基于人工神经网络的声子晶体逆向设计

声子晶体是一种人工周期性复合材料, 其带隙特性使其在减振、隔声、滤波和声学功能器件等领域具有潜在的应用价值. 如何准确操纵声波和机械波是声子晶体设计的主要挑战. 现有设计方法是基于对结构几何参数与材料参数的分析调整使其匹配特定的应用特性, 设计效率不高且无法达到最佳性能. 为此, 本文以一维层状声子晶体为例, 提出了一种基于Softmax逻辑回归和多任务学习的人工神经网络声子晶体逆向设计方法, 其中, Softmax逻辑回归实现分层结构各区域材料种类的选择, 通过多任务学习确定各区域材料的分布, 从而, 将声子晶体逆向设计问题转化为对单位胞元拓扑结构多组分材料的分类问题. 首先, 随机生成大量声子晶体拓扑结构样本; 然后, 采用有限元法进行并行计算得到所有样本的带隙分布; 接着, 通过神经网络建立带隙分布和拓扑结构之间的映射关系; 最后, 利用训练好的神经网络设计具有目标带隙特性的声子晶体, 即以目标带隙作为神经网络的输入, 网络将直接输出对应的声子晶体单元胞元拓扑结构. 算例表明本方法可根据应用需求快速高效地得到具有目标带隙的一维声子晶体. 该方法为声子晶体的逆向设计提供了一种新颖思路.      

含有功能梯度材料的一维声子晶体弹性波带隙研究

将功能梯度材料引入声子晶体之中,构成由均匀材料和功能梯度材料交替复合而成的材料常数宏观上呈连续变化的一维声子晶体结构.应用平面波展开法研究了该结构中存在的弹性波带隙特征,并得到前四阶归一化频率带隙结构随材料长度和功能梯度材料指数因子变化的关系图.通过对其带隙结构与不含功能梯度材料的常规声子晶体带隙结构比较可知:功能梯度材料使原有带隙结构发生变化,含有功能梯度材料的声子晶体较常规声子晶体前两阶带隙归一化起始频率升高.这些结果扩宽了功能梯度材料的使用范围,提升了声子晶体工程可靠性,为含有功能梯度材料的声子晶体在工程实际中的应用提供了理论依据和指导.     

最优二维固/固声子晶体带隙特性研究

声子晶体是一种具有弹性波带隙特性的周期性复合材料,其带隙特性受单胞拓扑形状的影响.通过拓扑优化技术,能够突破传统设计方法的局限,实现对声子晶体的主动设计.论文基于遗传算法和改进的平面波展开法,通过两阶段的优化过程,得到具有最大相对带隙的二维铜/环氧树脂声子晶体结构,并进一步研究不同带隙最优声子晶体单胞拓扑形状及其带隙特性.结果表明,利用所开发的带隙优化程序,能够得到满足带隙要求的具有全局最优的声子晶体结构;声子晶体最低带隙所对应的单胞是简单晶格结构,其散射体形状简单,而且对应的带隙频率最低,相对带隙最大,对于隔音减振最有实用价值.     

基于材料相变的声子晶体带隙可调结构设计与性能分析

提出一种基于材料相变的穿孔型带隙可调声子晶体结构.其结构形式为含缝隙的形状记忆合金和环氧树脂的组合体,通过温度变化诱发相变引起的形状记忆合金材料性质的变化,实现声子晶体的带隙变化;通过合理布置缝隙与形状记忆合金相变材料的位置,实现声子晶体带隙性质的可调设计.基于有限元方法,建立了可调声子晶体的分析模型,分析了形状记忆合金的填充分数以及相变等对带隙性能的影响规律.分析结果表明,通过合理设计微结构形式,材料相变可实现带隙位置和宽度的调节,同时可实现特定频段内带隙的有无.     

考虑可制造性约束的声子晶体多目标拓扑优化

对声子晶体进行拓扑优化可得到具有目标带隙特性的声子晶体结构, 在减振、隔声等领域具有潜在应用价值. 然而, 优化结果常会出现孤立材料单元而导致的制造困难问题. 针对该问题, 本文提出协同考虑带隙性能和可制造性约束的二维多相声子晶体多目标拓扑优化方法. 以在特定频率段带隙最宽和结构质量最小为优化目标, 在对微结构进行连通性分析的基础上, 引入考虑可制造性因素的附加约束, 并利用有限元法和具有精英选择策略的非支配排序遗传算法对该优化模型进行数值求解. 通过数值算例验证了本文模型及方法的合理性和有效性. 结果表明, 附加可制造性约束的拓扑优化模型可有效避免二维声子晶体构型中出现孤立材料单元的情况, 优化结果在满足带隙性能预期指标的同时也可兼顾到实际可制造性要求. 与仅仅考虑带隙性能的单目标优化结果相比, 本文提出的同时兼顾带隙性能和可制造因素的多目标优化模型可以针对实际应用和制造条件, 实现不同目标间的平衡, 具有显著优势和良好的应用前景.      

随机声子晶体不确定性分析的直接概率积分法

由于制造工艺存在大量不确定因素，声子晶体材料属性不可避免地具有随机不确定性，使得声子晶体的物理响应呈现随机性，进而对声子晶体的减振降噪性能造成不利影响。如果采用传统的蒙特卡洛方法对随机声子晶体的物理响应进行不确定性量化，则计算代价昂贵。为此，本文基于高效的直接概率积分法对含随机材料参数的声子晶体开展不确定性量化研究。首先，在直接概率积分法框架下，对随机声子晶体能带结构的上下边界频率、带隙宽度和频率响应函数进行了不确定性量化，考察了随机参数大变异性对声子晶体带隙宽度的影响。然后，建立了声子晶体减振降噪可靠度计算公式，对考虑随机不确定性影响下的声子晶体减振降噪性能进行了定量评估。通过与蒙特卡洛方法比较，两个算例验证了直接概率积分法在随机声子晶体不确定性传播和减振降噪可靠性评估中的准确性和高效性。最后，基于直接概率积分法对局域共振型随机声子晶体进行了可靠度分析。结果表明，橡胶材料的随机性对局域共振型声子晶体减振降噪性能有较大影响。     

镜像对称准周期固/液声子晶体的传输特性

以准周期Fibonacci序列为基础,构建了准周期镜像对称结构的一维固液介质声子晶体。利用转移矩阵法,研究了弹性波在所构建的声子晶体中的透射特性。结果表明:弹性波正入射时,转移矩阵与变介质的特性阻抗有关,由于声子晶体结构的局域失谐,在透射谱的中心频率附近对称出现谐振模;对于Q7序列的声子晶体,带隙内谐振模带宽小于10Hz,能实现超窄带声滤波;弹性波斜入射时,带隙向高频区移动;入射角为5°时,谐振模也向高频移动;入射角为10°时,由于谐振的增强,声子晶体结构对频率的选择性提高,使带隙内的谐振模消失。     

声子晶体L型波导高透射率拐角的设计

针对波导拐角处的透射及其能量损耗问题,本文设计了5种不同的拐角,应用在钢-水组分和铝-空气组分的声子晶体L型波导中;采用有限元方法,计算两种系统在不同频率范围内的透射率,并分析了带隙内缺陷态透射峰的振幅分布图。结果表明:采用直角形拐角,透射明显减弱;采用折线型拐角可以增强带隙内缺陷模的透射峰,也会产生新的带隙;采用环状弧形拐角,带隙内缺陷模的透射最强,且没有产生新的带隙。     

圆管型局域共振声子晶体三维构型振动带隙研究

采用多重多级子结构方法计算具有一定刚度的圆管型局域共振声子晶体三维构型振动带隙特性。考察包裹方向对带隙特性的影响,并对第一带隙上下边界点的单胞振动形式进行分析。结果表明,两种包裹形式都可以得到较低较宽的第一带隙,并且带隙特性相似,因而其周期结构都可以大幅减弱带隙范围内弹性波的传播。但两种构型带隙上下边界点对应振动形式不同,此外带隙特性还受单胞尺寸的影响。通过给定评价指标得到相关材料参数与带隙特性关系的相图,由此分析包裹层材料属性对带隙特性的影响。     

包裹层结构对轻质声子晶体低频振动带隙的影响

基于局域共振机理提出新型轻质声子晶体包裹层结构设计方法。借助有限元法,计算新型声子晶体能带结构、本征模态,分析包裹层总缺口度数一定时不同包裹层缺口数量及布置位置对第一完全带隙截止频率的影响;设计包裹层与散射体连接形式为线连接与点连接两种新型声子晶体模型,分别得到起始频率为37.4Hz及19.0Hz的第一完全带隙,分析第一完全带隙起始频率处散射体本征模态,揭示新型声子晶体极低第一完全带隙起始频率产生机理;进而,与传统面连接型声子晶体通过增加散射体质量降低第一完全带隙起始频率的方法对比。研究结果表明,包裹层总缺口度数一定时,采用缺口数量更多且缺口位置距离连接短板更大的包裹层布置形式能得到更宽的第一完全带隙;提出的包裹层与散射体线连接与点连接型声子晶体在获得极低第一完全带隙起始频率的同时,显著降低了声子晶体质量,突破了传统声子晶体通过增加散射体质量降低第一完全带隙起始频率的限制,为轻质声子晶体获得极低局域共振带隙起始频率的研究设计提供了参考。     

Optimum design of phononic crystal perforated plate structures for widest bandgap of fundamental guided wave modes and maximized in-plane stiffness

This paper presents a topology optimization of single material phononic crystal plate (PhP) to be produced by perforation of a uniform background plate. The primary objective of this optimization study is to explore widest exclusive bandgaps of fundamental (first order) symmetric or asymmetric guided wave modes as well as widest complete bandgap of mixed wave modes (symmetric and asymmetric). However, in the case of single material porous phononic crystals the bandgap width essentially depends on the resultant structural integration introduced by achieved unitcell topology. Thinner connections of scattering segments (i.e. lower effective stiffness) generally lead to (i) wider bandgap due to enhanced interfacial reflections, and (ii) lower bandgap frequency range due to lower wave speed. In other words higher relative bandgap width (RBW) is produced by topology with lower effective stiffness. Hence in order to study the bandgap efficiency of PhP unitcell with respect to its structural worthiness, the in-plane stiffness is incorporated in optimization algorithm as an opposing objective to be maximized. Thick and relatively thin Polysilicon PhP unitcells with square symmetry are studied. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm NSGA-II is employed for this multi-objective optimization problem and modal band analysis of individual topologies is performed through finite element method. Specialized topology initiation, evaluation and filtering are applied to achieve refined feasible topologies without penalizing the randomness of genetic algorithm (GA) and diversity of search space. Selected Pareto topologies are presented and gradient of RBW and elastic properties in between the two Pareto front extremes are investigated. Chosen intermediate Pareto topology, even not extreme topology with widest bandgap, show superior bandgap efficiency compared with the results reported in other works on widest bandgap topology of asymmetric guided waves, available in the literature. Finally, steady state and transient frequency response of finite thin PhP structures of selected Pareto topologies are studied and validity of obtained bandgaps is confirmed.     

晶体生长中的流体力学问题

流体力学与晶体生长有密切的关系.在晶体生长中,流体中的输运过程和流动的不稳定性对生成晶体的结构和质量有重要影响.本文概述了晶体生长中与流体力学有关的若干问题.首先对晶体生长的一些基本方法作了简介,然后对晶体生长中的流动现象及其与晶体缺陷的关系进行了讨论,最后提出了几种控制流动以改进晶体生长技术的可能途径.     

Microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of ZSM-22 zeolite with controllable crystal lengths

ZSM-22 (TON) zeolite crystal morphology was successfully controlled using a microwave-assisted solvothermal fabrication method. Different co-solvents, including ethanol, 2-propanol, glycerol, and ethylene glycol, were also applied in the synthesis mixture. The effects of various parameters such as the aging time, the type and amount of co-solvent on the ZSM-22 crystal aspect ratio were investigated. When employing this microwave irradiation synthesis, a long aging time was crucial to obtain smaller and more uniform crystal sizes. The addition of co-solvent resulted in elongated ZSM-22 crystals, regardless of the actual co-solvent used, although ZSM-22 zeolite crystallinity was sensitive to the co-solvent type. In general, the use of a co-solvent stimulated the appearance of ZSM-5 zeolite as an impurity and the amount of this impurity was proportional to the concentration of co-solvent in the synthesis mixture.     

斜波压缩下HMX晶体的弹塑性行为

开展了（010）、（011）晶向HMX晶体的斜波压缩实验,获得了约15 GPa压力下的速度响应剖面。实验结果表明,HMX单晶存在明显弹塑性转变行为,且速度波形有下降趋势,这是材料的黏性效应导致,材料的弹性极限随着样品厚度增加而变化,不同晶向的材料动力学特性存在差异。结合Hobenemser-Prager黏弹塑性本构关系和三阶Birch-Murnaghan物态方程开展了HMX晶体斜波压缩物理过程的数值模拟,计算结果可以很好地描述HMX晶体的弹塑性转变这一物理过程。     

ELASTIC WAVE LOCALIZATION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL PHONONIC CRYSTALS WITH ONE-DIMENSIONAL QUASI-PERIODICITY AND RANDOM DISORDER

The band structures of both in-plane and anti-plane elastic waves propagating in two-dimensional ordered and disordered （in one direction） phononic crystals are studied in this paper. The localization of wave propagation due to random disorder is discussed by introducing the concept of the localization factor that is calculated by the plane-wave-based transfer-matrix method. By treating the quasi-periodicity as the deviation from the periodicity in a special way, two kinds of quasi phononic crystal that has quasi-periodicity （Fibonacci sequence） in one direction and translational symmetry in the other direction are considered and the band structures are characterized by using localization factors. The results show that the localization factor is an effective parameter in characterizing the band gaps of two-dimensional perfect, randomly disordered and quasi-periodic phononic crystals. Band structures of the phononic crystals can be tuned by different random disorder or changing quasi-periodic parameters. The quasi phononic crystals exhibit more band gaps with narrower width than the ordered and randomly disordered systems.     

含能单晶微纳米力学性能试验研究及数值表征

利用微纳米压痕实验测定β-HMX 单晶(010) 晶面和α-RDX 单晶(210) 晶面的力学性能参数和微观破坏特征,并利用数值拟合确定了含能单晶的部分本构参数. 通过微纳米压痕实验连续刚度法(CSM) 得到HMX 单晶和RDX 单晶的弹性模量和硬度,RDX 单晶的硬度和模量都大于HMX 单晶,其硬度值均表现出一定的尺寸效应. 利用原子力显微镜(AFM) 分析了HMX 单晶和RDX 单晶的微观破坏机理,裂纹随着载荷的增大生成并扩展,裂纹面产生方向为晶体的最易解理破坏方向. 利用ABAQUS 有限元软件进行了纳米压痕数值模拟,结合微纳米压痕实验加卸载曲线,选取了合适的含能单晶塑性损伤本构模型的损伤本构参数.     

Flow-aligning and tumbling in small-molecule liquid crystals: pure components and mixtures

The results of an experimental study to measure the tumbling parameter, λ, for various small-molecule liquid crystals and their mixtures are presented. The methods used include textural observations (twist walls), a direct method, a rheological method, and the oscillatory method developed by Mather, Pearson, and Burghardt in 1995. The single-component results are compared with a molecular theory derived in 1995 by Archer and Larson as well as Kröger and Sellers, which predicts the temperature dependence of λ, while the results from the binary mixtures are compared to a continuum theory derived by Rey in 1996, giving the concentration dependence of λ. The results from the four experimental methods agree with each other for single-component liquid crystals, but not for mixtures. This suggests a failure of the single director Leslie-Ericksen theory to describe the rheology of liquid crystal mixtures.     

Tuning of band gaps for a two-dimensional piezoelectric phononic crystal with a rectangular lattice

In this paper, the elastic wave propagation in a two-dimensional piezoelectric phononic crystal is studied by considering the mechanic-electric coupling. The generalized eigenvalue equation is obtained by the relation of the mechanic and electric fields as well as the Bloch-Floquet theorem. The band structures of both the in-plane and anti-plane modes are calculated for a rectangular lattice by the planewave expansion method. The effects of the lattice constant ratio and the piezoelectricity with different filling fractions are analyzed. The results show that the largest gap width is not always obtained for a square lattice. In some situations, a rectangular lattice may generate larger gaps. The band gap characteristics are influenced obviously by the piezoelectricity with the larger lattice constant ratios and the filling fractions.     

非局部广义热弹性理论下半导体微结构中波的反射研究

论文基于非局部热弹性理论，研究了纳米半导体介质中波的反射问题。首先建立了在耦合的非局部弹性理论，波型热传导理论和等离子扩散理论下问题的控制方程；然后运用谐波法，得到耗散方程的解以及反射系数率的解析表达式；最后通过数值计算给出了硅纳米结构中相速度、群速度随非局部参数的变化，讨论了非局部参数、热电耦合参数以及热弹性耦合参数对反射系数率的影响。