转子—轴承系统的分叉行为研究

本文完善和改进了求解非线性常微分方程组周期解及分叉特性分析的ＰＮＦ方法，用以有效地分析谐波、次谐波运动和倍周期分叉行为。然后，应用该方法对一个单盘挠性转子－轴承系统的动力行为进行了研究。结果显示运动呈现拟周期分叉、倍周期分叉和切分叉等复杂动力学现象，并与一些理论和实验结论作了比较。     

转子－轴承系统的分叉行为研究

本文完善和改进了求解非线性常微分方程组周期解及分叉特性分析的ＰＮＦ方法，用以有效地分析谐波、次谐波运动和倍周期分叉行为。然后，应用该方法对一个单盘挠性转子－轴承系统的动力行为进行了研究。结果显示运动呈现拟周期分叉、倍周期分叉和切分叉等复杂动力学现象，并与一些理论和实验结论作了比较。     

非线性Mathieu方程1／2亚谐分叉解的实验研究

本文对一类Mathieu方程的1/2亚谐分叉特性进行了实验研究,得出了在整个参数平面上具有不同拓朴结构分叉图的实验曲线,研究了确定非线性系统衰减参数的方法。并对各种特定的物理系统,可能出现的不同拓朴结构的分叉图和所具有的不同参数区域进行了讨论。     

转子-机匣局部碰摩的分叉与混沌行为分析

研究了转子-机匣系统发生碰摩时的分叉与混沌行为,分析了转子机匣频率比与刚度比、偏心质量等参数对系统分叉与混沌特性的影响.当转子机匣系统发生碰摩时除了通过倍周期、阵发性和拟周期分叉进入混沌外,还发现了孪生叉形分叉现象,呈现出非常丰富的动力学行为.     

一类滞回系统混沌振动的数值分析

在不同参数下,Brouc-Wen滞回模型使系统具有软或硬式响应特性,导致系统有非线性振动特性。利用数值方法,本文给出单自由度滞回系统 稳态振动最大振幅与频率之间的关系曲线。分析了滞回参数对硬式响应特性滞回振动系统的分叉与混沌的影响,发现一些新的现象。     

两系非线性悬挂车辆的运行稳定性与分叉

本文选取两系具有滞后非线性悬挂的车辆为目标，建立其数学模型和运动微分方程，用常微分方程稳定性理论对车辆蛇行运动进行理论分析，并应用分叉理论研究了整车在蛇行失稳后的动力学行为，得出蛇行运动的分叉解及稳定判据，得到防止车辆蛇行运动的充分条件，并研究了系统参数对临界速度的影响、分叉解振幅及稳定性的影响，为车辆设计和参数选取提供依据。     

二次分叉数值分析方法及在多孔介质热对流上的应用

本文给出了数值计算具有Ｚ２对称性和双参数的非线性动力学方程二次分叉问题的具体方法,并用此方法计算了不同长宽比矩形区域内多孔介质热对流的二次分叉点和相应的流场和温度场分布。     

对称铺设正交各向异性层合板的亚谐参数共振

本文应用奇异性理论讨论了对称铺设正交各向异性层合矩形板的亚谐参数共振问题。主要内容是用Ｌｉａｐｕｎｏｖ－Ｓｃｈｍｉｄｔ方法结合Ｚ２－对称等变的概念，使分叉方程转化为代数方程的研究，同时给出了参数平面上不同参数域中各种可能的分叉曲线。     

非线性参数激励系统的动力分叉研究

本文针对弹性梁动力曲屈分叉问题,建立了系统的非线性Mathiue方程,较全面地讨论了此类参数激励系统的1/2亚谐分叉特性,指出以往对此类问题的研究得到的只是一种退化情形下的分叉特性,阐述了分叉方程的截断对分叉结果的影响,得到了一些新的结果。文中还介绍了一个模型弹性梁系统分叉响应特性的实测结果,证实了理论分析的可靠性。     

中厚矩形板的非线性动力屈曲分叉

建立考虑横向剪切与转动惯量影响的矩形板的动力控制方程，应用Ｇａｌｅｒｋｉｎ方法将其化为Ｍａｔｈｉｅｕ方程，然后根据Ｌｙａｐｕｎｏｖ－Ｓｃｈｍｉｄｔ方法得到了系统在参数激励下的１／２亚谐分叉特性，并给出了四边简支与四边固支弹性薄板的非线性动力屈曲分叉条件。     

非线性动力系统全局分析的变胞胞映射法与转子／轴承系统的全局稳定性

在Ｐｏｉｎｃａｒｅ映射及胞映理论的基础上，提出了一种非线性动力系统全局分析的新方法－－变胞胞映射法，这种新方法改变了原胞映射法中胞在胞空间分布的不合理性及运算逻辑的不合理性，更适用于高维、大求解域非线性动力系统的求解。应用此方法，对具有非线性油膜力的Ｊｅｆｆｃｏｔ转子轴承系统进行了全局分析，绘制了系统分岔后的全局吸引域图，解释了一些工程中常见的非线性现象。     

Some basic questions on mechanosensing in cell–substrate interaction

Cells constantly probe their surrounding microenvironment by pushing and pulling on the extracellular matrix (ECM). While it is widely accepted that cell induced traction forces at the cell–matrix interface play essential roles in cell signaling, cell migration and tissue morphogenesis, a number of puzzling questions remain with respect to mechanosensing in cell–substrate interactions. Here we show that these open questions can be addressed by modeling the cell–substrate system as a pre-strained elastic disk attached to an elastic substrate via molecular bonds at the interface. Based on this model, we establish analytical and numerical solutions for the displacement and stress fields in both cell and substrate, as well as traction forces at the cell–substrate interface. We show that the cell traction generally increases with distance away from the cell center and that the traction-distance relationship changes from linear on soft substrates to exponential on stiff substrates. These results indicate that cell adhesion and migration behaviors can be regulated by cell shape and substrate stiffness. Our analysis also reveals that the cell traction increases linearly with substrate stiffness on soft substrates but then levels off to a constant value on stiff substrates. This biphasic behavior in the dependence of cell traction on substrate stiffness immediately sheds light on an existing debate on whether cells sense mechanical force or deformation when interacting with their surroundings. Finally, it is shown that the cell induced deformation field decays exponentially with distance away from the cell. The characteristic length of this decay is comparable to the cell size and provides a quantitative measure of how far cells feel into the ECM.     

基于插值与点映射相结合的全局分析方法

利用插值的基本思想并结合点映射，提出了一种插值与点映射相结合的全局分析。通过吸引子之间的比较，判断相胞的顶点是否在同一吸引子的吸引域之内，从而识别出边界胞与非边界胞，并重点对边界胞进行处理，进而确定出相胞内各个相点的初值特性。通过比较与分析，本算法可以克服插值胞映射所存在的不足，算法简单且容易在计算机上实现。文中分析了算法产生误差的原因，给出了相应的处理方法。     

An IB-LBM study of continuous cell sorting in deterministic lateral displacement arrays

The deterministic lateral displacement(DLD) is an important method used to sort particles and cells of different sizes. In this paper, the flexible cell sorting with the DLD method is studied by using a numerical model based on the immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method(IB-LBM). In this model, the fluid motion is solved by the LBM, and the cell membrane–fluid interaction is modeled with the LBM.The proposed model is validated by simulating the rigid particle sorted with the DLD method, and the results are found in good agreement with those measured in experiments. We first study the effect of flexibility on a single cell and multiple cells continuously going through a DLD device. It is found that the cell flexibility can significantly affect the cell path,which means the flexibility could have significant effects on the continuous cell sorting by the DLD method. The sorting characteristics of white blood cells and red blood cells are further studied by varying the spatial distribution of cylinder arrays and the initial cell–cell distance. The numerical results indicate that a well concentrated cell sorting can be obtained under a proper arrangement of cylinder arrays and a large enough initial cell–cell distance.     

Adhesion behavior of endothelial progenitor cells to endothelial cells in simple shear flow

The adhesion of endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs) on endothelial cells(ECs) is one of the critical physiological processes for the regenesis of vascular vessels and the prevention of serious cardiovascular diseases.Here,the rolling and adhesion behavior of EPCs on ECs was studied numerically.A two-dimensional numerical model was developed based on the immersed boundary method for simulating the rolling and adhesion of cells in a channel flow.The binding force arising from the catch bond of a receptor and ligand pair was modeled with stochastic Monte Carlo method and Hookean spring model.The effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α) on the expression of the number of adhesion molecules in ECs was analyzed experimentally.A flow chamber system with CCD camera was set up to observe the top view of the rolling of EPCs on the substrate cultivated with ECs.Numerical results prove that the adhesion of EPC on ECs is closely related to membrane stiff-ness of the cell and shear rate of the flow.It also suggests that the adhesion force between EPC and EC by P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 only is not strong enough to bond the cell onto vessel walls unless contributions of other catch bond are considered.Experimental results demonstrate that TNF-α enhanced the expressions of VCAM,ICAM,P-selectin and E-selectin in ECs,which supports the numerical results that the rolling velocity of EPC on TNF-α treated EC substrate decreases obviously compared with its velocity on the untreated one.It is found that because the adhesion is affected by both the rolling velocity and the deformability of the cell,an optimal stiffness of EPC may exist at a given shear rate of flow for achieving maximum adhesion rates.     

Probing the mechanosensitivity in cell adhesion and migration: Experiments and modeling

Cell adhesion and migration are basic physiological processes in living organisms. Cells can actively probe their mechanical micro-environment and respond to the external stimuli through cell adhesion. Cells need to move to the targeting place to perform function via cell migration. For adherent cells, cell migration is mediated by cell-matrix adhesion and cell-cell adhesion. Experimental approaches, especially at early stage of investigation, are indispensable to studies of cell mechanics when even qualitative behaviors of cell as well as fundamental factors in cell behaviors are unclear. Currently, there is increasingly accumulation of experimental data of measurement, thus a quantitative formulation of cell behaviors and the relationship among these fundamental factors are highly needed. This quantitative understanding should be crucial to tissue engineering and biomedical engineering when people want to accurately regulate or control cell behaviors from single cell level to tissue level. In this review, we will elaborate recent advances in the experimental and theoretical studies on cell adhesion and migration, with particular focuses laid on recent advances in experimental techniques and theoretical modeling, through which challenging problems in the cell mechanics are suggested.     

Role of cell regularity and relative density on elasto-plastic compression response of random honeycombs generated using Voronoi diagrams

The Voronoi tessellation technique and solid modeling methods are used in this work to create virtual random structures and link cell morphology with the mechanical behavior. Their compression responses are analyzed using the finite element method. First, the effect of loading direction is analyzed for structures with different levels of randomness characterized by a regularity parameter to assess the degree of scatter in the results. Subsequently, morphological characteristics such as arrangement of cells and randomness are analyzed separately. The effect of relative density on structures with different levels of randomness is also studied. Simulations suggest that at low relative densities the arrangement of cells has a negligible effect on the compression response of random honeycombs. On the contrary, the cellular randomness has significant influence on the elastic and plastic characteristics especially when fully random structures are compared with the regular counterparts.     

A fuzzy blue sky catastrophe

In this paper, a blue sky catastrophe of limit cycles of a Van der Pol system with fuzzy disturbances is studied by means of the fuzzy generalized cell mapping (FGCM) method. The blue sky catastrophe happens when a fuzzy limit cycle collides with a fuzzy saddle on the basin boundary as the intensity of fuzzy noise reaches a critical value. The fuzzy limit cycle, characterized by its global topology and membership function, suddenly loses stability and disappears into the blue sky after the collision. We illustrate this bifurcation event by considering the Van der Pol system under the multiplicative fuzzy noise. Such a bifurcation is a fuzzy noise-induced effect which cannot be seen in deterministic systems.     

Elastic moduli of the piezoelectric cochlear outer hair cell membrane

The outer hair cell is a specialized cell in the mammalian cochlea, believed to amplify incoming sound waves. This amplification is associated with the outer hair cell's electromotility, a unique cellular phenomenon of voltage-dependent length changes. Outer hair cell properties can be described in terms of the piezoelectric relationships, and the elastic moduli are a key part of them. We revisit the problem of estimating the elastic moduli of the outer hair cell composite membrane (wall) where two methods have previously been proposed. We analyze the two methods, while taking into account experimental ranges of the measured parameters. We have shown that cell stiffness is the critical parameter that determines the difference between the method predictions, and we have found a range of stiffness where the results are reasonably close. The elastic moduli corresponding to this range can be recommended for estimation of the characteristics of the piezoelectric model.     

Cell polarization energy and its implications for cell migration

Cells usually have a polarized shape in directional cell migration. This cell polarity may result from external cues, such as a gradient of chemo-attractants (chemotaxis), or a gradient of mechanical properties of substrate (durotaxis), and it can also arise from internal cues so that the cells self-polarize spontaneously and maintain the polar motile state for a long time. However, the mechanisms that control cell polarization have not been fully understood, and particularly, the relationship between the polarized shape and cell migration behaviors is not yet clear. In this study, we propose an energy model to study the cell polarization energy by considering the effect of matrix rigidity, cell shape, and organization of the cytoskeleton. We then propose a parameter called “motility factor” for depicting the relationship between the cell shape and the driving force of cell migration. We demonstrate that the fibroblast-like cell shape and keratocyte-like shape both have an optimal polarization angle corresponding to the most stable cell shape. Fibroblast-like cell shape also has an optimal tail length of the polarization. Furthermore, we find that the cell free energy biphasically depends on the matrix rigidity, i.e. that there is an optimum matrix rigidity for the most stable shape. And the motility factor also biphasically depends on the matrix rigidity, but the trends of the dependence are opposite to that of cell's free energy, which implies an optimum matrix rigidity for the highest speed. The optimum matrix rigidity for the most stable cell shape and that for the highest cell speed are consistent, suggesting that the most stable cell shape is favorable to the fastest cell migration. This study provides important insights into the relationship between cell polarization shape and cell migration behaviors.