轴向冲击载荷下薄壁折纹管的屈曲模态与吸能

在方管的基础上引入折纹结构, 利用几何关系建立折纹管的折角公式。采用LS-DYNA软件研究了6种折纹管在轴向冲击下的屈曲模态与能量吸收性能, 并与方管进行对比分析。结果表明, 折纹管在冲击载荷作用下屈曲变形过程可分为3个阶段, 初始峰值阶段、稳定渐进屈曲阶段和密实化阶段。折角是影响初始峰值载荷和平均载荷的重要因素之一, 折纹结构的引入有效的降低了初始峰值载荷, 减小了冲击力的波动幅度; 折纹管的比吸能低于方管, 但是在特定折角下, 折纹管的压缩力效率和比总体效率高于方管。     

轴向冲击载荷下开孔薄壁方管吸能特性的研究

利用有限元软件ABAQUS对开孔薄壁方管在轴向冲击载荷作用下的变形规律与吸能特性进行了数值仿真分析,并根据数值模拟结果进行了多目标优化。在薄壁方管的每个侧面上开六个长方形孔,通过改变长方形孔的长度和宽度来研究开孔薄壁方管的耐撞性。结果表明:在研究的范围内,除开孔尺寸为20mm×5mm的薄壁方管外,其余开孔薄壁方管的破坏模式为外延式破坏模式,其变形过程为动态渐进屈曲;当开孔长度增大时,开孔薄壁方管初始峰值力减小;当开孔长度和宽度同时增大时,开孔薄壁方管平均载荷均减小;开孔面积越大,管吸收的能量和比吸能越小;开孔长度不变时,随着宽度的增大压缩力效率降低,当宽度不变时,随着长度的增大压缩力效率增大。基于开孔方管的数值模拟结果构造了响应面模型并对其进行了多目标优化,给出了Pareto前沿图,可根据各目标的偏好确定方管的开孔尺寸。     

弧形折纸模式薄壁结构的压缩变形与能量吸收

选用PolyMaxTM PLA为试样材料，利用3D打印技术制备了弧形折纸薄壁管件。基于准静态轴向压缩实验，运用ABAQUS软件对弧形折纸薄壁管件轴向准静态压缩和冲击行为进行了有限元计算，探讨了其变形模式和能量吸收特性，分析了预折角和薄壁单胞管件阵列数量对其压溃模式及能量吸收的影响。有限元计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。薄壁管件的变形过程可分为4个阶段:初始压溃阶段、预折角塑性旋转阶段、腹板塑性屈曲阶段和完全压溃密实化阶段。弧形折痕的引入能够有效地降低薄壁管件在压缩过程中的初始压溃载荷峰值，减小冲击载荷的振荡幅值。对比了高度相等、质量近似相等的方管与弧形折纸薄壁管在不同冲击速度下的压缩变形与能量吸收。在准静态压缩作用下，对于单胞模型，仅有折痕倾角为70°的模型的比吸能优于方管；对于多胞管件阵列模型，方管的比吸能均优于折纸管。折纸管的压缩力效率和比总体效率均优于方管，其中折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率最高。在动态冲击压缩下，阵列方管的比吸能均优于阵列折纸管。当冲击速度为10 m/s时，折纸管的压缩力效率和比总体效率均优于方管，其中折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率最高。当冲击速度为20 m/s时，仅有折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率优于方管。     

引入Sierpinski层级特性的新型薄壁多胞管轴向冲击吸能特性

为提高薄壁结构的吸能能力，基于Sierpinski分形结构提出了一种具有层级特性的新型薄壁管，即Sierpinski层级管（Sierpinski hierarchical tube, SHT）。采用非线性有限元法对SHTs在轴向冲击载荷作用下的变形模式和能量吸收特性进行了数值分析，并与普通三角形薄壁管在轴向冲击载荷作用下的变形模式和能量吸收特性进行了对比。结果表明:SHTs的变形模式为轴对称渐进屈曲模式，在薄壁管中引入Sierpinski层级特性后，胞壁弯曲过程的半折叠波长减小，促使压缩过程中形成更多的塑性折叠单元，有利于提高薄壁结构能量吸收能力。进一步基于能量守恒理论和塑性铰理论对SHTs的轴向压缩应力进行理论求解，并通过有限元数值模拟验证其准确性。在相同的相对密度下，一阶、二阶及三阶SHTs的动态压缩应力较普通三角形薄壁管的动态压缩应力提高了85.8%、138.2%和183.8%。将Sierpinski层级特性引入薄壁管的设计中，能够有效提高薄壁管的耐撞性能。     

内爆炸载荷下泡沫铝夹芯圆管塑性动力响应及能量耗散机理

通过实验、理论和数值模拟研究泡沫铝夹芯空心圆管在内爆载荷作用下的动态变形模式及吸能机制.采用不同质量的球形乳化炸药进行爆炸试验.结构轴向变形分为3个区:大塑性变形区、绕塑性铰的刚性旋转区和无变形区.在考虑环向膜力和轴向弯矩的情况下,提出内爆作用下夹芯圆管动态响应的显式计算方法.通过建立基于三维Voronoi算法的泡沫芯有限元模型,探索结构能量耗散机制.通过实验观测到的泡沫铝夹芯空心圆管在内爆载荷作用下的变形机制,结合内外管的弯曲变形及芯层压缩,给出了结构在响应过程中能量吸收的理论解.以结构比吸能和外管中心挠度为控制参量求得夹芯圆管的最优解集.进一步研究炸药质量、内外管直径、壁厚及芯层轴向梯度排列方式对结构动态变形模式和吸能机制的影响.结果表明:内管壁厚对外管中心线的挠度影响较大,而芯层厚度和外管壁厚的影响较小;如果夹芯圆管的轴向梯度结构从管轴向对称面到两端边缘呈对称递减分布时,具有较好的抗爆性;数值计算和实验测试结果均与理论预测吻合.     

纸瓦楞管轴向跌落冲击缓冲吸能特性实验研究

纸瓦楞管是一种适用于军工/民用产品的新型缓冲防护与吸能装置,本文研究了4种正多边形纸瓦楞管在轴向跌落冲击条件下的动态压缩特性、结构参数和载荷参数对缓冲吸能特性的影响规律,结果表明,对于相同的跌落冲击载荷条件,X向纸瓦楞管发生稳定的手风琴变形模式,而Y向纸瓦楞管主要是稳态渐进屈曲变形模式与其他非理想变形模式的混合形式。X向纸瓦楞管的峰值应力低、褶皱个数较多,变形模式稳定可控,缓冲吸能特性优于Y向纸瓦楞管。随着正多边形横截面边数的增加,纸瓦楞管的总吸能变化不明显,而其他的缓冲吸能特性参数都明显下降。管长度对纸瓦楞管缓冲吸能特性影响明显,X向、Y向纸瓦楞管的总吸能随着管长度的增加而提高26.8%、70.2%,单位面积吸能增加32.2%、63.1%,但比吸能下降66.7%、34.8%,行程利用率下降10.5%、51.5%。纸瓦楞管的缓冲吸能特性参数都随着冲击质量的增加而基本上接近于线性递增关系,而随着跌落冲击能量的增加,总吸能、单位面积吸能和比吸能均有两个较小的下降,行程利用率呈现递增趋势。     

近距空爆载荷作用下固支方板的变形及破坏模式

为探讨战斗部近炸下舰船结构的变形模式,为后续理论分析和数值模拟提供实验数据,通过模型实验,分析了固支大尺寸方板在近距空爆载荷下的变形和破坏模式。在此基础上,通过测量板破裂后各裂瓣的减薄率,利用双向应变假设和体积等效原理确定了Q235钢在中部拉伸撕裂破坏模式下的断裂极限应变;根据实验模型的变形和破坏模式,基于刚塑性假设和能量密度准则提出了结构在局部爆炸载荷下的破裂判据,并对实验结果进行了预测。结果表明,随着载荷强度的增大,固支方板呈现出3种不同的变形和破坏模式;利用破裂判据对实验工况进行了预测,预测结果与实验吻合较好。     

复合材料柱管撞击分析中的有限元方法

建立了复合材料柱管结构在撞击状态下的有限元分析模型,考虑了撞击大变形引起的几何非线性、撞击接触的非线性、纤维树脂复合材料的各向异性及材料的物理非线性．给出了利用该有限元方法分析玻璃环氧柱管撞击吸能特性,并与试验进行了比较,得到了较好的吻合结果,表明该有限元方法是有效的．此外,还讨论了纤维的铺设角度对复合材料管的吸能性能的影响．     

预加载复合材料层合薄板低速冲击理论分析

为更真实地揭示飞机复合材料结构抗冲击性能,开展了面内预载荷作用下的复合材料层合薄板低速冲击行为研究。根据各向异性材料弹性力学和经典薄板理论,采用Sveklo接触律描述了冲击接触刚度和冲击变形,通过面内载荷引入预载荷因素,提出了弹性球体低速冲击预载荷复合材料层合薄板的理论分析模型;并探讨了面内预载荷状态及冲击速度对结构冲击动响应的影响规律。结果表明:面内预载荷对冲击力和冲击变形均有显著影响;面内压缩载荷降低了结构抗弯刚度,使横向抗冲击性能降低,而面内拉伸载荷反之;低速冲击过程中的接触区域面积很小,分布冲击力可简化为集中力处理。作为复合材料层合薄板低速冲击过程的重要影响因素,预载荷状态必须加以考虑。     

金属圆管抗卷曲劈裂变形吸能特性研究

为研究小尺寸、高吸能比率的安全防护吸能元件及其吸能特性,试验对比研究了壁厚3mm与4mm、内径均为26mm的两种类型金属圆管在抗卷曲轴向劈裂过程中的变形及能量吸收特性,并采用能量法分析了其吸能原理。研究结果表明:试件劈裂吸能过程可分为"波动载荷"吸能阶段和"恒定载荷"吸能阶段,恒定载荷值达71.9~143.1kN,相应的恒定载荷吸能量达4.74~7.61kJ,劈裂作用全程吸能总量达到5.68~11.24kJ;试件轴向劈裂变形稳定,形成放射状"螺旋式"扩展管条或"非螺旋式"扩展管条;试件劈裂过程主要是通过扩径塑性变形、管壁撕裂、管条摩擦、管条塑性展平耗散能量;试件恒定载荷值及相应吸能量的试验结果与理论分析结果相符合。由此,抗卷曲条件下金属圆管劈裂过程可实现恒定载荷的高效吸能作用。     

BENDING BEHAVIOR OF EMPTY AND FOAM-FILLED ALUMINUM TUBES WITH DIFFERENT CROSS-SECTIONS

In this paper, the energy absorption mechanism of empty and foam-filled aluminum tubes with different cross-sections (circular, square and elliptic) under bending load is investigated numerically. The load-displacement curves of the present simulations are in very good agreement with those of published experimental data. Here, the existing analytical formulations are reviewed and compared with experimental results. In addition, the effects of different cross-sections and wall thicknesses on the energy absorption capacity and specific energy absorption of these tubes are fully investigated. The results indicate that the energy absorption of an elliptic foam-filled tube with 1.5 mm and 2 mm thicknesses increases about 45% and 73% in comparison with a square one, respectively.     

纳米流控能量吸收耗散系统

基于纳米流控行为设计的新一代能量吸收耗散系统(nanofluidic en-ergy absorption system,NEAS)将会比传统吸能材料具有更高的能量吸收密度,而且还可以重复使用,特别是在小体积应用环境下具有显著的优势.本文从实验和计算模拟两方面综述了目前关于NEAS能量吸收耗散行为的最新研究进展,其中实验研究主要包括准静态压缩和动态压缩测试,计算模拟研究主要是采用基于经验势的分于动力学模拟方法.通过准静态压缩实验,可以测量NEAS模型的载荷–位移关系曲线,从而获得NEAS模型的临界渗透压强,了解卸载后系统是否能够恢复到加载前的状态(即是否可以重复使用),井通过载荷–位移关系曲线下面积估算NEAS模型的吸能密度;通过动态压缩实验可以测量NEAS模型对脉冲载荷的缓冲保护作用,主要体现为降低脉冲载荷幅值和扩展脉冲宽度.计算模型研究可以明确给出NEAS对外载荷的微观响应,从而可以准确了解NEAS的能量吸收耗散机制以及吸能密度的主要影响因素.本研究可以帮助我们全面了解NEAS的研究进展,为NEAS的设计与优化提供重要指导.     

Nanofluidic energy absorption system: A review

基于纳米流控行为设计的新一代能量吸收耗散系统（nanofluidic en-ergy absorption system,NEAS）将会比传统吸能材料具有更高的能量吸收密度,而且还可以重复使用,特别是在小体积应用环境下具有显著的优势.本文从实验和计算模拟两方面综述了目前关于NEAS能量吸收耗散行为的最新研究进展,其中实验研究主要包括准静态压缩和动态压缩测试,计算模拟研究主要是采用基于经验势的分子动力学模拟方法.通过准静态压缩实验,可以测量NEAS模型的载荷–位移关系曲线,从而获得NEAS模型的临界渗透压强,了解卸载后系统是否能够恢复到加载前的状态（即是否可以重复使用）,并通过载荷–位移关系曲线下面积估算NEAS模型的吸能密度;通过动态压缩实验可以测量NEAS模型对脉冲载荷的缓冲保护作用,主要体现为降低脉冲载荷幅值和扩展脉冲宽度.计算模型研究可以明确给出NEAS对外载荷的微观响应,从而可以准确了解NEAS的能量吸收耗散机制以及吸能密度的主要影响因素.本研究可以帮助我们全面了解NEAS的研究进展,为NEAS的设计与优化提供重要指导.     

方钢管混凝土柱延性的实验研究

针对结构抗震设计对延性的要求,对不同轴压比、长细比和混凝土标号的7根方钢管混凝土柱试件进行了低周反复加载实验,得到了框架柱的荷载位移曲线、骨架曲线以及各阶段的荷载位移值,据此分析了各种因素对方钢管混凝土柱延性的影响.实验结果表明:剪力滞引发了方钢管混凝土柱的塑性铰,塑性铰的扩展是柱端承载力下降的根本原因,增大轴压比将引起塑性铰更早出现,进而降低框架柱的延性和水平抗剪能力;增大长细比可以延缓塑性铰出现,提高柱的延性和耗能能力,但是水平抗剪能力下降;提高混凝土强度等级可以降低大轴压比、大长细比带来的不利因素.实验结果与有限元计算数据吻合良好.     

Experimental studies on thin-walled grooved tubes under axial compression

We study experimentally the axial crushing behavior and crashworthiness characteristics of thin-walled steel tubes containing annular grooves. The grooves determine the positions of the folds and control the buckling mode of deformation. In the present work we aim to improve the uniformity of the load-displacement behavior and to predict the energy absorption capacity of the tubes. Grooves are cut circumferentially and alternately inside and outside the tubes at predetermined intervals. Quasi-static axial crushing tests are performed with different groove distances. Photographs are taken during axial buckling and the specimens after crushing are sectioned axially to carry out the measurements. The deformation modes and load-displacement curves are described and energy absorption and mean post-buckling load are determined. The convolutions are achieved by folding in an axisymmetric concertina mode about the circumferential grooves. The results show that the load-displacement curve and energy absorbed by the axial crushing of tubes can be controlled by the introduction of grooves with different distances.     

泡沫铝夹芯双方管结构准静态轴压性能的实验研究

对几种泡沫铝夹芯方管结构的准静态轴压性能进行了实验研究。结果表明,较空管及泡沫铝夹芯单管结构,泡沫铝夹芯双管结构的承载能力及能量吸收效率明显得到增强。双管夹芯结构中外管撕裂模式的结构行程利用率和能量吸收效率高于相应的外管周期折叠模式。而泡沫铝四角填充方式提高了双管夹芯结构相同变形模式下的能量吸收效率和结构变形的稳定性。同时研究了内管管壁及材料强度对泡沫铝夹芯双管结构的影响。随着内管壁厚增大,双管夹芯结构的能量吸收效率提高,而内管材料强度影响不明显。     

Aluminum foam-filled extrusions subjected to oblique loading: experimental and numerical study

The behavior of empty and foam-filled square thin-walled aluminum columns in alloy AA6060 subjected to quasi-static oblique loading was examined. Previous studies have shown that by introducing a load angle, the energy absorption decreases drastically compared to axial loading. One of the main objectives of the present investigation was to study the effect of introducing aluminum foam filler on the energy absorption. The square columns were clamped at one end and oblique load conditions were realized at the other end by applying a force with different angles to the centerline of the column. An experimental program was carried out where the main parameters were load angle, foam density and heat treatment of the extrusion material. Additionally, numerical analyses of the experiments were performed, mainly to verify a numerical model of the obliquely loaded foam-filled columns. The foam was modeled with the foam model of Deshpande and Fleck, together with a simple fracture criterion, which previously has been implemented as a user subroutine in LS-DYNA. The study shows that high-density aluminum foam filler increases the energy absorption considerably, but the specific energy absorption is lowered compared to the empty cross sections. Furthermore, the numerical analyses were able to predict the experimental results with reasonable accuracy.     

偏心率效应对金属圆柱管轴压性能的影响

用含有偏心率因子的直链塑性铰叠缩模型来分析金属圆柱管轴向压缩能量吸收，根据能量原理推导了瞬时载荷，从而获得压缩过程的载荷-位移曲线．讨论了偏心率对平均压缩载荷和载荷-位移曲线形貌的影响．实验结果与模型分析符合得很好．     

A study on an axial crush configuration response of thin-wall, steel box components: The quasi-static experiments

An experimental investigation was performed to study a specific axial crush configuration response of steel, square box components under quasi-static testing conditions. For a specific cross-sectional geometry/fabrication process, test specimens were obtained from commercially produced, welded tube lengths of ASTM A36 and ASTM A513 Type 1 plain low-carbon steels and AISI 316 and AISI 304 austenitic stainless steels. Removable grooved caps were used to constrain tube test specimen ends, and collapse initiators in the form of shallow machined grooves were used to control the initial transverse deformations of the test specimen sidewalls. The progressive plastic deformation for all of the test specimens was restricted to the prototype configuration response (fold formation process and the corresponding axial load-axial displacement curve shape) of the symmetric axial crush mode. Crush characteristics were evaluated and, for each material type, observed differences were less than 7% for maximum and minimum load magnitudes and less than 2% for energy absorption, displacement, and mean load quantities in both the initial phase and the secondary folding phase cycles. Overall, results of the study indicate that for a significant range of material strengths, a controlled and repeatable energy absorption process can be obtained for commercially produced steel box components undergoing symmetric axial crush response.     

Determination of the mechanical constants of ZnS nanobelt by combining nanoindentation test and finite element method

The single nanobelt simplified as transversely isotropic is modeled by three dimension element during the modeling of finite element method (FEM), and the mechanical constants of ZnS nanobelt are obtained by combining nanoindentation test and FEM. In the forward analysis, the numerical loading curves at the appropriate penetration depth are simulated by using the purely mechanical indentation (PMI) and piezoelectric indentation (PI) modes to extract the numerical maximum indentation load and numerical loading curve exponent, and they are used to establish the dimensionless equations related with the mechanical constants of nanobelt by fitting the mechanical constants vs numerical maximum indentation load and numerical loading curve exponent curves. In the reverse analysis, the experimental indentation curve performed on ZnS nanobelt is fitted as the power function to obtain the maximum indentation load and the loading curve exponent and they are substituted into the dimensionless equations to solve the mechanical constants of the nanobelt. In order to verify the validity, the mechanical constants are inputted into ABAQUS software to obtain the computational loading curves under PMI and PI modes, and they are in good agreement with the experimental indentation curve of ZnS nanobelt. The combination solutions of mechanical constants under PMI mode is of larger total error than those under PI mode, and it indicates that the piezoelectric effect should be reasonably considered into the developed method, which is effective to determine the mechanical property of single nanobelt.