坡面流及土壤侵蚀动力学（II）——————土壤侵蚀

介绍了坡面土壤侵蚀的基本特征和主要类型, 综述了坡面土壤侵蚀动力学过程和预报模型等方面的研究进展, 包括土壤表层结皮、雨滴溅蚀、片流侵蚀、细沟侵蚀、坡面流输沙、土壤侵蚀界限坡度, 以及土壤侵蚀预报模型等. 并简要讨论了土壤侵蚀动力学研究的发展趋势.     

坡面流运动方程和有支流入汇时的一维明渠流方程形式

从带源项的圣维南方程出发,根据坡面流特点,分析给出了坡面水流运动方程的基本形式,通过基本的力学分析,指出了通常应用于有支流放汇时的一维明渠流方程存在的问题,并得到了新的方程形式。     

不同高度柔性植被对坡面流水动力特性的影响

基于系列坡面流试验,研究了柔性植被的高度(4 cm,8 cm和15 cm)对坡面流水动力特性的影响.研究表明:覆盖率相同时,4 cm植被阻水效果最好,15cm最差,而该差异随着坡度增大而减小.4 cm和8 cm植被覆盖时,水流阻力系数随雷诺数增加先减小后增加,这是由于雷诺数较小时水流阻力主要以床面阻力为主,雷诺增大时主要以植被阻力为主.另外,通过染色剂法测得光滑床面平均流速修正系数为0.2～0.4,有植被覆盖床面为0.4～0.8,且修正系数随平均流速增大而增大.     

坡面降雨径流和土壤侵蚀的数值模拟

利用水力学原理建立了坡面降雨径流和土壤侵蚀模型，分别采用特征线法和有限差分法对径流量和土壤侵蚀量进行了求解，并针对具体降雨事件进行了模拟计算，计算结果与试验小区实测值基本一致．本研究表明水土流失随着降雨强度和坡度的增大而加剧，特别是坡度引起的土壤侵蚀     

降雨冲刷对黄土公路边坡植物防护影响的试验研究

通过对裸露黄土公路边坡、厚层基材植草公路边坡、三维网植草公路边坡以及平台植树公路边坡的现场降雨冲刷试验,阐述了不同防护型式的公路黄土边坡在降雨条件下的坡面径流、含泥量以及坡面冲刷情况,得出了"降雨对边坡坡面的侵蚀过程,首先是从雨滴直接打击土体开始,进而引起溅蚀,分散土粒,紧接着发生超渗径流造成坡面冲刷。"以及"对坡面破坏最大的是坡顶上方来水"等重要结论。验证了坡面植物防护以及平台植树等防护方法可以有效降低降雨冲刷对坡面的侵蚀破坏,为黄土地区公路边坡植物防护的设计施工以提供了可靠的依据。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVE OVER A RIDGE AND ITS ACTING FORCES ON A SUBMERGED SLENDER BODY

内孤立波沿山脊地形传播过程中的结构变化使得影响海洋结构物及水下航行器安全的不确定因素增加,用大型重力式分层流试验水槽系统研究内孤立波过山脊地形及其对细长潜体作用力特性,可有效提高对其危害性机理的认识.为此,利用电导率探头阵列,结合染色标识方法,测量内孤立波演变特性,同时利用三分量传感器测量水下细长体模型受力特性.研究结果表明：山脊地形显著改变下凹型内孤立波结构,表现为坡前波幅增大,坡顶背风波面抬升,坡后波长变长;内波结构变化直接影响细长体受力特性,表现为坡前向下作用力明显增强,坡顶向上作用力突显,坡后作用力持续时间变长;细长体受力特性变化影响其运动趋势,坡前下沉运动增强、朝山脊方向纵荡运动显著.     

过山脊内孤立波演变及其对细长潜体的作用力特性

内孤立波沿山脊地形传播过程中的结构变化使得影响海洋结构物及水下航行器安全的不确定因素增加,用大型重力式分层流试验水槽系统研究内孤立波过山脊地形及其对细长潜体作用力特性,可有效提高对其危害性机理的认识.为此,利用电导率探头阵列,结合染色标识方法,测量内孤立波演变特性,同时利用三分量传感器测量水下细长体模型受力特性.研究结果表明:山脊地形显著改变下凹型内孤立波结构,表现为坡前波幅增大,坡顶背风波面抬升,坡后波长变长;内波结构变化直接影响细长体受力特性,表现为坡前向下作用力明显增强,坡顶向上作用力突显,坡后作用力持续时间变长;细长体受力特性变化影响其运动趋势,坡前下沉运动增强、朝山脊方向纵荡运动显著.     

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应用一维水沙耦合数学模型研究了可冲刷坡面上滚波的水动力学特性. 模型的基本控制方程 采用完整的、基于守恒定律的一维浅水动力学方程，运用能够捕捉激波和泥沙运动不连续性 的WAF TVD二阶数值格式离散控制方程. 通过复演定床滚波的运动特点，对模型进行了验证. 可冲刷坡面的滚波数值模拟结果表明，床面形态对滚波水动力学特性有显著的影响.     

人间巧艺夺天工——————空中烟花形状的力学分析

 通过对空中烟火爆发后其烟花微粒的受力分析，导出其运动方程为一球面方程，于是 这些燃烧发光的微粒便在夜空中组成了多种多样色彩缤纷的球状烟花.     

川藏公路培龙沟路段堆积物的分形特征及其地质意义

川藏公路培龙沟路段有多种不同类型的堆积物。本文应用分形理论,探讨了培龙沟路段泥石流堆积物、冰碛堆积物、冲洪积堆积物以及坡积或者残坡积物的分形特征。通过粒度分析法计算出不同类型堆积物的粒度分维,得到泥石流堆积物分维最大,冰碛堆积物分维较大,坡积或者残坡积堆积物较小,冲积物或者洪积物分维最小的规律。最后系统论述了堆积物粒度分维的地质意义,认为堆积物粒度分维是对堆积物物质组成的复杂性和自组织性、堆积物形成过程和形成时间以及泥石流、冰川、河流和洪水等搬运能力和运动过程的反映和度量。该研究为野外不同类型堆积物的区分、成因、形成过程等研究提供了一种新的方法,具有一定参考价值。     

Hillslope soil erosion process model for natural rainfall events

Based on the momentum theorem and water-balance principle, this paper has derived the basic equations of slope runoff. Soil erosion by raindrop splash and runoff are discussed, and hillslope soil erosion processes model was established. Finally, the model was solved by numerical solution considering the common solution-determining conditions, from which not only runoff and soil erosion yield but also their processes can be obtained. The model is validated by using observation data of Soil Conservation Ecological Science & Technology Demonstration Park of Jiangxi Province. Results show that the maximum relative error between the computation and observation values of the slop runoff processes is 10％ while the maximum relative error between the computation and observation values of hillslope soil erosion processes is 9.2％. This indicates that the model is conceptually realistic reasonable and offers a feasible approach for research on soil erosion process. Key words overland flow﹒raindrop splash﹒runoff erosion﹒process﹒numerical solution     

Dynamically adaptive tree grid modeling for simulation and visualization of rainwater overland flow

Modeling and visualization of a rainwater overland flow is an important tool for a risk assessment, preparation, evacuation planning, and real‐time forecasting of flood warning. The objective of this research is to develop a numerical software to visualize the rainwater overland flow based on a finite volume method for shallow water equations and in combination with the dynamically adaptive tree grid technique and the dynamic domain‐defining method. The obtained simulations for several experiments were tested and compared with results in literature, both theoretical and experimental results. The comparisons with non‐adaptive grids show that the developed algorithm for simulation is very efficient and has a potential for practical usages, in terms of computational times and accuracy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

纳米颗粒多相流体动力学研究及应用

纳米颗粒多相流研究是目前多相流研究中新的研究方向及重点发展领域.为探索纳米尺度多相流相间作用机理及内部存在机制,采用理论分析及数值计算手段,对一般动力学方程的封闭处理、颗粒碰撞率宏观模型的有效构建、颗粒凝并系统动力学演变特性的机理分析、非稀相问题碰撞率的求取、双变量问题求解方法的建立以及一些实际应用进行了系统研究,提出了新的针对纳米尺度颗粒动力学演变的一般动力学方程求解方法,并将其应用于实际工业过程问题的研究.该文对上述研究工作进行了综述.     

Influences of Slope Gradient on Soil Erosion

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Effects of transport distance and flow discharge of overland flow on destruction of Ultisol aggregates

The destruction of soil aggregates upon transport by overland flow may produce a significant effect on sediment transport capacity and general intensity of erosion. The particle size distribution of destructed soil aggregates has a close relation to the surface runoff and permeability of soils. The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of transport distance and flow discharge of overland flow on the destruction of aggregates of Ultisols in a 3.8 m long flume with a fixed bed. A series of experiments were carried out at a slope of 17.6%, including six transport distances (9–108 m) and eight discharges (0.4–1.2 L/s). The results indicate that (1) the extent of the destruction of aggregates became weaker with the decrease in size over the same transport distances or at the same discharges; (2) the aggregates derived from Shale were rapidly abraded and had more serious destruction as compared to the aggregates from Quaternary red clay during the transport process, which was relevant to the stability difference of the two parent materials; (3) two stages of aggregate breakdown could be identified in terms of the coefficient α during transport, that is, the aggregates were rapidly abraded and became round and were predominantly broken down into smaller fragments at the first stage, while the smaller fragments and the round aggregates were weakly abraded with reduction in weight and their shape became regular; and (4) the extent of the destruction decreased with increasing discharge, which was due to the changes in the hydraulic properties (flow depth and friction factor) and in movement modes during the transport process. The analysis of the characteristics on aggregate destruction by overland flow can contribute to the development of soil erosion models.     

ON FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

渗流是流体在多孔介质中的流动，渗流现象广泛地存在于自然界、工程材料、动物、植物中。多孔介质种类繁多，包括岩石(含各类矿藏)、土壤、生物材料和人工多孔介质材料等。渗流理论已经成为人类开发地下水、地热、石油、天然气、煤炭与煤层气等诸多地下资源的重要理论基础。本文从渗流的基本概念、渗流的分类、渗流的影响因素、渗流的特征以及渗流的研究意义等方面进行了阐述。     

纳米尺度圆柱绕流尾迹区流动形式模拟研究

采用非平衡分子动力学模拟方法，对微尺度低{Re}数下的圆柱 绕流问题进行了研究，模拟结果表明：当{Re}<12时，圆柱下游形成对称、无分离的 定常流；当{Re}>20时，圆柱下游形成周期性交替出现的对称涡；当 12相似文献