黄土的流变特性模拟与研究

工程建筑活动与土体的应力、变形、强度具有紧密的相关性,使得对土体的变形、破坏规律的研究显得十分必要。在对某现场黄土土样剪切蠕变试验的基础上,本文以分数线性蠕变方程为理论模型,模拟了该土体的蠕变、强度和流变特性,得到了该土体的剪切模量G随时间t和随法向应力σn的变化规律。通过流变分析,得到了粘滞系数η对法向应力σn的变化率受剪应力τ影响的规律,即当剪应力值较小时,粘滞系数η随法向应力σn变化率较大,而当剪应力增大后,粘滞系数η随法向应力σn变化率变小。还得出了加载时间t对粘滞系数η随剪应力τ变化的影响规律,即每级加载一定时间后,粘滞系数η随剪应力τ变化规律,以及时间t对粘滞系数η变化率的影响。同时还从土的微观结构的角度进行了分析讨论。     

高速铁路连续梁桥的共振响应与振动控制研究

以液体粘滞阻尼器为振动控制外部装置，主桥采用欧拉伯努利梁，通过中国和谐号动车组CRH380AL、日本新干线Shinkansen700和欧洲高速列车HSLMA8三种不同类型的高速列车对比，模拟分析了高速列车作用下桥梁结构共振响应的影响因素，以及粘滞阻尼器的阻尼系数与安装位置对桥梁结构振动响应的减振效果。研究结果表明，（1）合理有效地布置列车荷载轴距，可使桥梁结构发生基频共振的列车时速在运营时速之外，避免了桥梁结构发生较大振动峰值响应，即桥梁结构的基频共振；（2）随着粘滞阻尼器阻尼系数的增大，桥梁的加速度峰值在列车不同时速下均在减少，对桥梁振动有着不同程度的减振效果；（3）通过合理安置液体粘滞阻尼器，可有效降低高速列车作用下桥梁结构的共振响应；（4）随着粘滞阻尼器与主梁的连接点位置逐渐远离支座，粘滞阻尼器的减振效果逐渐明显；（5）随着粘滞阻尼器与桥台的连接点位置逐渐靠近支座，粘滞阻尼器的减振效果略有提升，但不明显。     

任意荷载作用下液体粘滞阻尼器在桥梁工程中减震作用探讨

在桥梁工程中，当需要限制梁端的碰撞或过大的相对位移，经常会在梁端设置液体粘滞阻尼器。由于技术原因，液体粘滞阻尼器在桥梁设计中的参数选取基本上是通过全桥模型的地震非线性时程分析得到的。而在寿命期内，桥梁需要承受各种随机荷载，在具有不同力学特性荷载的激励作用下引起梁端纵向大的响应时，液体粘滞阻尼器是否始终起有利的减震作用，一直困扰着其在桥梁工程中的实践。在液体粘滞阻尼器力学特性研究的基础上，通过矩阵变换得到关于阻尼器的局部动力方程，从变形和受力两个方向对此问题进行探讨，得到液体粘滞阻尼器对于梁端的相对位移、相对速度、相对加速度均有减震作用。但不会得出始终对所有构件的受力有利的结论，并进行了验证。     

双咪唑离子液体的合成及其高温摩擦学性能研究

合成了3种不同连接链的双咪唑离子液体;采用核磁共振谱仪表征了其结构,采用SRV-IV型摩擦磨损试验机评价了其在变温及250 ℃恒温下的摩擦学性能;并采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析了磨斑表面形貌和主要元素的化学状态.结果显示:同变温摩擦磨损试验相比,恒温摩擦磨损试验能更为有效地体现不同双咪唑离子液体的高温摩擦学性能差异;与此同时,烷基链连接的双咪唑离子液体的减摩抗磨性能明显优于醚链连接的双咪唑离子液体,且缩短双咪唑离子液体的连接链长度有利于提高其摩擦学性能.     

毛细管粘度计的非定常效应

本文论证了毛细管粘度计中液体由静止启动的非定常过程非常短暂,只要粘度计的参数设计得合理,根据准定常流动加非定常修正导出的公式就能准确地用于测定粘度.     

非极性小分子有机液体在微管道中的流量特性

用去离子水及有机液体在内径约为25μm的石英圆管内进行了流量特性实验．液体分子量范围为18~160,动力黏性系数的范围为0.5~1mPa·s.实验雷诺数范围为Re＜8．所用有机液体为:四氯化碳、乙基苯及环己烷都是非极性液体,其分子结构尺度小于1nm．实验结果表明,在定常层流条件下,圆管内的液体流量与两端压力差成正比,其压力－流量关系仍符合经典的Hagen－Poiseuille流动．这说明非极性小分子有机液体在本实验所用微米尺度管道中其流动规律仍符合连续介质假设．鉴于微尺度流动实验的特殊性,文中还介绍了微流动实验装置,分析了微尺度流动测量误差来源及提高测量精度的措施．     

非粘滞阻尼系统时程响应分析的精细积分方法

考虑一个具有非粘滞阻尼特性的多自由度系统响应的时程分析问题.该非粘滞阻尼模型假设阻尼力与质点速度的时间历程相关,数学表达式体现为阻尼力等于质点速度与某一核函数的卷积.在利用状态空间方法将系统运动方程转换成一阶的状态方程的基础上,采用精细积分方法对状态方程进行数值求解,得到一种求解该阻尼系统时程响应的精确、高效的计算方法.通过两个数值算例表明,采用该方法得到几乎精确的数值计算结果,而且计算效率有成数量级的提高.     

物理学家江仁寿在中国近代流体力学领域的贡献

物理学家江仁寿从19世纪30年代开始致力于液体黏滞性的研究.他通过对双线旋转球法进行改进,利用惯性棒双线悬挂球实验装置,测定了水、液态钠、钾及钠钾合金的黏度,分析了影响黏度测量准确性的因素,实验结果得到了当时国际物理学者的公认并长期沿用;他对金属液体在熔点时表面张力的测定结果,为半导体材料的兴起提供了理论基础,为中国近代流体力学发展做出了贡献.     

磨合过程中液体润滑实现超低摩擦的混合模型研究

针对球-盘滑动试验,在磨合过程中获得超低摩擦的液体润滑状态,建立耦合流体润滑、粗糙接触力学、Archard磨损方程和相关物理参数(液体黏度、表面粗糙度和磨损系数)时变函数的混合模型,研究磨合过程中液体润滑的摩擦系数演化. 通过数值模拟结果可知:在磨合过程中,润滑介质等效黏度增大,形成流体动压润滑薄膜,有效隔开粗糙表面;其次在磨合过程中,新生成的表面粗糙度降低,减少粗糙峰承载比,实现超低摩擦润滑状态;最后在适当的液体黏度和提高表界面效应减少边界摩擦系数,可进一步实现液体超低摩擦润滑状态. 为磨合过程宏观液体润滑性能演化所建立的混合数值模型对提高液体润滑超低摩擦设计效率具有重要价值意义.      

具有分形结构界面的固体膜/粘滞层/基底层状结构的变形

考虑固体膜/粘滞层/基底结构中粘滞层/基底界面不平整对结构的稳定性,特别是固体薄膜稳定时的褶皱变形产生的影响.考虑自仿射和峰状的粗糙界面.自仿射的粗糙界面由振幅和分形维表征,振幅和分形维越大对结构平衡的影响越大;峰状界面由振幅和平均峰间距表征,振幅越大对结构平衡影响越大,平均峰间距越小对结构平衡影响越大.进而,用有限元方法模拟分析该结构,得到界面平整和不平整两种情况下固体膜面内失稳力.结果表明,粘滞层/基底不平整情况下结构的平衡状态与假设该界面为理想平整面所得的结果有很大不同,在结构尺寸较小的情况下不可假设该界面为理想平整来考察该结构的稳定性.     

An innovative extensional viscometer for low-viscosity and low-elasticity liquids

A spinline-type extensional viscometer is described in which an innovative method of tensile stress measurement is employed. A limited amount of liquid flows through a vertical capillary at a constant flow rate under the influence of a constant pressure head. The drainage time decreases when the liquid stream leaving the capillary is stretched by the application of vacuum. These drainage times are measured in a manner similar to that used for intrinsic viscosity measurements. The measured difference in drainage times, with and without stretching, is trivially related to the extensional stress at the capillary exit, and this provides a very simple method of accurately determining fluid stretching forces having a magnitude as low as 10^-4 N; stresses at other axial locations in the stretched liquid jet are obtained by means of a force balance in the usual manner. The validity of the proposed technique is demonstrated by obtaining the expected results for a Newtonian oil having a shear viscosity of 56.2 mPa-s. Also presented are preliminary data on polyethylene oxide-in-water solutions having an even lower shear viscosity.     

Accurate heat transfer measurements using thermochromic liquid crystal. Part 2: Application to a rotating disc

Encapsulated thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) can accurately measure surface temperature in a variety of heat transfer and fluid-flow experiments. In Part 1 of this two-part paper, two narrow-band liquid crystals were specifically calibrated for application to experiments on a disc rotating at high speed (5000 rpm). Part 2 describes how these crystals were used to measure the surface temperature on the disc in a transient experiment that models the flow of internal cooling air in a gas turbine. The TLC was viewed through the transparent polycarbonate disc using a digital video camera and strobe light synchronised to the disc frequency. The convective heat transfer coefficient, h, was subsequently calculated from the one-dimensional solution of Fourier’s conduction equation for a semi-infinite wall. The analysis accounted for the exponential rise in the air temperature driving the heat transfer, and for experimental uncertainties in the measured values of h. The paper focuses on the method used, and sample experimental results are provided to demonstrate the accuracy and potency of the technique.     

一种改进的冲量测试装置及其数据处理方法

对摆锤式片炸药比冲量测试装置及其数据处理方法进行了改进。首先,在对机械结构进行了改进设计的基础上,利用光栅测试系统测量摆动角度,并解决了测试时波形失真的问题,提高了装置的精密性和稳定性。然后,采用该装置研究了阻尼随摆动幅度的变化规律,并用实测数据进行了验证;提出了片炸药比冲量测试时的最大摆角修正方法,并进行了试验对比研究。结果表明:改进后的装置及其数据处理方法能够更加准确地测量片炸药的比冲量。     

基于水平集方法的毛管上升特征研究

毛管上升现象与许多行业密切相关，系统地对此现象进行研究具有重大意义。与传统理论研究方法不同，本文使用N-S方程耦合水平集方法模拟毛管气液上升行为。通过与简化条件的解析解对比，验证了模拟方法的可靠性。此外，详细地研究了毛管振荡现象，并分析了影响毛管振荡行为的主要因素。结果表明，水平集方法能够精确地表征毛管振荡现象，与数值解相比具有更高的精度。毛管长度的增加能够减弱液柱振荡，主要归结于非湿相气体的粘滞力作用；湿相密度和湿相粘度同样对毛管振荡现象影响显著。湿相密度越大，惯性力越大，促进了毛管振荡；而湿相粘度变大，会增大粘滞力作用，因此减弱了毛管振荡现象。毛管振荡是由多种影响因素共同控制的，流体的惯性力是造成毛管振荡的主要原因，而粘滞力是减弱毛管振荡行为的主要因素，使液柱振荡逐渐衰减，并稳定至平衡高度。     

Measurement of the liquid film thickness in micro tube slug flow

Slug flow is one of the representative flow regimes of two-phase flow in micro tubes. It is well known that the thin liquid film formed between the tube wall and the vapor bubble plays an important role in micro tube heat transfer. In the present study, experiments are carried out to clarify the effects of parameters that affect the formation of the thin liquid film in micro tube two-phase flow. Laser focus displacement meter is used to measure the thickness of the thin liquid film. Air, ethanol, water and FC-40 are used as working fluids. Circular tubes with five different diameters, D = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 and 1.3 mm, are used. It is confirmed that the liquid film thickness is determined only by capillary number and the effect of inertia force is negligible at small capillary numbers. However, the effect of inertia force cannot be neglected as capillary number increases. At relatively high capillary numbers, liquid film thickness takes a minimum value against Reynolds number. The effects of bubble length, liquid slug length and gravity on the liquid film thickness are also investigated. Experimental correlation for the initial liquid film thickness based on capillary number, Reynolds number and Weber number is proposed.     

Heat transfer in a thin layer of a viscous heavy noncompressible liquid under wavy flow conditions

The article describes a method for calculating the flow of heat through a wavy boundary separating a layer of liquid from a layer of gas, under the assumption that the viscosity and heat-transfer coefficients are constant, and that a constant temperature of the fixed wall and a constant temperature of the gas flow are given. A study is made of the equations of motion and thermal conductivity (without taking the dissipation energy into account) in the approximations of the theory of the boundary layer; the left-hand sides of these equations are replaced by their averaged values over the layer. These equations, after linearization, are used to determine the velocity and temperature distributions. The qualitative aspect of heat transfer in a thin layer of viscous liquid, under regular-wavy flow conditions, is examined. Particular attention is paid to the effect of the surface tension coefficient on the flow of heat through the interface.Notation x, y coordinates of a liquid particle - t time - v and u coordinates of the velocity vector of the liquid - p pressure in the liquid - c_v, , T,, andv heat capacity, thermal conductivity coefficient, temperature, density, and viscosity of the liquid, respectively - g acceleration due to gravity - surface-tension coefficient - c phase velocity of the waves at the interface - T_w wall temperature - h₀ thickness of the liquid layer - u₀ velocity of the liquid over the layer Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 147–151, July–August, 1970.     

Heat transfer and two-phase flow characteristics of refrigerants flowing under varied heat flux in a double-pipe evaporator

A mathematical model based on the annular flow pattern is developed to simulate the evaporation of refrigerants flowing under varied heat flux in a double tube evaporator. The finite difference form of governing equations of this present model is derived from the conservation of mass, energy and momentum. The experimental set-up is designed and constructed to provide the experimental data for verifying the simulation results. The test section is a 2.5 m long counterflow double tube heat exchanger with a refrigerant flowing in the inner tube and heating water flowing in the annulus. The inner tube is made from smooth horizontal copper tubing of 9.53 mm outer diameter and 7.1 mm inner diameter. The agreement of the model with the experimental data is satisfactory. The present model can be used to investigate the axial distributions of the temperature, heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of various refrigerants. Moreover, the evaporation rate or the other relevant parameters that is difficult to measure in the experiment are predicted and presented here. The results from the present mathematical model show that the saturation pressure and temperature of refrigerant decrease along the tube due to the tube wall friction and the flow acceleration of refrigerant. The liquid heat transfer coefficient increases with the axial length due to reducing the thickness of the liquid refrigerant film. Due to increase of the liquid heat transfer coefficient, increasing wall heat flux is obtained.Finally, the evaporation rate of refrigerant increases with increasing wall heat flux.     

Assessment of effect of heat of internal friction on characteristics of structured flow of viscoplastic liquid in a round tube

A structured pressure flow of viscoplastic liquid in an infinite round tube is examined. Energy dissipation is given due consideration; it is assumed that the temperature dependences of the plastic viscosity and the ultimate shear stress are exponential. The solution obtained when the parameter characterizing the rate of production of heat of internal friction is assumed to be small indicates that energy dissipation has a sgnificant effect on the local flow characteristics and the hydraulic-resistance coefficient, for which an expression suitable for engineering calculations is given.     

向列相溶致液晶旋转黏度研究

溶致液晶具有良好的生物相容性、无毒性、生物降解性以及光学、电磁学各向异性等, 在细胞相互作用、神经刺激传递、脂肪吸收、药物智能输运等生命活动研究、医药工程和液晶显示等领域有广泛应用. 本文采用旋转磁场法测得溶致液晶日落黄在不同温度和溶液浓度下向列相时旋转黏度, 并结合溶致液晶分子自组装过程, 理论分析了溶致液晶向列相旋转黏度随温度和溶液浓度的变化规律. 研究结果表明: 溶致液晶旋转黏度与液晶分子自组装柱状体平均长度的平方呈正比增大关系, 随溶液浓度的增大而增大, 随温度的升高表现出指数减小的规律. 构建了与向列相溶致液晶温度和浓度相关的旋转黏度经验表达式, 经验表达式计算结果与实验值吻合较好, 最大误差仅为18.56${\%}$. 提出采用旋转流变仪间接获得溶致液晶剪切能的新方法, 溶致液晶剪切能随溶液浓度的增大而增大, 但在实验温度范围内, 溶致液晶剪切能几乎不随温度而改变. 利用旋转流变仪间接获得的溶致液晶剪切能与报道的利用X-Ray检测所得的结果之间最大误差仅为3${\%}$. 成功地利用了液晶分子自组装能力随温度的变化规律来研究柱状体长径比对旋转黏度的影响规律, 创新地提出了"一步法"测量研究, 大大减少相关实验研究的成本和复杂性.      

Effect of the capillary forces on the moisture saturation distribution during the thawing of a frozen soil

Heterogeneous water-air mixture flows in the presence of capillary forces are investigated. It is shown that for moderate pressure and temperature gradients the distribution of the water saturation function can be determined from a nonlinear differential equation with a coefficient dependent on the porous medium parameters, the water viscosity, and the capillary pressure. The water-air mixture flow behind the ice melting front is considered.