集中载荷作用下具有光滑中心波纹膜片的非线性分析

波纹膜片是一种薄壳弹性体，由于它的参数很多，又相互制约，所以使得它的设计很复杂。在大多数位移式仪器仪表中，要求波纹膜片产生至少和膜片厚度是同样数量级的弹性位移。这就要求使用薄壳的几何非线性理论进行分析。大多数学者研究波纹膜片的弯曲问题，是采用扁壳理论讨论具有浅波纹的膜片。而工程实际中，经常遇到深波纹膜片，这就要求从一般壳体大挠度方程进行求解。本文采用轴对称旋转壳体的简化Re-issner方程。研究了在中心集中载荷作用下具有光滑中心波纹膜片的非线性弯曲问题。应用积分方程方法，可以获得膜片的特征关系（载荷-中心挠度关系）和应力分布。文末给出实例计算的数值结果。     

均布载荷作用下带边缘大波纹膜片的非线性弯曲

采用轴对称旋转壳体的简化Reissner方程，研究了在均布载荷作用下具有硬中心的带边缘大波纹膜片的非线性弯曲问题．应用积分方程方法，获得了具有夹紧固定和滑动固定两种外边界的膜片的特征关系，即荷载-中心挠度曲线．作为算例，给出了夹紧固定膜片中的应力分布．     

均布载荷作用下具有光滑中心波纹膜片的非线性分析

采用轴对称旋转壳体的简化Reissner方程，研究了在均布载荷作用下具有光滑中心波纹膜片的非线性弯曲问题。应用格林函数方法，波纹膜片的非线性边值问题化为了非线性积分方程的求解。为了求解积分方程并防止发散，一个插值参数被引入到迭代格式中。计算表明，当载荷很小时，任何插值参数值均能保证迭代的收敛性，取插值参数值接近或等于1获得较快的收敛速度，而当载荷较大时，插值参数值不能取得过大。绘出了波纹膜片的特征曲线，得到的特征曲线可供设计参考。可以断言，当载荷不大时，特征曲线是近似线性的，随着载荷的增大，特征曲线开始向上弯曲，明显偏离线性。本文中提出的解决方法适应于任意轴向截面的波纹壳体。     

激波管聚酯膜片变形过程分析

使用聚酯薄膜作为激波管膜片，通过施加不同压力的激波管实验，获得了膜片厚度及多张膜片的组合方式对膜片所能承受最大压力的影响。利用高速相机对激波管膜片从开始变形到破坏的全过程进行拍摄，使用三维DIC软件获得膜片在变形过程中的位移场。实验发现了膜片会出现圆弧反翘并快速破坏的特别现象，并以此为特征将变形过程分为2个阶段。给出任意厚度膜片第1阶段圆弧变形的数学规律及第2阶段圆弧反翘的形状特征，以及全过程中膜片厚度变化的数学规律。     

拱形金属薄膜非线性力学行为数学建模及其计算

对大变形金属薄膜结构塑性应力应交关系、几何关系和静力平衡关系进行整理和适当交换，将其转化成由3个微分方程和1个代数约束方程组成的初值问题的1阶微分代数方程。采用可变步长和交阶的Klopfenstein-Shampine数值微分方法和Newton-Raphson求解方法，可求得膜片任何位置在任意时刻的应力、应交和变形等力学参量，还可以估算出膜片的极限荷载。最后对一个实例作了数值分析，其计算结果与实验数据得到了较好的符合。     

膜片上薄膜体声波谐振器型微加速度计

针对"FBAR(薄膜体声波谐振器)-梁"结构悬臂梁厚度不足、"嵌入式FBAR"结构微加工工艺复杂的缺点,提出了新型"膜片上FBAR(FBAR-on-diaphragm)"结构的微加速度计。其弹性膜片由氧化硅/氮化硅复合薄膜构成,既便于实现与硅微检测质量和FBAR的IC兼容集成加工,也利于改善微加速度计的灵敏度和温度稳定性。对由氧化硅/氮化硅双层复合膜片-硅检测质量惯性力敏结构和氮化铝FBAR检测元件集成的膜片上FBAR型微加速度计进行了初步的性能分析,验证了该结构的可行性。通过有限元模态分析和静力学仿真得出惯性加速度作用下膜片上FBAR结构的固有频率和弹性膜片上的应力分布;选取计算所得的最大应力作为FBAR中压电薄膜的应力载荷,结合依据第一性原理计算得到的纤锌矿氮化铝的弹性系数-应力关系,粗略估计了惯性加速度作用下氮化铝薄膜弹性系数的最大变化量;采用射频仿真软件,通过改变惯性加速度作用下弹性常数所对应的纵波声速,对比空载和不同惯性加速度作用下加速度计的谐振频率,得到加速度计的频率偏移特性和灵敏度。进一步分析仿真结果还发现:氧化硅/氮化硅膜片的一阶固有频率与高阶频率相隔较远,交叉耦合小;惯性加速度作用下,谐振频率向高频偏移,灵敏度约为数k Hz/g,其加速度-谐振频率偏移特性曲线具有良好的线性。     

具有中心孔的正交复合材料板在双轴载荷下的应力分析

本文研究了具有中心孔的正交复合材料板在双向载荷下的应力,建立了有限校核系数和双轴率以及之间板宽率的关系,并得到孔边的应力集中系数.这些结果对研究具有中心孔的正交复合材料板在双向载荷下的强度预测和应力分析具有重要的作用.     

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基于形状记忆合金Brinson一维热力学本构关系和von K\'{a}rm\'{a}n几何非线性薄板理论，研究了径向嵌入SMA丝复合材料加热圆板在横向均布 机械载荷作用下的弯曲响应， 获得了周边不可移简支和夹紧圆板的中心最大挠度与升温之间的关系曲线. 结果表明，形状 记忆合金丝在从马氏体向奥氏体的逆相变过程中所产生的相变回复力对板的弯曲变形具有明 显的调整作用. 通过嵌入SMA纤维丝和施加升温载荷可以主动而有效地调节受机 械载荷作用圆板的弯曲变形.     

载流圆形薄板的磁弹性应力与变形分析

本文在建立非定常电磁场和机械载荷作用下载流圆形薄板非线性变形状态下的磁弹性二维关系方程和运动方程的基础上，对其在非静态电磁场和机械载荷联合作用下的位移及应力进行了分析，获得了耦合场中一些参量的变化规律，通过具体算例，得出了载流圆形薄板在机械场和电磁场作用下的位移及应力与通电电流强度之间的关系，并解决了圆板中心处的奇异性问题，给出了在轴对称条件下的数值解，计算结果表明，改变通电电流及电磁感应强度的大小，可以改变载流薄板的应力和变形状态，达到控制薄板的受力和变形的目的。     

常幅载荷下结构元件断裂可靠度估算的应力强度因子模型

给出了一个估算结构元件疲劳可靠度的应力强度因子模型，系统阐述了元件在常幅载荷下疲劳可靠性的分析方法。该模型研究了常幅载荷作用下材料瞬时裂纹长度和应力强度因子的分布形式，建立了应力强度因子与断裂韧性之间的干涉关系。对7075-T7351铝合金中心裂纹试件试验数据分析的结果表明：裂纹的瞬时扩展长度和可靠度的预测结果均与试验结果符合很好，本文给出的基于应力强度因子的可靠性分析模型是合理的。     

激波风洞高低压段钢膜片破裂特性研究

激波风洞是用于高超声速飞行器气动外形设计和优化的常用地面试验装置,基于爆轰驱动技术,激波风洞能够在短时间(毫秒级)内产生高温、高压的驱动气体来模拟高超声速试验气流.主膜片位于激波风洞中的爆轰驱动段和激波管段之间,试验时膜片在爆轰脉冲压力下打开,膜片的打开状态和脱落情况对激波风洞气流品质有很大的影响. 同时,膜片也是形成激波的先决条件. 传统的风洞采用铝质膜片进行试验,在激波风洞中需要承压能力更强的膜片, 此时铝质膜片不再适用, 需要采用钢质膜片.因此, 对激波风洞中的钢膜片破裂特性进行研究很有必要.将数值计算结果与试验结果进行比较, 发现数值计算结果与试验结果吻合得比较理想,计算结果具有可靠性. 基于膜片的应力-应变模型, 建立了膜片打开的动力学模型,根据CJ爆轰理论, 采用有限元软件计算模拟了膜片破裂的过程,分析总结了膜片破裂的机制和力学特性规律.采用控制变量法对不同厚度和凹槽长度的膜片进行分析研究,得到了膜片破膜压力和有效破膜时间的变化规律. 在激波风洞试验中,根据膜片总破膜时间设计了适用于JF-12复现风洞的膜片参数.      

Diaphragm rupture. Impingement by a conically-nosed, ram-accelerator projectile

The effect of diaphragm rupture by a conically-nosed projectile on the gasdynamics related to ram accelerator operation was experimentally and numerically studied. The experiments were conducted using a 25-mm-bore ram accelerator. Either air or nitrogen was used as the test gas. Using a high-speed image converter camera, it was observed that during the process of the diaphragm rupture a region with strong radiation developed between the diaphragm and the approaching projectile/sabot. This radiating region corresponds to the shock-heated gas which is originated from a precursory shock wave driven by the accelerating projectile/sabot. The flow around the projectile upon entering the test section by rupturing the diaphragm was visualized by holographic interferometry. During the diaphragm rupture, the system of oblique shock waves around the conical nose of the projectile was seen undisturbed on the downstream side of the diaphragm. Under the same condition as the experiment, numerical simulation was conducted using GRP (Generalized Riemann Problem) scheme which was extended to the computation of compressible flow fields bounded by moving surfaces. Two diaphragm rupture models were examined: (1) the diaphragm deformed by wrapping tightly around the moving projectile; (2) the diaphragm was ruptured instantly at the moment the projectile touched the diaphragm. Comparing these models with the experimentally visualized flow, the former was found to express the diaphragm rupture process much better than the latter. Received 9 February 1998 / Accepted 9 September 1998     

Optical study of a light diaphragm rupture process in an expansion tube

Abstract. Rupture of a light cellophane diaphragm in an expansion tube has been studied by an optical method. The influence of the light diaphragm on test flow generation has long been recognised, however the diaphragm rupture mechanism is less well known. It has been previously postulated that the diaphragm ruptures around its periphery due to the dynamic pressure loading of the shock wave, with the diaphragm material at some stage being removed from the flow to allow the shock to accelerate to the measured speeds downstream. The images obtained in this series of experiments are the first to show the mechanism of diaphragm rupture and mass removal in an expansion tube. A light diaphragm was impulsively loaded via a shock wave and a series of images was recorded holographically throughout the rupture process, showing gradual destruction of the diaphragm. Features such as the diaphragm material, the interface between gases, and a reflected shock were clearly visualised. Both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the rupture dynamics were derived from the images and compared with existing one-dimensional theory. Received 10 April 1999 / Accepted 17 April 2000     

Simultaneous determination of position and mass of a particle by the vibration of a diaphragm-based nanomechanical resonator

We present a theoretical analysis of the vibration of a suspended circular diaphragm resonator with a particle at an arbitrary location when considering the effects of plate stiffness and membrane tension in the diaphragm. The analytical expression relating position and mass of a particle attached on a stretched diaphragm with varying residual stress to the resulting shifts in diaphragm resonant frequency is derived. It has been shown that the particle position and mass for the diaphragm configuration can be unambiguously resolved by combining resonant frequencies of the first three consecutive symmetric vibration modes. This finding is verified numerically in finite element modeling using a freestanding circular diaphragm with and without an added particle, and it proves that the method resolves the particle position and mass with high accuracy.     

The effect of diaphragm opening time on the feasibility of tuned operation in free piston shock tunnels

The effect of diaphragm opening time on the feasibility of tuned operation is analyzed by parametric calculations. The effect on the duration of pressure holding is also investigated. Characteristic parameters are defined to show the effects of dimensions, operation conditions and diaphragm opening time. It is shown that diaphragm opening time needs to be less than a certain limit to achieve tuned operation. The limit depends on pressure at diaphragm rupture and the ratio of diameters between a downstream shock tube and a compression tube. The permissible diaphragm opening time is also proportional to the length of the compression tube. The existence of the limit required for tuned operation is shown to be caused by the increase of pressure in the driver gas during the diaphragm opening. Moreover, the effect of diaphragm opening time on the duration of the pressure holding is shown to be weak once tuned operation becomes feasible.

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黄土地区水平荷载作用下闭合型地下连续墙基础承载 性状分析

地下连续墙基础相对于一般桩基础的一个显著特点就是整体刚度大,水平荷载作用下基础一般有两种工作状态和破坏机理:其一是刚性短桩,表现为转动或平移破坏;其二是弹性长桩,表现为挠曲破坏。数值模拟表明:在一定范围内随着墙体埋深的增加,在大小相等的水平荷载作用下,基础埋深越大,其水平位移则越小。但埋深超过30m后,墙体埋深对基础的水平变形影响变得不显著。即当闭合墙体的埋深超过一定深度后,过分的加大闭合墙体的埋深无助于提高基础的水平承载性能。     

A Noninvasive, on Wafer Method to Determine the Intrinsic Stress of a Polymer Layer

The method described in this paper allows an investigator to determine the intrinsic stress of a polymer layer in a way that does not result in damage to devices or test structures. The method requires that a small area of the polymer be released from the substrate to form a diaphragm. The diaphragm is stimulated with acoustic white noise and the diaphragm movement is monitored with a laser vibrometer. The first few resonance frequencies of the diaphragm are obtained using a laser vibrometer and then those frequencies are used to calculate the membrane intrinsic bi-axial tension.     

预应力钢棒加固T梁桥横隔板试验研究

针对T梁桥横隔板开裂、破损的问题,采用预应力钢棒对T梁横隔板进行加固。本文根据T梁桥的结构特点,提出了预应力钢棒的张拉位置及张拉力大小的确定原则,对横隔板的受力进行了分析。加固过程对横隔板裂缝宽度、张拉力进行了监测;对加固前后相同位置的受力情况进行了对比分析。结果表明:预应力钢棒加固T梁后,横隔板储备的压应力可以抵消活载产生的拉应力,横隔板裂缝宽度大大减小,且在荷载作用下裂缝不再扩展;桥梁横向分布性能大大改善,主梁挠度最大可以减少20%以上。采用预应力钢棒加固T梁横隔板效果良好。     

The effects that changes in the diaphragm aperture have on the resulting shock tube flow

In a conventional shock tube, the driver and the driven sections have similar (if not identical) cross-sectional area and the diaphragm opened area, upon rupturing, is practically equal to the tube cross-sectional area. Such geometry results in generating a well-formed shock wave in the tube’s driven section. The present experimental work checks the effects that changes in the diaphragm ruptured area have on the generated shock and rarefaction waves. Experiments were conducted in an 80?mm by 80?mm cross section shock tube generating incident shock waves having Mach numbers within the range from 1.06 to 1.25. In each run, pressure histories were recorded along the driven and the driver sections of the shock tube. The recorded pressures reveal that progressive reduction in the diaphragm open space resulted in a weaker shock and both longer time and distance until the compression waves generated close to the diaphragm coalesces into a shock wave. In addition, reducing the open space of the diaphragm resulted in a significant slow down in the high pressure reduction prevailing in the driver section.