几种金属材料断裂条件的试验研究

考察了几种金属材料在常规破坏试验与拉-扭双轴破坏试验中，随受力条件不同，材料不同形式断裂破坏变化规律和相应的断裂条件；利用几种韧性材料复合型断裂试验结果，分析了随应力三维度变化，材料中孔洞成核形状与聚合方式的变化规律，分析了不同断裂形式时启裂点、启裂方向变化规律及主要影响因素。研究表明，从材料断裂物理机制来看，裂纹体与无裂纹体断裂破坏实质是相同的，随材料塑性因素与应力三维度变化的影响。材料内孔洞成核形状由椭球形逐渐变化为细长形，材料断裂由正拉断转向剪断，裂纹体与无裂体材料的断裂形式、断裂危险点、危险点上断裂方向等宏观量也有着相同的变化规律；区分不同物理机制建立断裂条件，可能适合解决金属材料不同形式的断裂力学问题。     

几种金属材料断裂形式变化规律的试验分析

本文研究了几种金属材料在常规破坏试验过程中的断裂现象，分析了不同材料不同复合比下断裂力学试验结果，结果表明，材料在不同受力形式下，随应力状态参数兄从大向小改变，材料断裂机理从以孔洞扩张、聚合为主导，向局部剪切带产生、发展为主导转化，材料断裂形式、断裂条件也随着发生变化，通过试验结果与应力场分析，讨论了不同应力状态参数下，金属材料韧性断裂形式的变化规律。     

铝合金材料剪切断裂实验分析

金属材料受载作用发生断裂，断裂面形式有拉断，剪断和拉剪混合型，由于剪断过程中塑性变形较为复杂，问题的研究难度大，观点争论多，本文对LY12－M铝合金材料复合型平面应变载荷状态下的几种断裂试验结果作了分析，认为在II型，近II型时发生的剪切型断裂，启裂点在裂尖附近应力三维度取最大值处，剪断的开裂方向则与启裂点上最大剪应力方向有关，同时对LC9R超强铝合金作常规破坏试验，该材料在拉伸，扭转与压缩试验时均呈剪切断裂，断裂面沿最大剪应力方位，破坏剪应力随试件应力三维度的降低而增大，综合分析试验结果得到了一些有用的结论。     

平面应变断裂韧度测试的有效性研究

针对平面应变断裂韧度测试厚度存在的问题,研究了几种材料测断裂韧度所需的实际厚度,拟合了平面应力到平面应变过渡状态下σz应力的分布,分析了过渡状态下的裂端应力场.通过分析不同材料特性和应力状态对断裂韧度KIC的影响,结合金属材料断裂的细观机理,认为平面应变断裂韧度KIC反映的是材料正断的性能,仅代表材料发生正断的指标.结果表明:对于某些高韧性材料,即使满足平面应变条件厚度要求,断裂以剪断为主,很难测出KIC;而对于偏脆性材料,即使不满足厚度要求,只要发生正断,也可测出KIC.结合已有试验结果,为平面应变断裂韧度KIC测定的厚度选择,提出一种合理的预测方法.借助三片模型的研究,给出平面应变断裂韧度的正断指标.     

金属材料脆性断裂机理的实验研究

材料的脆性断裂有许多准则和模型,但对脆断机理和变化规律缺乏合理的描述,给工程应用带来不便。本文对典型脆性材料球墨铸铁、灰铸铁分别进行了拉扭双轴断裂实验和常规拉伸、扭转破坏实验;对韧性金属材料合金钢进行了单轴拉伸颈缩破坏实验。通过上述实验分析了脆性材料和韧性材料发生脆性断裂的机理特征并选择应力三维度作为应力状态参数描述危险点的应力状态,同时考察了脆性材料和韧性材料发生脆性断裂的主导因素。结果表明:韧性材料45#钢和14CrNiMoV合金钢在颈缩断面心部应力三维度值较大时发生脆性拉断,而在颈缩断面边缘处应力三维度值较小时发生剪断;脆性材料球墨铸铁在应力三维度值为0.0～0.33之间变化时均发生脆性断裂;灰铸铁在应力三维度值大于0.0时发生脆性拉断,而在应力三维度值小于0.0时发生剪断。因此可以认为,材料的细观组织结构和危险点应力状态是影响断裂机理及变化规律的主要因素。对于同种材料,随着应力三维度代数值从小向大变化材料的断裂机制由塑性剪切断裂逐渐转变为脆性断裂。本文通过对几种材料的脆性断裂危险点和断裂方向的研究给出了脆断宏观破坏条件。     

脆性材料破坏与莫尔理论存在的问题

材料受力时应力状态不同，则断裂过程物理机理会发生改变，脆性材料受拉时发生的拉断与受压时发生的剪断，是两种不同物理机理的断裂形式，而莫尔强度理论用一个断裂条件解决这两种断裂形式的强度问题，是否合理需要讨论，结合灰铸铁HT200材料在不同受力条件下的断裂破坏试验，对此问题进行了研究，结果表明，莫尔理论对复杂应力状态下材料断裂不能合理、准确地进行强度计算。     

球墨铸铁材料细观损伤破坏机制实验研究

选用具有典型细观结构特征的球墨铸铁材料进行试验，探讨这种金属材料在各种三轴应力状态下的细观损伤破坏，结果表明：在较高三轴应力状态时，石墨颗粒与基体分离形成的一级孔洞扩展很不充分，且断裂孔洞体积分数ff较小；在较低三轴应力状态下，一级孔洞扩展较充分，损伤演化后期有二级孔洞形成，体积分数ff较大，ff的较大差异意味着材料在不同受力情况下，细观层面上表现出损伤聚合机制不同，因此用单参数f来描述和判断球铁材料损伤演化的各个物理状态是不够的。     

中子辐照金属材料的脆化模型研究

金属材料的辐照脆化问题一直以来都是核能安全领域亟待解决的关键问题之一.为了更准确地预测金属材料的辐照脆化行为,基于Johnson-Cook本构模型,将未辐照金属材料的断裂真应力取作辐照材料的断裂真应力,建立了通过辐照退火态金属材料屈服强度就能够预测其整个真应力-应变曲线,以及断裂真应变的辐照脆化模型.实验研究了不同中子剂量辐照退火态高纯铝的准静态拉伸真应力-应变曲线、断裂真应力和断裂真应变随辐照剂量的变化规律.结果表明,辐照剂量越高,高纯铝的屈服强度越高,断裂真应变越低,但断裂真应力几乎不变.通过TEM显微分析获得了高纯铝内部辐照缺陷的尺寸和数密度随辐照剂量的变化规律,结果表明,辐照剂量越高,孔洞的尺寸和数密度越高,但位错环尺寸和数密度始终很小,难以准确统计.由辐照高纯铝实验数据拟合得到了辐照脆化模型所需参数,并检验了该模型的预测效果.结果表明,无论是通过实验还是显微分析得到辐照高纯铝的屈服强度,模型的预测结果均能够与实验结果较好地吻合,且模型对退火态高纯铝临界中子剂量的预测值也与文献结果一致.     

中子辐照金属材料的脆化模型研究

金属材料的辐照脆化问题一直以来都是核能安全领域亟待解决的关键问题之一.为了更准确地预测金属材料的辐照脆化行为,基于Johnson-Cook本构模型,将未辐照金属材料的断裂真应力取作辐照材料的断裂真应力,建立了通过辐照退火态金属材料屈服强度就能够预测其整个真应力$\!$-$\!$-$\!$应变曲线,以及断裂真应变的辐照脆化模型.实验研究了不同中子剂量辐照退火态高纯铝的准静态拉伸真应力$\!$-$\!$-$\!$应变曲线、断裂真应力和断裂真应变随辐照剂量的变化规律.结果表明,辐照剂量越高,高纯铝的屈服强度越高,断裂真应变越低,但断裂真应力几乎不变.通过TEM显微分析获得了高纯铝内部辐照缺陷的尺寸和数密度随辐照剂量的变化规律,结果表明,辐照剂量越高,孔洞的尺寸和数密度越高,但位错环尺寸和数密度始终很小,难以准确统计.由辐照高纯铝实验数据拟合得到了辐照脆化模型所需参数,并检验了该模型的预测效果.结果表明,无论是通过实验还是显微分析得到辐照高纯铝的屈服强度,模型的预测结果均能够与实验结果较好地吻合,且模型对退火态高纯铝临界中子剂量的预测值也与文献结果一致.      

材质不均匀性引起的突进型裂纹亚临界扩展问题的探讨

一、前言 近二十多年来,国内外断裂力学方法基本上都按照均质材料来建立脆断判据及对脆断安全的判据。例如线弹性断裂力学中Ⅰ型问题的脆断判据及对脆断安全的判据分别为式中K_I为Ⅰ型应力强度因子,K_(Ic)为Ⅰ型平面应变断裂韧度,n_k为对于脆断的安全系数,[K_I]为允许的应力强度因子。K_I的表达式可写作如下的普遍形式:     

Degeneration character of gels under cyclic loading and its constitutive relation

An interesting degeneration behavior of gel materials under cyclic load is found in experiment. In order to explain this phenomenon, a constitutive model is proposed to simulate the microstructure of gels. Further the corresponding constitutive relation and its simplified form that contains six parameters is proposed to describe the nonlinearity and degeneration of gels under cyclic loading and unloading. The data of compression experiments for two typical gels are simulated by computer. The theoretical results are consistent with experiments very well.     

Lattice Boltzmann方法应用实例--一维溃坝波模拟

通过分析Ｌａｔｔｉｃｅ Ｂｏｌｔｚｍａｎｎ（ＬＢ）方法的多尺度方程和一维浅水波方程,建立了计算一有渠非恒定流的ＬＢ模型,对一维溃坝波动这一典型应用实例进行了模拟分析,结果与Ｐｒｅｉｓｓｍａｎｎ隐格式及解析解十分一致,说明将ＬＢ方法引入实际的一维明渠非恒定流计算是可行的。     

Dam-Break Flows Over a Bottom Drop

The single-layer shallow-water model is used to study flows generated by dam break over a bed level discontinuity in the form of a drop from which water flows. Emphasis is given to submerged regimes in which downstream wave processes affect the upstream flow. The paper considers solutions in which the total flow energy is conserved on the drop and solutions in which the energy is lost on the drop.     

Dam-Break Flows Over a Bottom Step

A single-layer shallow-water model is used to study the solvability of the problem of flows generated by dam break over a bed level discontinuity in the form of a step onto which water flows. Solutions in which the total flow energy is conserved on the step and solutions in which the energy is lost on the step are considered.     

Opening‐Mode Crack in a Unidirectional Composite Material

The plane static elastic problem of stress concentration in a unidirectional discrete infinite composite weakened by fiber breaks on a line normal to the reinforcement direction (an analog of the Griffith problem of elasticity theory) is considered. The composite is subjected to uniform stresses at infinity, and the crack edges are loaded symmetrically by the normal pressure. The problem reduces to constructing a polynomial with known values at the points of fiber breaks. The stress distribution along the line of breaks is obtained in the form of a fractional rational function of fiber number.     

THE PANSYSTEMS VIEW OF PREDICTION AND BLOW-UP OF FLUID

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Experimental investigation of dynamic pressure loads during dam break

The objective of this research work has been to conduct experimental measurements on a dam break flow over a horizontal dry bed in order to provide a detailed insight, with emphasis on the pressure loads, into the dynamics of the dam break wave impacting a vertical wall downstream the dam. The experimental setup is described in detail, comprising state of the art miniaturized pressure sensors, high sampling rate data acquisition systems and high frame-rate video camera. It is a 1:2 scale of the highly cited (Lee et al., 2002, Journal of Fluids Engineering, 124) article experimental apparatus. Kinematics has been analyzed focusing on the free surface and wave front evolution. Experimental observations regarding liquid height and wave front speed have found to be in agreement with existing literature. This agreement enables the authors, assuming a similar framework, to discuss the measured pressure loads as a consequence of the dam break wave front impacting on the downstream wall. These loads show a substantial variability which has been statistically characterized. The measured quantities have been compared with the scarce available data in the literature, whose consistency is discussed. Measurements have been conducted with two filling heights. Scaling effects for such heights are also analyzed. As a direct result of the present initiative, an extensive set of data for computational tools validation is provided as Supplementary Materials, including pressure signals, wave height measurements and experimental videos.     

On the Water Depth in the Breach during a Partial Dam Break

Theoretical and experimental data which make it possible to find the flow-rate, momentum and energy of the fluid that enters the lower pool after a discontinuity breakdown (dam break) in a rectangular channel with an even bottom, a step (sharp downstream rise in the bottom), a shelf (sharp drop in the bottom), and a threshold on the bottom are presented.     

Surface tension driven jet break up of strain-hardening polymer solutions

Experimental studies attempting to ascertain the influence of viscoelasticity on the atomization of polymer solution are often hindered by the inability to decouple the effect of shear thinning from the effect of extensional hardening. Here, the influence of viscoelasticity on the jet break up of a series of non-shear-thinning viscoelastic fluids is quantified. Previous characterization using an opposed-nozzle rheometer identified the critical extensional rates for strain hardening of these model fluids. The strain hardening fluids exhibit a beads-on-string structure with reduction or elimination of satellite drops. Capillary instabilities grow on the filaments connecting the spheres and eventually break the filaments up into a string of very small drops about one order of magnitude smaller than the satellite drops formed by a Newtonian fluid with the same shear viscosity, surface tension, and density. These results confirm that strain hardening is the key rheological property in jet break up and that the critical extensional rate of a fluid is pertinent in determining the final characteristics of break up. Results suggest that the opposed-nozzle rheometer does probe extensional behavior in the range of extensional rates that are relevant to jet break up, providing a tool to roughly predict jet break up.