磁驱动平面准等熵加载装置、实验技术及应用研究新进展

利用脉冲大电流装置产生随时间变化平滑上升的磁压力,实现对平面、柱面等不同结构样品的磁驱动准等熵（斜波）压缩,为极端条件下材料动力学研究提供了一种偏离Hugoniot状态热力学路径的加载手段。本文从磁驱动准等熵加载装置、实验技术、数据处理方法等方面综述了磁驱动准等熵加载技术研究近十年的新进展,评述了利用磁驱动准等熵加载技术和方法开展极端条件下材料高压状态方程、高压强度与本构关系、相变与相变动力学等方面研究的进展情况,展望了磁驱动准等熵加载技术发展及其在材料动力学、武器物理和高能量密度物理等方面的应用前景。     

小型材料等熵压缩磁压加载脉冲功率发生装置理论设计

材料等熵压缩磁压加载技术是当今美、俄、法等国家用于材料完全物态方程和动力学性能研究的重要和热门手段.文章综述了国外材料等熵压缩磁压加载技术研究进展,分析了磁压加载等熵压缩的基本原理.在此基础上提出了适合国内实验室研究、压力范围50GPa以内的小型材料等熵压缩磁压加载脉冲功率发生装置的设计指标,即回路放电电流上升时间500ns以内、峰值1MA以上.进而利用OrCAD/Pspice软件对装置的电感、电容等基本参数进行了优化设计,基于此提出了达到设计指标装置的工作方式.     

固体材料高功率激光斜波压缩研究进展

利用高功率激光诱导的应力波对固体材料进行高应变率斜波压缩,是近年来快速发展的新型动高压实验技术。与传统加载手段不同,它可以在数ns时间内以极高的应变率(106~109 s-1)将薄样品平滑加载到数千万大气压,并仍然保持其固体状态。结合多种先进的诊断技术,可以测得样品材料的热力学、动力学参数和原位微观结构特性,是研究动高压物理、物态方程和高应变率动力学问题的先进途径。本文梳理了这种技术的发展历程,对其加载和诊断技术以及已取得的主要结果进行综述,并展望了其发展前景。     

具有刚-柔-液-控耦合的航天器动力学研究进展

从现代复杂航天器姿态非线性动力学、液体燃料晃动动力学与控制问题、航天器刚-柔耦合系统动力学建模问题、航天器刚-液耦合动力学、航天器刚-柔-液-控耦合动力学、充液航天器实验问题等方面概述了近年来国内外在充液航天器多体耦合动力学相关领域的最新研究进展. 分别从液体燃料晃动动力学建模问题、航天器刚-柔-液-控耦合系统非线性理论和方法、计算机数值仿真及物理实验问题等方面展望了有待进一步加强的研究课题.     

原位通孔鼓泡法测试二维材料杨氏模量

二维材料因其独特的晶体结构、新奇的物理特性和优异的力学性能,在光电器件、微纳机电系统等诸多领域有着广阔的应用前景,其中力学性能对于器件的制备、功能性、稳定性以及服役寿命等方面尤为重要。本文提出了一种测量二维材料杨氏模量的普适性实验方法,借助通孔鼓泡技术对材料进行连续可控加载,同时结合原子力探针技术原位表征其力学响应。该技术较好地解决了文献中常用恒定分子数鼓泡技术在测试二维材料杨氏模量中存在的加载周期长、加载不连续等弊端。以单层或双层石墨烯薄膜为例,利用自行搭建的通孔鼓泡实验平台结合原子力显微技术实现了鼓泡高度和直径大小的原位测量,借助Hencky解获得石墨烯杨氏模量,实验数值与文献报道相符。此外,在三角波和正弦波两种动态循环加载方式下,该测试方法均表现出良好的稳定性。本文工作不仅发展了一种普适原位的二维材料杨氏模量实验测试方法,也为大面积二维材料薄膜力学性能的程序化测试与分析、高通量实验数据的力学统计分析打下了可靠的实验基础。     

磁驱动飞片的一维磁流体动力学数值研究

磁驱动高速飞片技术是近年来发展的一种新型实验技术,在冲击波物理领域得到应用。该过程伴随着磁场扩散,并由此引起焦耳加热,使得飞片加载面的相状态发生变化,这决定了飞片厚度的范围。基于拉格朗日坐标系,利用磁流体动力学方程组、电阻率方程和状态方程数据库,对磁驱动铝飞片进行了一维磁流体动力学数值计算,获得了不同时刻铝飞片密度、温度的剖面分布,得到了磁场扩散速率随加载电流密度的变化关系。文章所选取的电导率方程只考虑到汽化点为止,对于等离子体形成的过程无法描述,如果要精确描述更高电流密度下的驱动过程,需考虑更为普适的电导率方程。磁场扩散速率随加载电流密度的变化存在转折点,在转折点前后可分别用两个线性关系表达式加以刻画。利用这些关系和冲击波物理相关知识,对磁压加载等熵驱动飞片实验样品厚度的选择进行了研究。     

反射型云纹法在爆炸加载超动态实验力学中的应用

本文介绍对爆炸加载反射型动态云纹实验方法进行的研究,利用高速转镜相机记录了橡胶板、聚碳酸酯板及岩石介质爆炸加载实验时的动态云纹图,并进行了初步定量分析。实验证明,反射型云纹法用于爆炸加载的超动态量测是可行的。它为岩石爆破动力学问题研究提供了一种新的有效技术。     

柔性多体系统动力学绝对节点坐标方法研究进展

阐述了多体系统动力学理论的研究背景,指出了多种传统的柔性多体系统动力学研究方法的不足.系统地从4个方面回顾了柔性多体系统动力学绝对节点坐标方法诞生十几年以来的研究进展,即:单元研究进展、系统动力学方程求解数值算法研究进展、非线性材料多体系统动力学研究进展以及相关的应用研究进展.最后提出了值得进一步研究的问题.      

爆轰波对碰加载下平面金属样品动载行为实验研究

进行冲击波对碰加载简易平面金属Sn和W样品实验,采用X射线照相和激光干涉测速系统进行联合诊断,给出了2种材料冲击波对碰区表面微喷及主体破碎物质的直观图像,研究了Sn和W样品对碰区动力学行为,并比较分析2种材料对碰区特征的异同,给出了定性物理解释,实验结果可为爆轰波对碰加载下材料动力学特性的理论研究提供数据支撑。     

电磁膨胀环实验设计的关键因素

为了更好地研究电磁膨胀环实验加载技术,利用带有电磁模块的LS DYNA三维动力学有限元程序对电磁膨胀环加载过程进行三维数值模拟。分析了螺线圈绕法、加载电流波形、膨胀环截面尺寸和轴向位移对电磁膨胀环实验结果的影响。计算结果表明,连接带缺口螺线圈的圆圈绕线方法优于均匀过渡绕法,加载电流峰值与膨胀环径向速度峰值近似成线性关系,适当增加膨胀环截面轴向的宽度可提高膨胀环运动稳定性,双螺线圈模型可有效减小膨胀环轴向位移。     

Finite Element Implementation of the Microplane Theory for Simulating a Rigid Concrete Pavement-Vehicle Interaction∗

Abstract

This paper presents an approach for modeling concrete pavement, based on the constitutive implementation of Bazant's microplane theory, for the purpose of predicting pavement response due to complex loading by vehicles. This includes implementation of the microplane theory in a three dimensional finite element code and verification of its numerical accuracy. The analytical method is then verified. The program's accuracy under simple static loading is verified by comparison with two of the most widely used pavement design codes. Experimental data from the literature are used to verify the approach developed for both cyclic response and prediction of material softening, a critical feature of the Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) concrete material used in pavement. The analysis is also verified against experimental influence function data for a single axle, Finally, the analytically predicted pavement response is verified for dynamic multi-axle truck loading. Based on agreement with experimental data, the model developed captures the essential characteristics of concrete pavement subjected to complex     

A constitutive model for the Mullins effect with changes in material symmetry

When an unfilled or particle reinforced rubber is subjected to cyclic loading–unloading with a fixed amplitude from its natural reference configuration, the stress required on reloading is less than on the initial loading for a deformation up to the maximum value of the stretches achieved. The stress differences in successive loading cycles are largest during the first and second cycles and become negligible after about 4–6 cycles. This phenomenon is known as the Mullins effect. In this paper new experimental data are reported showing the change in material symmetry for an initially undamaged and isotropic material subjected to uniaxial and biaxial extension tests. The effect of preconditioning in one direction on the mechanical response when loaded in a perpendicular direction is discussed. A simple phenomenological model is derived to account for stress softening and changes in material symmetry. The formulation is based on the theory of pseudo-elasticity, the basis of which is the inclusion of scalar variables in the energy function. When active, these variables modify the form of the energy function during the deformation process and therefore change the material response. The general formulation is specialized to pure homogeneous deformation in order to fit the new data. The numerical results are in very good agreement with the experimental data.     

On the evolution of the linear material properties of PZT during loading history—an experimental study

Ferroelectrics exhibit material behavior which is strongly affected by its loading history. Among other phenomena, the coefficients describing the linear material behavior are known to change when the state of polarization is altered. There are several approaches to modeling ferroelectric/ferroelastic behavior. However, with all models, assumptions have to be made on how the linear coefficients depend on the state of polarization. Often the elastic and dielectric coefficients are defined to be constant for the sake of simplicity. Alternatively, their evolution and that of the piezoelectric constants are described rather intuitively, while systematic experimental data are sparse. The present study explores the impact of large signal mechanical and electrical loading on the low frequency linear response of a soft PZT ceramic. This is accomplished via cyclic tests with progressively increasing maximum electrical or mechanical load. Upon load reversal, the quasi-linear response is measured. Remanent polarization and remanent strain are used as internal variables to describe the material behavior as a function of loading history. While the dielectric permittivity κ₃₃ is shown to exhibit only minor variation, Young’s modulus and the piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃ change significantly in the course of loading.     

Rate dependent finite strain constitutive model of polyurea

Continuous loading and unloading experiments are performed at different strain rates to characterize the large deformation behavior of polyurea under compressive loading. In addition, uniaxial compression tests are carried out with multistep strain history profiles. The analysis of the experimental data shows that the concept of equilibrium path may not be applied to polyurea. This finding implies that viscoelastic constitutive models of the Zener type are no suitable for the modeling of the rate dependent behavior of polyurea. A new constitutive model is developed based on a rheological model composed of two Maxwell elements. The soft rubbery response is represented by a Gent spring while nonlinear viscous evolution equations are proposed to describe the time-dependent material response. The eight material model parameters are identified for polyurea and used to predict the experimentally-measured stress-strain curves for various loading and unloading histories. The model provides a good prediction of the response under monotonic loading over wide range of strain rates, while it overestimates the stiffness during unloading. Furthermore, the model predictions of the material relaxation and viscous dissipation during a loading-unloading cycle agree well with the experiments.     

Modeling rate-independent hysteresis in large deformations of preconditioned soft tissues

A phenomenological model is proposed for characterizing rate-independent hysteresis exhibited by preconditioned soft tissues. The preconditioned tissue is modeled as an isotropic composite of a hyperelastic component and a dissipative (inelastic) component. Specifically, the constitutive equations are hyperelastic in the sense that the stress is determined by derivatives of a strain energy function. Inelasticity of the dissipative component is controlled by a yield function with different functional forms for the hardening variable during deformation loading and unloading. The constitutive equations proposed in this paper are simple. In particular, they depend on only seven material constants: three controlling the response of the elastic component and the remainder controlling the response of the dissipative component. More importantly, the material constants can be determined to match rather general loading and unloading behavior. It is observed that the hysteretic response of the model compares well with experimental data for passive uniaxial loading/unloading of Manduca muscle. Moreover, the present model treats partial loading and reloading of preconditioned tissue as elastic–plastic response, which is different from the treatment of pseudo-elastic models used in the literature.     

On the Mindlin microelasticity in one dimension

Mindlin's microelasticity theory is reduced to the one-dimensional setting to examine its prediction of the response of microstructured materials on a pulse loading. The one-dimensional setting requires a minimal number of additional material parameters. Since analytical solutions may be found only in highly simplified asymptotic cases, numerical simulations are performed by means of a finite-volume numerical scheme modifying the wave-propagation algorithm. The calculated response of a material described by the Mindlin microelasticity is compared then with the corresponding response of an “equivalent” periodic laminate.     

混合微分求积法在功能梯度材料平板柱形弯曲问题中的应用

利用混合微分求积法,对任意荷载作用下不同材料梯度分布的功能梯度材料平板柱形弯曲问题进行了分析。针对广义微分求积法求解集中荷载问题精度不高的缺点,本文利用小波微分求积法进行了改进。由于小波对突变信号具有良好的自适应描述能力,因此在平板宽度方向上,利用小波微分求积法可以有效地处理集中荷载;而在材料梯度变化的板厚方向上,则利用广义微分求积法计算量小且精度高的特点进行离散计算。计算表明,混合微分求积法不仅保留了广义微分求积法高效的特点,而且能有效地求解任意荷载作用的问题。通过算例,分析了在机械荷载作用下,材料不同梯度形式、平板上下表面材料性质差异对功能梯度平板结构响应的影响。     

Fatigue analysis of structural components through math-model simulation

A cumulative-fatigue-damage procedure that considers notch effects, mean-stress relaxation, and cyclic hardening and softening is being used at TEREX to evaluate structural reliability. Necessary inputs for the evaluation are: (1) a load-time history of the response of the material to its operating environment, (2) a listing of material characteristics with regard to both monotonic and cyclic properties, (3) an experimental sample with similar section which can be failed under constant-amplitude loading so that a fatigue-concentration factor can be developed, and (4) the appropriate computer ‘soft ware’ needed to simulate the material during its loading environment so that a life prediction can be made. The actual procedure consists of: (1) instrumenting that particular section of interest on the vehicle or component with the appropriate strain gages and wiring, (2) recording the changes in strain on an FM magnetic-tape recorder, (3) digitizing the analog signal on the magnetic tape so that the data can be readily processed by the computer, and (4) inputting the data points, in sequence, to the computer soft ware so that the load history can be combined with other necessary information which allows the computerized model to calculate life prediction, damage estimations and severe stress-strain conditions.     

复杂加载下材料动态响应的数据反演技术

对梯度飞片撞击复杂路径加载实验中,具有冲击加载-斜波加载-斜波卸载的金属铝材料的波剖面信息进行了数据分析和处理,不同加载路径用不同力学响应关系式进行描述,以铝材料\氟化锂窗口界面处的速度剖面作为初始条件,用反积分方法向铝材料内部直至加载面进行了反向计算,所得计算结果与正向计算结果比较吻合较好。计算得到了材料内能、温度、声速及应变率在复杂路径加载中变化规律,并给出了材料的P-V参考线,所得结果可与正向积分计算结果相互校核。     

PVDF压电薄膜在应力波测量中的应用

综合介绍了PVDF压力传感器的测试原理、动态标定实验，并采用定制的PVDF压力传感器测量了不同类型分层介质在冲击载荷作用下的压力衰减，说明了PVDF压力传感器在压力测量中有着很好的前景．