基于冗余度与易损性的结构抗震能力提升方法研究

为提升结构整体性能和抗震性能,基于结构构件应变能对材料弹性模量的敏感性及其失效后结构的应变能变化量,建立了结构易损性与冗余度评价指标,以衡量在地震作用下构件发生破坏的容易程度及其失效后对结构整体性能的影响.考虑地震作用下结构构件冗余度及易损性差异,通过加强低冗余-高易损构件,同时削弱高冗余-低易损构件,合理调整各类构件截面面积.结果 表明,构件的冗余度和易损性可以准确反映地震作用下结构构件的重要性及发生破坏的容易程度,考虑构件冗余度及易损性差异,调整结构构件面积,可有效提升结构的整体性能及抗震性能.     

计算近场地震作用下隔震结构支座破坏易损性曲线的概率凸集混合模型

用凸集模型模拟隔震结构参数的不确定性,而用随机模型模拟地震动输入的不确定性,提出了计算近场地震作用下在考虑双不确定性因素时隔震结构支座发生破坏的易损性曲线计算新方法;计算结果将给隔震支座力学参数的设计提供参考;通过计算对比可知,若不考虑结构参数不确定性将低估隔震支座破坏的地震易损性;对计算实例中基底最大位移敏感度分析发现,隔震支座的力学参数(如屈服力、屈服后刚度等)对基底最大位移影响较大,上部结构质量的影响次之,而上部结构的刚度对其影响不大;此外,本文的研究内容也为考虑结构参数和输入地震动双不确定性因素的情况下,计算各类结构地震易损性曲线提供了一种新的思路和途径。     

地震和风耦合作用下连体高层建筑联合易损性分析方法研究

近年来，城市地标建筑的建设中，高层连体建筑越来越受到青睐，在其服役期内不可避免地受到风和地震等多种灾害作用。而单一灾害作用下的结构失效概率低估了结构损伤乃至倒塌的可能性，迫切需要多灾害作用下的结构安全性能评价方法。本文以苏州国际会议酒店的连体高层建筑为对象，开展了地震和风耦合作用下的联合易损性分析方法研究。首先，建立了地震和风耦合作用下的多灾害易损性函数和结构性能需求函数，形成了多灾害联合易损性分析方法。随后，选取了地震动记录，开展了基于数值风洞的结构风荷载模拟，并进行了单一灾害作用下的结构易损性分析。最后，基于均匀分布抽样了100组地震和风耦合作用的荷载组合，开展了结构多灾害联合易损性分析。结果表明，结构易损性随着PGA和风速的增大而增大；相比单一灾害作用，地震与风耦合作用下，结构各破坏状态的失效概率均有所增加；当风速达40 m/s时，罕遇地震作用下结构轻微破坏、中等破坏、严重破坏和倒塌破坏的概率相比仅地震作用时分别增加了1.13%,35.67%,84.00%和98.33%。本文研究为复杂高层建筑多灾害安全性能评价提供了可用工具和参考。     

全局性能水准与构件局部损伤状态

传统的最大层间位移作为一个全局性的性能指标,超出给定的性能极限状态阈值就不能映射构件局部损伤状态。本文基于能量平衡原理,将塑性能量耗散和塑性铰的等效能相比得到累积塑性应变,将累积塑性应变这一反映局部损伤状态的损伤指标作为工程需求参数,假定一系列累积塑性应变阈值建立局部构件的易损性曲线族。以传统的最大层间位移作为反映全局性能水准的工程需求参数,建立结构全局性能极限状态下的易损性曲线。对比全局和局部易损性曲线,发现全局性能水准和局部构件损伤状态之间存在良好的相关性,通过易损性曲线的吻合程度可获得给定全局性能水准相对应的累积塑性应变阈值。进而也建立起全局性能指标与局部损伤状态的映射关系。基于累积塑性应变的机构易损性分析是一种更精确的易损性分析方法。     

全局性能水准与构件局部损伤状态相关性研究

传统的最大层间位移作为一个全局性的性能指标,超出给定的性能极限状态阈值就不能映射构件局部损伤状态。本文基于能量平衡原理,将塑性能量耗散和塑性铰的等效能相比得到累积塑性应变,将累积塑性应变这一反映局部损伤状态的损伤指标作为工程需求参数,假定一系列累积塑性应变阈值建立局部构件的易损性曲线族。以传统的最大层间位移作为反映全局性能水准的工程需求参数,建立结构全局性能极限状态下的易损性曲线。对比全局和局部易损性曲线,发现全局性能水准和局部构件损伤状态之间存在良好的相关性,通过易损性曲线的吻合程度可获得给定全局性能水准相对应的累积塑性应变阈值。进而也建立起全局性能指标与局部损伤状态的映射关系。基于累积塑性应变的机构易损性分析是一种更精确的易损性分析方法。     

基于修正Park-Ang模型的圆钢管构件地震损伤评估

为合理评估薄壁圆钢管构件的地震损伤程度,基于Park-Ang地震损伤模型,通过修正相关参数,建立了适用于圆钢管构件的地震损伤模型。利用圆钢管构件在低周反复荷载作用下的骨架曲线,给出了损伤模型中各待定参数的计算方法,在此基础上通过反演构件破坏点损伤因子为1.0时的模型组合系数,并利用曲线拟合法得到模型组合系数与构件轴压比、长细比和径厚比等参数间的关系式,从而建立构件的地震损伤评估模型。结果表明,修正的Park-Ang损伤模型可较好地评估圆钢管构件的损伤程度,构件达到极限破坏时的损伤因子值收敛于1.0且离散性较小,构件的破坏程度可划分为基本完好、轻微与中等破坏、严重破坏和失效破坏,对应的损伤因子界限值分别为0.02,0.41和1.00。     

基于显示连通贝叶斯网络的机场塔台地震易损性分析

将基于性能的多维易损性分析方法,结合显示连通贝叶斯网络,应用于机场塔台的多维易损性分析。考虑地震激励的不确定性,通过非线性时程分析获得结构响应数据;将塔台结构分为三个层次,每个层次按包含的层数分为相应的子层次。根据功能特性确定子层次的评价指标和极限状态,建立服从多元对数正态分布的概率地震需求模型;考虑各种极限状态之间的相关性,建立极限状态方程,确定失效域,通过蒙特卡洛法求得构件的超越概率;建立塔台结构的显示连通贝叶斯网络模型,利用层次分析法获得中间节点的条件概率表,利用MATLAB进行贝叶斯网络的推理计算,实现从单一层次的易损性到整体易损性的推理。     

基于综合破坏指数的混凝土重力坝易损性分析

目前,多采用单一响应指标研究混凝土重力坝的易损性,难以综合表征坝体结构的破坏概率。考虑多重指标共同作用的结果,以混凝土重力坝坝顶相对坝踵顺河向位移、整体损伤指数、坝基面累积滑动位移为单一响应指标,采用非线性动力时程分析,根据功效系数法计算各单一响应指标的功效分数,应用变权模型得到坝体综合破坏指数。分析综合破坏指数与其他响应指标的相关性,给出基于综合破坏指数的四级震害划分标准,对比研究基于单一响应指标和综合破坏指数的混凝土重力坝地震易损性曲线。结果表明,较小或较大地震动强度下采用单一响应指标进行易损性评价结果或偏于保守或偏于危险,而采用变权模型得出的综合破坏指数进行易损性评价,可以适应地震动强度的变化,全面客观预估坝体在不同地震动强度下达到各个等级破坏的概率。     

基于性能的基础隔震结构地震易损性分析

对基础隔震结构进行基于性能的易损性分析。首先,建立了基础隔震结构基于拟力法的能量方程,提出基于变形和隔震层塑性耗能的损伤指标,定义隔震结构的四个损伤性能状态;然后,对隔震结构进行动力非线性分析,计算得到两种损伤指标的损伤值;最后,对损伤值进行线性统计回归分析,推导出结构发生各级破坏的概率计算公式,从而分别得到隔震结构基于两种损伤指标的易损性曲线。研究表明,基于隔震层塑性耗能的损伤指标更能合理反映该结构的损伤程度,为基于性能的隔震结构易损性分析提供了新的思路和方法。     

考虑竖向地震作用效应的地下典型空间结构易损性性能指标探讨

为探究考虑竖向地震作用效应的地下空间结构易损性性能指标,本文基于地下结构抗震分析与设计的Pushover分析方法,以六个典型地下空间结构为背景,利用ABAQUS软件建立带有附加自由场的土-地下空间结构相互作用分析模型进行Pushover分析,研究了不同类型场地及地下空间结构埋深对地下空间结构中的柱构件能力曲线的影响;采用弯矩-转角四折线模型来量化指标限值,将Pushover分析所得结果经数学统计分析,以保证率为98%的屈服转角、峰值荷载转角以及极限转角限值作为特征点,得到了适用于水平地震作用下的性能指标限值.然后,基于冲量原理分析了不同竖向地震动加速度对柱构件动力响应的影响,由拟合所得的屈服转角、峰值荷载转角以及极限转角与轴压比的关系,求得了考虑竖向地震作用效应的特征点限值折减系数,给出了考虑竖向地震作用效应的地下空间结构易损性性能指标限值.研究结果表明:地下空间结构埋深对其柱构件的能力曲线影响较大;与仅考虑水平向地震作用的结果相比较,本文算例中考虑竖向地震作用效应的特征点的平均折减系数可分别取屈服转角为0.89、峰值荷载转角为0.85、极限转角为0.80.     

Comparison of seismic performance of three restrainers for multiple-span bridges using fragility analysis

Steel restrainer cables for multiple-frame bridges in California in the United States showed the effectiveness to prevent the unseating at the internal hinges during the past several earthquakes. After that, the steel restrainer cables are being tried to apply for multiple-span-simply-supported (MSSS) bridges in the central and the southeastern regions in the United States. In addition, shape memory alloy (SMA) bars in tension are being studied for the same application. In multiple-frame bridges, the developed seismic forces are transferred to piers through the restrainers; however, in MSSS bridges, the seismic forces are transferred to abutments by the restrainers. Therefore, the abutment’s behavior should be investigated as well. This study assesses the seismic performance of the three types of restrainers—steel restrainer cables, SMA bars in tension, and SMA bars in bending for MSSS bridges—due to moderate to strong ground motions using a deterministic seismic analysis. Also, a fragility analysis is conduced to assess the seismic resistance for the overall bridge system. For these analyses, the bending test of an SMA bar is conducted and its analytical model is determined. Then, nonlinear time history analyses are conducted to assess the seismic responses of the as-built and the retrofitted bridges. The deterministic analysis illustrates how the restrainers influence the components of the bridge. However, it could not explain the effects on the whole bridge system. The fragility analysis shows the effects of the three restrainers on the overall bridge system. The fragility analysis indicates that the SMA bars in bending are the most effective ones.     

联合极限状态下基于最大熵可靠度的易损性分析

考虑工程需求参数(EDP)的前四阶矩,提出基于最大熵可靠度理论的地震易损性分析方法.基于SAP2000建立钢筋混凝土框剪模型,选择最大层间位移角和最大层加速度衡量结构的联合性能极限状态,建立极限状态方程.不对EDP的分布进行人为假定,在不同峰值加速度(PGA)下计算两种EDP的前四阶矩,并作为约束条件,建立极限状态方程...     

A novel method based on maximum likelihood estimation for the construction of seismic fragility curves using numerical simulations

Seismic fragility curves presenting some probability of failure or of a damage state exceedance versus seismic intensity can be established by engineering judgment, empirical or numerical approaches. This paper focuses on the latter issue. In recent studies, three popular methods based on numerical simulations, comprising scaled seismic intensity, maximum likelihood estimation and probabilistic seismic demand/capacity models, have been studied and compared. The results obtained show that the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method is in general better than other ones. However, previous publications also indicated the dependence of the MLE method on the ground excitation input. The objective of this paper is thus to propose a novel method improving the existing MLE one. Improvements are based on probabilistic ground motion information, which is taken into account in the proposed procedure. The validity of this new approach is verified by analytical tests and numerical examples.     

Fragility analysis of bridges under ground motion with spatial variation

Seismic ground motion can vary significantly over distances comparable to the length of a majority of highway bridges on multiple supports. This paper presents results of fragility analysis of highway bridges under ground motion with spatial variation. Ground motion time histories are artificially generated with different amplitudes, phases, as well as frequency contents at different support locations. Monte Carlo simulation is performed to study dynamic responses of an example multi-span bridge under these ground motions. The effect of spatial variation on the seismic response is systematically examined and the resulting fragility curves are compared with those under identical support ground motion. This study shows that ductility demands for the bridge columns can be underestimated if the bridge is analyzed using identical support ground motions rather than differential support ground motions. Fragility curves are developed as functions of different measures of ground motion intensity including peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, spectral acceleration, spectral velocity and spectral intensity. This study represents a first attempt to develop fragility curves under spatially varying ground motion and provides information useful for improvement of the current seismic design codes so as to account for the effects of spatial variation in the seismic design of long-span bridges.     

基于β-二项分布的结构易损性分析

易损性曲线建立过程中受激励不确定性和结构参数不确定性的影响,会引起结构或构件观测结果的统计相关性。为此,本文提出基于β-二项分布的结构易损性分析方法。该方法根据性能量化指标阈值和Monte Carlo模拟确定震后观测结果,采用β-二项分布探讨震后观测值的统计相关性;结合对数回归模型,推导了改进β-二项分布的累积分布函数,计算结构失效概率;通过累积对数正态分布拟合易损性曲线,比较了观测失效样本数与观测失效概率统计相关性对易损性的影响,并与未考虑统计相关性的传统易损性曲线作对比。某8层钢筋混凝土框架-剪力墙结构的算例表明,考虑统计相关性的易损性较传统易损性偏大,且结构遭受8度以上地震作用时,考虑失效样本数统计相关性的易损性使预测结果更为保守,利于工程安全。     

Assessment of nonlinear seismic performance of a restored historical arch bridge using ambient vibrations

Historic masonry arch bridges are vital components of transportation systems in many countries worldwide, ensuring the ready access of goods and services to millions of people. The structural failure of these historic structures would severely and adversely impact the economies of these nations due to the massive disruptions of transportation systems accompanying such failures. To successfully maintain these aging masonry structures, performance assessment must incorporate the unique mechanical characteristics of masonry. Therefore, the preferred analysis technique must go beyond a linear approach. This study assesses the earthquake performance of a restored historical masonry arch bridge through nonlinear finite element analysis incorporating the Drucker–Prager damage criterion. The case study structure is the Mikron Arch Bridge, a nineteenth century Ottoman Era structure built over the Firtina River near Rize, Turkey, and restored in 1998. The Mikron Arch Bridge was first subjected to ambient vibration testing, during which accelerometers were placed at several points on the bridge span to record the bridge vibratory response. The investigators then used Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification techniques to extract the experimental natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios from these measurements. Experimental results were compared with those obtained by the linear finite element analysis of the bridge. Good agreement between mode shapes was observed during this comparison, though natural frequencies disagree by 8–10%. The boundary conditions of the linear finite element model of Mikron Arch Bridge are adjusted such that the analytical predictions agree with the ambient vibration test results. By introducing the Drucker–Prager damage criterion, the calibrated linear FE model was next extended into a nonlinear model. Nonlinear analysis of seismic behavior of Mikron arch bridge was performed considering the acceleration record of Erzincan earthquake in 1992 that occurred near the Mikron Bridge region. The displacement and stress results were observed to be allowable level of the stone material. Moreover, linear FE model calibrations elicited a significant influence on the nonlinear FE model simulations.     

基于凸集模型的结构地震多维易损性分析

将凸集模型应用于结构的地震多维易损性分析。建立钢筋混凝土框架结构模型，选择最大层间位移角和最大层加速度两种参数建立多维性能极限状态方程。通过平均信息熵理论，获得两种参数的区间估计。考虑椭球模型和区间模型两种形式的凸集模型，在标准空间内通过拉丁超立方抽样生成样本点，通过矩阵变换将其映射到凸集空间内，建立结构地震响应的凸集模型。将凸集变量样本点代入极限状态方程，进行了易损性分析。采用概率模型进行对比计算，研究表明，与概率模型相比，当PGA较小时，凸集模型的破坏概率较大，而PGA较大时，凸集模型的破坏概率较小；椭球模型和凸集模型的分析结果差距较小，在各个PGA下破坏概率差值仅为0.05~0.1，因此可以不考虑凸集类型不同对易损性分析结果的差异。     

Analyses and evaluations for composite-moment frames with SMA PR-CFT connections

This paper describes seismic performance and evaluation for composite-moment frames (C-MF) with a new type of bolted connections. The study is purely analytical and explores the effort needed to establish new connection parameters without large-scale physical testing. The innovative aspects of this research are in the use of partial restraint (PR) connections between steel beams and concrete-filled tube (CFT) columns that utilize a combination of low-carbon steel and shape memory alloy (SMA) components as the main force transfer elements in the connections. The intent is to utilize the recentering provided by super-elastic shape memory tension bars to reduce building damage and residual drift after a major earthquake, and the energy dissipation of low-carbon steel components in parallel. Accurate modeling and computational efficiency were achieved through the use of a simplified joint element which includes all connection strength and deformation components. Four- and six-story C-MF models were designed for a high seismic zone in the western USA. Two connection types and three column systems installed at these prototype frame models were investigated through nonlinear pushover and dynamic analyses. The C-MF models with new bolted connections were compared to those with traditional welded connections. The results of numerical analysis demonstrate that C-MF with new PR connections show superior structural performance as indicated by small residual deformation and better distribution of the demand over the height of the structure.