混凝土裂缝的仿生自修复研究与进展

混凝土仿生自修复是根据生物体损伤修复的原理, 在混凝土传统组分中复 合特殊组分使其具有自修复功能, 当混凝土材料出现损伤或裂缝时, 自动触发修复反应使其 愈合, 恢复甚至提高开裂部分的强度, 从而提高整个结构的性能. 混凝土自修复系 统将免去有效的监听和外部修补所需的高额费用, 节省建筑结构运行费用, 且大大有利于建筑结构的 安全性和耐久性. 本文在简要介绍生物体损伤修复原理的基础上, 总结了两种混凝土自 修复技术与方法; 综述了国内外有关裂缝自修复混凝土的研究现状; 分析了仿 生自修复方法中所存在的问题及其实用价值, 展望了其发展趋势和应用前景; 最后, 指出需 进一步研究的方向.     

钢管混凝土K型相贯节点试验研究与数值模拟

从钢管混凝土格构式风电塔架原型中取出节点模型,对5个K型焊接相贯节点进行了试验研究和理论分析,研究了不同几何参数条件下节点的破坏过程和特征、荷载-变形关系和承载能力等。建立了有限元模型,分析了各研究参数对节点破坏形态和极限承载力的影响规律,得到了节点失效机制的判别参数与准则。试验结果表明:圆钢管混凝土K型相贯节点在丧失承载力前弦杆的宏观变形特征不明显,腹杆失效是主要破坏形态;与空心圆钢管相贯节点相比,刚度大大增加,相贯线周围应力集中程度也降低。有限元分析结果表明:圆钢管混凝土K型相贯节点的控制破坏形态包括腹杆失效和弦杆冲剪破坏,控制破坏类型的关键指标是腹杆与弦杆的壁厚比τ和夹角θ。为避免钢管混凝土格构式风电塔架出现节点失效,须限制参数τ、θ的取值。本文建议τ≤1,θ≤45°。     

基于能量守恒理论的带肋钢筋-混凝土粘结滑移本构关系研究

针对钢筋-混凝土粘结滑移的劈裂破坏模式,将整个破坏过程分为未开裂的弹性阶段和带裂缝阶段。弹性阶段采用弹性厚壁圆筒模型,带裂缝阶段采用考虑混凝土软化特性的厚壁圆筒模型。基于这两种模型,研究了粘结滑移劈裂破坏过程的能量变化规律,推导出了两种模型的能量计算公式。利用能量守恒定律建立了钢筋-混凝土粘结滑移本构关系的微分方程,并通过数值积分方法得到了粘结滑移本构模型。该本构模型能够体现混凝土与钢筋材料参数和几何参数的影响,对不同形状的粘结滑移关系曲线具有较好的适应性。最后,将得到的本构关系与文献的试验结果进行对比,并分析了各参数的变化规律。     

基于声发射矩张量分析混凝土破坏的裂纹运动

从细观上看, 混凝土是一种由骨料、水泥浆基体、裂纹等组成的非均匀复合材料. 单轴准静态加载条件下, 应力应变曲线表现出明显的准脆性特征. 其变形破坏过程实质上是内部微裂纹产生、扩展和汇合的过程, 研究细观尺度的裂纹扩展演化将有助于深入了解混凝土的变形和破坏过程. 声发射作为一种物理检测方法可以获取材料内部细观损伤演化的物理信息. 本文基于声发射技术, 结合改进的时差定位算法和矩张量理论对声发射信号进行分析, 反演了混凝土巴西劈裂破坏中裂纹位置、裂纹类型以及裂纹面运动方向, 揭示了混凝土宏观拉伸破坏的细观裂纹扩展机制. 结果表明: 裂纹运动过程清晰地显示了混凝土内裂纹源首先在试件与载荷接触面附近产生, 之后聚集形成局部损伤区域, 并沿轴线向中心扩展(加载平面)以及裂纹从试件中间向表面扩展的动态过程(厚度方向); 裂纹运动体积可以作为裂纹形成、扩展过程中弹性能释放的度量, 初始裂纹成核时体积参数较小, 峰值载荷时, 裂纹运动体积最大达到$5.93\times10^{-4}$ mm$^{3}$; 混凝土宏观尺度的拉伸破坏在细观尺度上存在有拉伸裂纹、混合裂纹以及剪切裂纹; 拉伸裂纹最多, 占裂纹总数约为60%, 剪切裂纹最少, 约占裂纹总数的10%; 拉伸裂纹运动主导了试件的宏观劈裂破坏.      

型钢再生混凝土梁受剪性能试验及承载力计算

为了研究型钢再生混凝土梁的受剪性能,以剪跨比、再生粗骨料取代率、混凝土强度等级为变化参数,设计了12个试件进行静力加载试验。通过试验观察了试件受力破坏过程及形态,获取其荷载-变形全过程曲线、极限承载力等数据,并分析了再生粗骨料取代率、剪跨比、混凝土强度等参数对试件受剪承载力的影响规律。在试验基础上,建立了型钢再生混凝土梁受剪承载力的拟合公式;分别采用国内外相关规范公式计算试件的受剪承载力,并与试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明：型钢再生混凝土梁根据剪跨比的不同,表现为剪切斜压破坏和剪切粘结破坏两种不同的形态;再生骨料取代率对试件的受剪承载力有不利影响,但影响不大,而剪跨比和混凝土强度则有较大影响;随着剪跨比的增大,试件的承载力显著降低;随着混凝土强度的提高,试件的承载力有一定的提高;拟合公式和《型钢混凝土组合结构技术规程》方法可适用于型钢再生混凝土梁的受剪承载力计算,而《钢骨混凝土结构设计规程》及日本规范方法计算结果小于试验值。     

含横向裂缝混凝土氯盐侵蚀所致锈裂面的细观分析

为了更精确地分析氯盐侵蚀下含横向裂缝混凝土的锈胀开裂规律,考虑混凝土骨料的几何本征特性,利用激光扫描及图像处理技术获取混凝土的真实骨料库;在此基础上建立了扩散与应力耦合的三维细观锈胀开裂计算模型,分析了锈裂面的几何形态,并研究了锈裂面的宽度、角度与骨料体积率及骨料比表面积的关系。研究表明：在含横向裂缝的混凝土试块中,氯盐侵蚀所致的锈蚀开裂面均为“双月牙”形态,且开裂面形态随骨料比表面积增大呈现较强的不对称性;锈裂面的最大宽度随骨料体积率减小而增大,当骨料体积率增大到20%,开裂面最大宽度基本保持不变;锈裂面的最大夹角位于混凝土横向裂缝正下方,当骨料比表面积为0.160～0.197 m~2/kg时,锈裂面的最大夹角范围为144°～160°。     

混凝土爆破损伤的SPH-FEM耦合法数值模拟

为了提高计算效率以及更好展现爆炸荷载下混凝土破坏过程,采用SPH-FEM耦合法对混凝土爆破成坑进行模拟。首先结合前人给出的C30混凝土Holmquist-Johnson-Cook（HJC）部分本构参数,通过理论推导等方法确定出剩余的参数;然后代入模型中计算,将数值解与实测数据进行对比;最后以峰值压力和峰值加速度作为考察对象,对HJC模型中21个参数敏感性进行分析。结果表明:SPH-FEM耦合法能直观地模拟爆炸荷载作用下爆坑的发展全过程,且能够较好地处理SPH边界问题;基于所给出的C30混凝土HJC本构参数,采用SPH-FEM耦合法对混凝土爆破破坏进行模拟,计算结果与实测数据吻合度高,表明HJC本构参数的确定具有合理性。此外,还发现HJC本构参数对爆破问题结果的敏感度各不相同,指出对峰值压力和峰值加速度均有较大影响的参数在确定的时候需引起足够的重视。     

基于声发射矩张量分析混凝土破坏的裂纹运动

从细观上看,混凝土是一种由骨料、水泥浆基体、裂纹等组成的非均匀复合材料.单轴准静态加载条件下,应力应变曲线表现出明显的准脆性特征.其变形破坏过程实质上是内部微裂纹产生、扩展和汇合的过程,研究细观尺度的裂纹扩展演化将有助于深入了解混凝土的变形和破坏过程.声发射作为一种物理检测方法可以获取材料内部细观损伤演化的物理信息.本文基于声发射技术,结合改进的时差定位算法和矩张量理论对声发射信号进行分析,反演了混凝土巴西劈裂破坏中裂纹位置、裂纹类型以及裂纹面运动方向,揭示了混凝土宏观拉伸破坏的细观裂纹扩展机制.结果表明:裂纹运动过程清晰地显示了混凝土内裂纹源首先在试件与载荷接触面附近产生,之后聚集形成局部损伤区域,并沿轴线向中心扩展(加载平面)以及裂纹从试件中间向表面扩展的动态过程(厚度方向);裂纹运动体积可以作为裂纹形成、扩展过程中弹性能释放的度量,初始裂纹成核时体积参数较小,峰值载荷时,裂纹运动体积最大达到5.93×10-4 mm3;混凝土宏观尺度的拉伸破坏在细观尺度上存在有拉伸裂纹、混合裂纹以及剪切裂纹;拉伸裂纹最多,占裂纹总数约为60%,剪切裂纹最少,约占裂纹总数的10%;拉伸裂纹运动主导了试件的宏观劈裂破坏.     

配矩形螺旋箍筋型钢高强混凝土短柱轴压性能试验研究

为研究配矩形螺旋箍筋型钢高强混凝土短柱轴压性能,以混凝土强度、体积配箍率和配箍形式为变化参数设计6个试件进行轴心受压加载试验。试验结果表明,所有试件的破坏形态和荷载-轴向位移曲线相似,配螺旋箍筋的试件变形性能要优于配普通箍筋试件,配矩形螺旋箍筋的试件极限承载力随混凝土强度、体积配箍率的增加而提高。在试验基础上,采用基于叠加理论的计算方法对配矩形螺旋箍筋型钢高强混凝土短柱轴压承载力进行计算,给出了相关设计建议,研究结果可为配矩形螺旋箍筋型钢高强混凝土短柱的工程应用提供科学依据。     

基于自洽法的电化学沉积修复饱和混凝土细观描述

针对当前电化学沉积修复混凝土缺乏细观层次上的理论描述,首先,以饱和混凝土的细观结构和电化学沉积修复的主要机理为基础, 提出了含电化学沉积产物、水和混凝土基体在内的三相复合材料细观力学模型. 其次,为了从细观层次定量描述电化学沉积修复对混凝土宏观性能的影响,基于自洽法对上述细观力学模型进行多层次均匀化处理,获取电化学沉积修复饱和混凝土的有效性能,其中,第一层均匀化是采用广义自洽模型获取等效夹杂的有效性能,第二层均匀化是采用自洽方法和沃伊特(Voigt) 上限相结合的方式获取修复混凝土的有效性能. 最后,为了验证该文所提出模型和方法的有效性,对比了该文的预测结果、试验数据和已有模型,结果表明了该文模型和方法是合理的.      

基于颗粒流的混凝土材料数值实验研究

混凝土材料是一种典型的非均质材料,其力学行为和破坏过程很复杂.本文利用PFC颗粒流软件的内嵌fish语言编写了骨料生成程序、边界条件控制程序,程序模拟了MTS伺服功能,实现了虚拟的混凝土单轴压缩试验.相对于一般有限元程序投放的骨料,文中骨料可以破裂.在生成的数值试件基础上,设计了单级配和全级配混凝土单轴压缩试验,并对其破裂形态、裂纹扩展过程、应力应变曲线和破裂过程能量变化规律进行了研究.利用该虚拟试验平台,可对混凝土的动、静力学特性进行系统研究.     

混凝土内部应变光纤测量结果及分析

本文采用迈克尔逊（Michelson)光纤白光应变测量干涉系统,利用新型光纤传感探头,对混凝土内部的一维和二维应变状态进行了测量,给出了混凝土试件单轴和两轴的力学实验结果并与Instron8505液压伺服材料实验机得到的结果进行了比较和分析。     

Modelling of stresses and strains in bonded concrete overlays subjected to differential volume changes

The differential volume changes between repair material and substrate concrete induces stresses in concrete overlays. These stresses could cause the repair material cracking or the interface delamination, which facilitate the penetration of harmful substances into concrete and hence accelerate the deterioration of concrete overlays. In order to investigate the characteristics of these stresses, an analytical model has been developed based on the plate theory and the assumption of the linear relation between shear stress and slip at the interface. This model is able to calculate the tensile stress in the repair material, shear and normal stresses at the interface and the corresponding strains. With this model, the influence of the interface shear stiffness, the dimension of the concrete overlay, and the elastic moduli of two materials on stresses and strains was studied.     

Shock wave method for monitoring crack repair processes in reinforced concrete structures

A nondestructive method for monitoring the crack state in reinforced concrete structures based on the recoding of wave processes in these structures under shock actions is proposed. The essence of the method and its possibilities are demonstrated by an example of the study of the behavior of a reinforced concrete beam with a crack at various stages of crack development and repair. Numerical simulation was used to study variations in the wave front characteristics in the crack area. A quantitative criterion was formulated, which permits estimating the concrete integrity or the existence of crack in it and monitoring the variations in the crack state in the process of loading the structure and the crack repair. The criterion is determined as the ratio of the amplitudes of the first half-waves of the acceleration wave front registered in regions on the opposite shores of the crack. The criterion value is independent of the amplitude of the shock action and the beam fixation conditions and is solely determined by the mechanical state of the material used to repair the crack. The criterion adequacy was demonstrated by comparing the results of numerical simulation with experimental data. A cycle of numerical experiments were carried out, which, for each duration of the shock action, permits determining the optimal values of the distance between the pulse application point and the acceleration recording points at which the criterion is most sensitive to the crack state.     

基于灰色理论的两点爆炸起爆参数优化设计

针对混凝土两点爆炸起爆参数选择问题, 提出了一种基于灰色理论的参数优化方法。通过正交试验方法设计试验方案, 运用AUTODYN软件进行了不同起爆参数组合条件下的静爆试验, 计算了起爆参数与爆坑直径、爆坑深度的关联系数和关联度, 进行了单目标因素优化和多目标因素优化, 确定了一组各因素的优选组合, 并进行了试验验证。验证结果表明:采用优化的起爆参数时, 爆坑直径增大(4~42)%, 左爆坑深度增大(0~29)%, 右爆坑深度增大(0~32)%, 两点爆炸混凝土靶体的毁伤效果得到明显改善。     

Effect of inertia on the hydrodynamic interaction between two liquid capsules in simple shear flow

Three-dimensional numerical simulations using front-tracking method are performed to study the hydrodynamic interaction between two liquid capsules suspended in simple shear flow in presence of inertia. Capsules are modeled as liquid drops surrounded by neo-Hookean elastic membranes. In the limit of zero inertia, it has been known from past research that the hydrodynamic interaction between two deformable particles (drops/capsules) suspended in shear flow results in an irreversible shift in the trajectories of the particles as one particle rolls over the other. In this article, we show that the presence of inertia can significantly alter the capsule trajectories. When inertia is small but finite, the capsules do undergo an irreversible displacement, but the lateral separation between them first decreases before they roll over each other, unlike in Re ? 1. For moderate to high inertia, the capsules reverse their directions of motion before coming close to each other. The reversal of motion occurs progressively earlier in time (that is, the capsules come less closer to each other) with increasing inertia. The long-time behavior of the capsule–capsule interaction at finite inertia showed that the capsules engage in spiraling motions. Based on our simulations, four different regimes of capsule–capsule interaction at finite inertia are identified: (i) a self-diffusive type interaction, (ii) an outwardly spiraling motion, (iii) a fixed-orbit spiraling motion, and (iv) an inwardly spiraling motion in which the capsules settle with zero relative velocity. The reversal of motion, and the spiraling trajectories at finite inertia have no analogy in the limit of zero inertia. Such motions are explained by analyzing the flow field around a deformed capsule which shows reverse flow regions and off-surface stagnation points, similar to those previously reported in case of rigid spheres and cylinders under torque-free condition.     

大直径SHTB实验装置数值模拟及混凝土细观骨料模型动态直拉研究

对混凝土材料在高应变率下的动态拉伸实验多以劈裂和层裂的形式进行，然而它们作为间接研究混凝土动态拉伸性能的实验技术具有一定的局限性，亟需使用大直径分离式Hopkinson拉杆（split Hopkinson tensile bar，SHTB）设备对混凝土进行动态直拉实验。因此，运用数值模拟方法对一种新型的霍普金森拉杆的入射波进行了研究，并对设备的局部构件进行改进，使其不仅具有对混凝土试件的胶粘连接方式，也可通过螺纹连接配套夹具以同时兼顾挂接等其他连接方式。针对改进后的SHTB装置，建立了圆环状三维混凝土细观骨料模型。通过数值模拟与实验结果的对比，验证了采用空心圆管式SHTB装置的有效性，并为混凝土细观骨料模型的动态拉伸模拟提供了思路。     

花岗岩块石浆砌结构抗弹丸斜侵彻/冲击性能实验研究

通过实弹射击试验,研究了花岗岩-钢筋混凝土复合靶板的抗侵彻/冲击性能.结果表明,该靶板具有较好的抗侵彻/冲击能力.与同等厚度的普通钢筋混凝土靶板相比,在射弹特性和撞击条件相同的情况下,该结构抗侵彻/冲击能力明显增强.对薄靶板而言,冲剪破坏为主要的破坏形式,增强抗剪能力,能够提高靶板抗侵彻/冲击能力.当弹体速度不高时,局部作用和结构整体响应之间一般有很强的耦合.该花岗岩-钢筋混凝土靶板局部既有一定的刚度,整体也具有一定的塑性,因此具有较好的抗弹体侵彻/冲击能力.这种结构施工简单,取材方便,造价相对低廉,具有一定的应用前景.     

Simple Shear Flow of Suspensions of Elastic Capsules

The simple shear flow of homogeneous suspensions of two-dimensional capsules enclosed by elastic membranes is studied in the limit of vanishing Reynolds number, in the special case where the viscosity of the fluid enclosed by the capsules is equal to the viscosity of the ambient fluid. The deformation of capsules with circular, elliptical, and biconcave unstressed shapes, and the rheological and statistical properties of their infinitely dilute and moderately dense suspensions are investigated by dynamical simulation using the method of interfacial dynamics for Stokes flow. In a preliminary investigation, the behavior of solitary capsules suspended in an infinite fluid is studied as a function of the dimensionless membrane elasticity number expressing the capsule deformability or the strength of the shear flow. It is found that a critical elasticity number above which a capsule exhibits continued elongation does not exist, and an equilibrium configuration is reached no matter how large the shear rate, in agreement with previous results for three-dimensional flow. A correspondence is established between the elasticity numbers for two- and three-dimensional flow at which the capsules undergo the same degree of deformation. Simulations of pairwise capsule interceptions reveal behavior similar to that exhibited by liquid drops with uniform surface tension. Because of strong hydrodynamic interactions in two-dimensional Stokes flow, the concept of hydrodynamic diffusivity in the limit of infinite dilution is ill-defined in the absence of fluid inertia. Dynamical simulations of doubly periodic monodisperse suspensions with up to 50 capsules distributed in each periodic cell at areal fractions of 0.25 and 0.40 provide information on the effective rheological properties of the suspension and on the nature of the statistical properties of the particle motion. The character of the flow is found to be intermediate between that of liquid drops and rigid particles, and this is attributed to the membrane deformability and to the ability of the interfaces to perform tank-treading motion. The results are compared with rheological measurements of blood flow with good agreement. Received 26 April 1999 and accepted 5 October 1999