多个平衡函数进行最优筛选,得到分段平衡函数的表达式,使交通流模型更加贴近真实交通状况.最后提出了基于实测数据计算激进型驾驶者比例的方法,该方法的关键在于利用各种经过特征值变换后的平衡函数形式模拟已有数据的区域边界.     

静水条件下淡水冰有效导温系数的优化辨识

依据天然河冰垂直温度剖面数据,构造了以拟合函数的系数为参变量的分布参数系统优化辨识模型,并分别用指数函数和线性函数拟合了河冰导温系数。对目标函数的优化采用Newton-Raphson算法,对热传导方程和灵敏度方程采用半隐式差分格式迭代求解。利用太原汾河二库天然冰垂直温度剖面数据进行了参数辨识和数值模拟,模拟结果与实测数据相吻合,表明所构造的参数辨识模型和优化算法是有效的。     

大城市高架路实测数据分析与交通流模型研究

对上海市中心延安高架路一个路段交通流进行长时间录像拍摄,提取到"车速-车头间距"有效数据26000余对.应用该批实测数据,对多种常见交通流速密关系模型进行比较研究后发现,一维管流模型在我国高速道路交通流参数计算中具有优势.提出采用变参数一维管流模型刻画交通流非线性特征的基本方法.     

高压捕获翼前缘型线优化和分析

为分析翼前缘形状变化对高压捕获翼构型气动性能的影响,基于一种锥体组合捕获翼概念构型,采用幂次函数和余弦函数组合形式对翼前缘型线进行了参数化设计,在比较了多项式和径向基函数两种代理模型的拟合精度基础上,以飞行马赫数7,飞行攻角0° 为计算条件,结合使用均匀实验设计方法、计算流体力学、径向基函数代理模型方法和遗传算法,选择升阻比最大化为目标开展了数值优化,最后基于优化结果进行了单参数的灵敏度分析. 优化结果表明,相对于基准外形而言,优化后构型升力系数增大了约8.1%,阻力系数减小了约12.2%,升阻比提高了约23.4%. 此外,灵敏度分析结果表明升阻比与5 个设计参数均呈非线性关系,其中展向角度对升阻比影响最大,其次为幂次曲线的比例参数,其余3 个参数对升阻比的影响相对较弱.      

聚氨酯橡胶超弹性本构模型拟合效果评估

对聚氨酯橡胶进行了单轴拉伸、单轴压缩和平面拉伸试验,采用常用的超弹性本构模型拟合试验数据,并基于拟合优度、拟合曲线与试验曲线相似性、相对偏差三方面,对拟合效果进行评估．结果表明：采用拟合优度评估,能从总体上反映超弹性本构模型对试验数据的拟合效果,采用拟合曲线与试验数据相似性的对比进行评估,能直观反映超弹性本构模型对试验数据的拟合效果,若同时考虑相对偏差,则可以反映超弹性本构模型与试验数据之间的相对偏差量,更为准确地对超弹性本构模型的拟合效果进行评估．     

关于交通流中扰动传播和发展的数值模拟

针对不同拥挤程度交通流中扰动的传播和发展，进行了系统的数值模拟研究. 讨论了PW模型、一维管流模型、单侧传播模型等几种典型交通流模型的不同特征；指出了 不同差分格式对数值结果的影响；也分析了数学模型中不同形式的平衡函数的作用. 结果发 现在适当的数学模型、平衡函数和离散格式下，能够对交通流中扰动的传播和发展，特别是 扰动波的传播速度，取得与实际测量数据相当接近的模拟效果. 建议了分别适用于不同密度 交通流的计算格式.     

基于8节点平面单元的RC梁柱节点单元

为了分析RC框架结构的非线性滞回性能,基于平面8节点单元,本文提出了一个新的针对受循环荷载作用钢筋混凝土的梁柱节点单元．单元中梁与节点交界面和柱与节点交界面被划分成“节点截面”和“梁柱截面”,节点核心区的力学性能由8节点单元描述,而梁柱受力钢筋与节点核心区的粘结滑移由存在于“节点截面”和“梁柱截面”之间的8根弹簧控制,梁柱与节点之间的剪切由4根剪切弹簧表示．单元具有4个外节点和8个内节点,每个内节点具有2个自由度,每个外节点具有3个自由度,该3个自由度与普通梁单元一致,从而确保本单元能够同普通一维梁柱单元一起进行钢筋混凝土结构平面非线性分析．通过将内节点上的自由度依附到外节点上,单元在数值表现上具有4个节点和28个自由度．通过对比试验和模拟分析结果,验证了本模型适合于循环荷载作用下平面框架结构的非线性响应分析．     

描述鱼鳍材料松弛特性的分数Zener模型

鱼鳍在游动中起到了推进和控制的作用, 研究鱼鳍的力学性质对研究鱼类游动中高效率的来源具有重要意义. 本文对鲫鱼尾鳍鳍条进行了松弛实验, 松弛时间为300\,s,力随时间表现出较明显的衰减, 表明鱼鳍具有黏弹性性质. 采用分数Zener模型拟合实验数据, 并将拟合结果与3参数和5参数线性模型拟合结果比较, 发现3参数线性模型拟合效果较差, 分数Zener模型和5参数线性模型都较好地拟合了松弛曲线, 但分数Zener模型具有使用参数更少的优点.      

Empirical test of a microscopic three-phase traffic theory

A review of dynamic nonlinear features of spatiotemporal congested patterns in freeway traffic is presented. The basis of the review is a comparison of theoretical features of the congested patterns that are shown by a microscopic traffic flow model in the context of the Kerner's three-phase traffic theory and empirical microscopic and macroscopic pattern characteristics measured on different freeways over various days and years. In this test of the microscopic three-phase traffic flow theory, a model of an "open" road is applied: Empirical time-dependence of traffic demand and drivers' destinations are used at the upstream model boundaries. At downstream model boundary conditions for vehicle freely leaving a modeling freeway section(s) are given. Spatiotemporal congested patterns emerge, develop, and dissolve in this open freeway model with the same types of bottlenecks as those in empirical observations. It is found that microscopic three-phase traffic models can explain all known macroscopic and microscopic empirical congested pattern features (e.g., probabilistic breakdown phenomenon as a first-order phase transition from free flow to synchronized flow, moving jam emergence in synchronized flow rather than in free flow, spatiotemporal features of synchronized flow and general congested patterns at freeway bottlenecks, intensification of downstream congestion due to upstream congestion at adjacent bottlenecks). It turns out that microscopic optimal velocity (OV) functions and time headway distributions are not necessarily qualitatively different, even if local congested traffic behavior is qualitatively different. Model performance with respect to spatiotemporal pattern emergence and evolution cannot be tested using these traffic characteristics. The reason for this is that important spatiotemporal features of congested traffic patterns are lost in these and many other macroscopic and microscopic traffic characteristics, which are widely used as the empirical basis for a test of traffic flow models. PACS: 89.40. + k, 47.54. + r, 64.60.Cn, 64.60.Lx     

非港湾式公交车站站点设置的研究

研究了在同一路段上非港湾式公交车站站点的分散式和集中式设置对道路 交通的影响. 在元胞自动机交通流NaSch模型上, 提出了考虑公交车站站点分散式和集中式 设置的双车道元胞自动机交通流模型, 通过计算机模拟和理论分析, 结果表明: 在开放边界条件下, 分散式公交车站点与集中式公交车站点相比, 影响道路交通通行能力作用显著的减小; 公交车站点之间的间隔、站台的长度、公交车停靠时间以及车流中公交车的比例对交通 流量有显著的影响.     

Resonant oscillations of a gas in an open-ended tube in a weak turbulence regime

An analytical theory of resonant oscillations of a gas in an open-ended tube is developed. The gas flow in the tube is assumed to be turbulent. A model of gas flow near the open end of the tube is constructed. This model allows a boundary condition that is free of empirical parameters to be obtained. Theoretical results are in reasonable agreement with experimental data obtained by other authors. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 92–99, May–June, 1998.     

A Dissipation Rate Equation for Low-Reynolds-Number and Near-Wall Turbulence

Two-equation turbulence models are usually formulated for specific flow types and are seldom validated against a variety of flows to account for near-wall and low-Reynolds-number effects simultaneously. In addition to low-Reynolds-number effects, near-wall flows also experience wall blocking, which is absent in free flows. Consequently, near-wall modifications to two-equation models could be quite different from low-Reynolds-number corrections. Besides, it is known that existing two-equation models perform poorly when used to calculate plane wall jets and two-dimensional backstep flows. These problems could be traced to the modeling of the dissipation rate equation. In this paper an attempt is made to improve the modeling of the dissipation rate equation so that it could successfully predict both free and wall-bounded shear flows including plane wall jets and backstep flows. The predictions are compared with experimental and direct numerical simulation data whenever available. Most of the data used are obtained at low Reynolds numbers. Good correlation with data is obtained. Therefore, for the first time, a model capable of correctly predicting free and wall-bounded shear flows, backstep flows, and plane wall jets is available. Received: 12 December 1995 and accepted 12 November 1996     

无壁面参数低雷诺数非线性涡黏性模式研究

建立了一个低雷诺数的非线性涡黏性湍流模式,该模式的一个显著特性是它不包含壁面参数（如y^ ,n等）,因而特别适用于复杂几何流场的计算,本模式在几种包括回流、分离、激波等典型流动中进行了验证,结果令人满意。     

Effect of vapor flow on the wetting behavior of unstable evaporating menisci in heated capillary tubes

The wicking height of a heated, evaporating meniscus formed by surface-wetting liquid in a vertical capillary tube with dynamic flow has been investigated. Previous experimental results and analytical models for measuring/predicting wicking heights in capillaries are also reviewed. An analytical model is presented that accounts for both major and minor vapor pressure losses along the vertical capillary tube. It is shown that during thermo-mechanical instability, vapor/meniscus interaction can become more prevalent due to increased vapor generation/pressure near the meniscus free surface. A relatively simple procedure for estimating onset of meniscus instability is presented and, when used with the vapor Reynolds number, can estimate whether vapor pressure loss is significant. By comparing the current model with the available experimental data, it is shown that the wicking height of an unstable, evaporating meniscus of n-pentane in a vertical, glass capillary tube is better estimated by considering vapor flow pressure losses – providing a 40% improvement over previous models that neglect vapor flow. In addition to vapor flow pressure loss, the dynamic contact angle and thin film profile must also be calculated to ensure accurate prediction of wicking height. Although the proposed model shows improvement, it is prone to under-predicting the actual meniscus wicking height for stable, evaporating menisci at lower relative heat loads. The proposed model can be used for predicting wicking behavior of heated, vertically-aligned liquid columns in capillary structures – which is relevant to the design of miniature heat transfer equipment/media such as wicked heat pipes, micro-channels and sintered/porous surfaces.     

On kinetic theory methods in vehicular flow

Similarly to the treatment of diluted gases, kinetic methods are formulated for the study of unidirectional freeway traffic. From these it is possible to construct fluid-dynamic equations which in comparison with heuristic fluid-dynamic models have the advantage of just some adjustable parameters although they have some other restrictions. In this work the comparison between two macroscopic models which are based on a kinetic traffic equation is shown. On the other hand, there will be presented some advances to attempt to generalize some restrictions of the kinetic formulation in order to study the synchronization phenomena, which is a very interesting transitory phase between free flow and traffic jams.     

Investigation of the far and near fields in the problem of exponentially stratified flow over a bottom irregularity

The three-dimensional problem of finite-depth stratified flow over a small bottom irregularity is considered in mixed Euler-Lagrange variables. The Brunt-Väisälä frequency is assumed to be constant and small, and the free surface condition is replaced by the rigid roof condition. Investigation of the far field showed that the principal wave perturbations lie within an angle which for large values of the internal Froude number is much less than theKelvin angle, while the wave amplitude at infinity is of the order of l/r, where r is the polar radius. The ring perturbations are exponentially damped. As distinct from point source models, the model in question does not lead to divergence of the integrals on the flow axis [1-3]. Appproximate expressions for the radial and ring waves in terms of certain universai functions were obtained for investigating the near and far fields when the bottom irregularity is hemispherical. For the radial waves a law of similarity was obtained for which the characteristic dimension in the direction of the flow axis is the ratio of the flow velocity to the Brunt-Väisälä frequency, and the characteristic dimension in a direction perpendicular to the flow axis the depth of the fluid. In the first approximation the ring perturbations do not depend on the Brunt-Väisälä frequency. It is shown that in the near field the zone of intense wave perturbations is of the order of the fluid depth and not of the dimensions of the obstacle as for Kelvin ship waves on the surface of a homogeneous fluid.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 86–94, September–October, 1987.