岩石三维破裂过程分析软件开发及其应用

概述了岩石破裂过程的研究现状和建立三维破坏过程数值模型的研究意义，介绍了 岩石破裂过程分析的数值思想以及软件特点、软件编制的实现方法，针对岩石基本力学 试验和破坏特点、工程混凝土的拉伸裂缝问题做了几个实例模拟分析. 结果表 明RFPA^{3D}可以很好地反映实际岩石破裂的特点和基本规律，为岩石破裂过程分析提供了一个有力的工 具.     

基于CT扫描的花岗岩三维数值试件重构模型及应用

岩石细观结构控制宏观破裂模式,建立一种表征岩石细观结构的数值模型重构方法并能够嵌入到力学模型中计算岩石破坏过程应力分布,对于揭示岩石破坏机理具有重要的理论意义.论文以花岗岩试件为研究对象,借助于先进的CT技术获取试件内部结构切片图像,利用数字图像处理技术实现了基于CT图像的花岗岩试件结构的识别和表征,基于矢量化方法和岩石破裂过程分析系统RFPA3D建立了花岗岩三维数值试件,对花岗岩试件单轴压缩破裂过程进行了数值模拟.通过数值试验结果与物理实验结果对比发现,基于CT扫描的花岗岩数值试件真实表征了岩石细观结构,所以力学模拟得到的破裂模式与室内物理实验得到的破裂模式相似,同时能够解译岩石破裂力学机理,为深入研究岩石、复合材料等力学特征提供了一种可行方法.     

近场动力学研究进展与岩石破裂过程模拟

近场动力学（Peridynamics，PD）作为一种新兴的非局部性理论，在非连续处不需要任何处理，能够很好表述模型从连续到非连续的过程。首先，在PD基本理论简介的基础上，系统回顾了PD的国内外研究现状。其次，采用键型PD理论对非均匀性的圆孔岩板单轴拉伸破裂过程进行了二维数值模拟，采用态型PD理论对单轴、常规三轴以及真三轴等不同压缩条件下的岩石破裂过程进行了三维数值模拟，并以加拿大Mine-by隧洞为例对现场岩体破裂过程进行了模拟，结果表明PD在岩石破裂过程模拟上具有较强适用性。最后，指出当前PD在岩石破裂过程模拟中存在的主要问题和未来值得开展的若干研究课题。     

岩石试样弹塑性破裂过程的数值模拟分析

依据岩土类材料的非匀质性特性，并采用对材料参数进行随机赋值的方法研制了弹塑性破裂过程数值分析程序，并用实例证明了程序的可靠性。应用该程序对岩石试样弹塑性破裂过程进行数值模拟研究．分析表明：数值模拟结果与试验研究结果是吻合的。从而为工程岩体断裂分析提出了一种可能的方法与途径。     

岩石弹塑性破裂过程的数值模拟研究

分析了对于非均质、非连续且材料参数分布具有分散性和随机性的岩体介质，采用传统有限元法解决其工程问题的局限性．阐述了用岩石力学性质的分布特性来描述岩石材料不均匀性，并用蒙特卡洛模拟方法，将符合Weibull分布规律的材料参数赋予岩体结构中的各个单元体，进而用计算机进行数值模拟的研究方法．应用了在Windows95环境下利用FORTRAN Power Station4．0平台开发的具有可视性的“岩石弹塑性破裂过程分析”软件——REPFPA软件，对典型的岩石试样和巷道模型的弹塑性破裂过程进行数值模拟研究，得到了有价值的实验结果．证明把材料参数随机赋值方法引入到岩土类材料的弹塑性破裂过程分析中去，并用计算机进行数值模拟是研究岩石弹塑性破裂过程的一种有效方法。     

应用数值试验方法，推进岩石力学实验的教学

 把岩石破坏过程分析数值模拟系统RFPA引入岩石力学实验课程的教学，进行岩石变形 与破裂过程的数值试验. 数值试验可以再现许多物理实验所不能观察到的力学现象(例如 岩石破裂过程中的应力场)，从而使学生对岩石的变形与破坏过程有更加清晰的认识，提高岩 石力学实验的教学质量.     

岩石破裂滑动过程及其声发射数值模拟

运用岩石破裂与失稳过程分析RFPA2D系统, 对滑动形成过程进行了数值模拟研究。滑动岩体似为非均匀弹 -脆岩石材料, 模拟结果再现了滑动形成从变形到破坏直至失稳的全过程及其声发射规律。     

岩石紧凑拉伸断裂过程及其尺寸效应的三维数值模拟

采用最近开发的三维岩石破裂过程分析软件RFPA3D模拟单边裂纹紧凑拉伸断裂过程。试验中五个不同尺寸的岩样具有相同的力学性质参数分布,模拟结果得到了裂纹扩展中的应力场、位移场和声发射的空间分布以及单边裂纹扩展贯通的过程。单边裂纹拉伸断裂的路径是一个复杂的空间三维曲面,三维裂纹比二维裂纹更为复杂。分析了岩石试样的峰值强度和试样尺寸之间的关系。随着岩样尺寸的增加,峰值强度逐渐减小,并且延性破坏特征更加明显,模拟结果满足岩石的尺寸效应规律。最后模拟了三组不同均匀性的试样拉伸破坏过程,结果表明细观上的非均匀性对岩石尺寸效应有很大影响,随着非均匀性的增加,岩石宏观强度随之提高,即使在均匀材料中一样存在尺寸效应。     

基于数字图像处理的岩石细观破裂力学分析

将数字图像处理技术引入到岩石破裂过程分析RFPA2D(Rock Failure Process Analysis)系统,建立了岩石细观结构破坏过程分析方法．首先提取岩石的细观结构图像,再转化成RFPA2D的前处理数据和数值分析网格,然后进行应力求解和破坏分析．以花岗岩细观结构为例,阐述了运用基于数字图像处理技术的RFPA2D方法进行岩石细观结构破坏分析的过程．结果表明,在岩石破裂过程数值模拟分析中引入数字图像处理技术是岩石细观结构破坏力学行为研究的一种方便而有效的方法．     

脆性岩石破裂过程损伤与渗流耦合数值模型研究

大量的实验结果表明，脆性岩石的渗透性不是一个常量，而是应力和应力诱发损伤破裂的函数．建立了一个描述非均匀岩石渗流-应力-损伤耦合数学模型(FSD Model)，开发出岩石破裂过程渗流-应力-损伤耦合分析计算系统(F-RFPA^2D)．在该系统中，单元的力学、水力学性质根据统计分布而变化，以体现材料的随机不均质性，材料在开裂破坏过程中流体压力传递通过单元渗流-损伤耦合迭代来实现．该系统能够对岩石试件在孔隙水压力和双轴荷载作用下裂纹的萌生、扩展过程中渗透率演化规律及其渗流-应力耦合机制进行模拟分析．最后，给出两个算例：算例1模拟载荷作用下岩石应力应变-渗透率全过程．模拟结果表明，非均匀性对岩石的应力峰值强度、峰值前后其渗透性演化规律及其破裂机制影响十分明显，模拟结果和实验结果较为一致；算例2模拟孔隙水压力作用下岩石拉伸断裂过程，通过和物理实验对比验证，验证了模型计算结果的可靠性。     

Calculating the Time to Creep Failure of Thin-Walled Pipes under Internal Pressure

The time to failure is calculated for thin-walled pipes subjected to internal pressure, to internal pressure and tension, and to internal pressure and bending. The problems are solved using the concept of equivalent stresses. The equivalent stresses are found from a mixed delayed-failure criterion relating the maximum normal stress and the intensity of tangent stresses. The criterion includes an additional material constant, which is determined experimentally. The calculated results and experimental data are compared and found to be in satisfactory agreement     

Water flow between soil aggregates

Aggregated soils are structured systems susceptible to non-uniform flow. The hydraulic properties depend on the aggregate fabric and the way the aggregates are assembled. We examined the hydraulic behavior of an aggregate packing. We focused on conditions when water mostly flows through the aggregates, leaving the inter-aggregate pore space air-filled. The aggregates were packed in 3 mm thick slabs forming a quasi two-dimensional bedding. The larger aggregates were wetted with water and embedded in smaller aggregates equilibrated at a lower water content. The water exchange between wet and drier aggregates was monitored by neutron radiography. The three-dimensional arrangement of the aggregates was reconstructed by neutron tomography. The water flow turned out to be controlled by the contacts between aggregates, bottle-necks that slow down the flow. The bottle-neck effect is due to the narrow flow cross section of the contacts. The water exchange was simulated by considering the contact area between aggregates as the key parameter. In order to match the observed water flow, the contact area must be reduced by one to two orders of magnitude relative to that obtained from image analysis. The narrowness of the contacts is due to air-filled voids within the contacts.     

Experimental and numerical study of an aquaculture net cage with floater in waves and current

The mooring loads on an aquaculture net cage in current and waves are investigated by dedicated model tests and numerical simulations. The main purpose is to investigate which physical effects are dominant for mooring loads, and in this respect, to investigate the validity of different rational hydrodynamic load models. Also structural and numerical aspects are investigated. The model tests are performed to provide benchmark data, while the numerical model is used to study the effect and sensitivity of different load models and parameters.Compared to a realistic aquaculture plant, the total system is simplified to reduce the complexity. The system does, however, include all the four main components of an aquaculture plant: net cage, floater, sinker weights and moorings. The net cage is bottomless, flexible and circular. It is attached to a circular, elastic floater at the top and has 16 sinker weights at the bottom. The system is nearly linearly moored with four crow feet mooring lines.The loads are measured in the four mooring lines. A systematic variation of current only, wave only as well as combined current and wave conditions is carried out. The numerical simulation results are first benchmarked towards the experimental data. The mean loads in general dominate over the dynamic part of the loads in combined current and waves, and they significantly increase in long and steep waves, relative to current only. Next, a sensitivity study is carried out. A rigid floater significantly alters the loads in the mooring lines compared to a realistic, elastic floater. The theoretical model for the wave matters. The mooring loads are rather insensitive to a majority of the parameters and models, in particular: frequency dependent added mass of the floater and nonlinear restoring loads. It seems not to be necessary to represent the net cage with a very fine numerical mesh.     

半无限大体广义电磁热弹耦合的二维问题

基于Lord和Shulman广义热弹性理论,研究了热、电可导的半无限大体电磁热弹耦合的二维问题。半无限大体受热和外加恒定磁场的作用,文中建立了电磁热弹性耦合的控制方程,利用正则模态法求解得到了所考虑物理量的解析解,并用图形反映了各物理量的分布规律,从分布图上可以看出,介质中出现了电磁热弹耦合效应,各物理量的非零值仅在一个有限的区域内。     

复合材料层合板1:1参数共振的分岔研究

针对复合材料对称铺设各向异性矩形层合板的物理模型,在同时考虑了材料、阻尼和几何等非线性因素后,建立了二自由度非线性参数振动系统动力学控制方程,并应用多尺度法求得基本参数共振下的近似解析解,利用数值模拟分析了系统的分岔和混沌运动.指出了伽辽金截断对系统动力学分析的影响,以及系统进入混沌的途径.     

Application and analysis of functionally graded piezoelectrical rotating cylinder as mechanical sensor subjected to pressure and thermal loads

The exact thermoelastic analysis of a functionally graded piezoelectrical (FGP) rotating cylinder is investigated analytically. The cylinder is subjected to a combination of electrical, thermal, and mechanical loads simultaneously. The structure is a simplified model of a rotational sensor or actuator. The basic governing differential equation of the system is obtained by using the energy method. A novel term, named as the additional energy, is introduced to exact the evaluation of the energy functional. The solution to the governing differential equation is presented for two types of boundary conditions including free rotating and rotating cylinders exposed to the inner pressure. The effect of the angular velocity is investigated on the radial distribution of various components. The mentioned structure can be considered as a sensor for measuring the angular velocity of the cylinder subjected to the pressure and temperature. The obtained results indicate that the electrical potential is proportional to the angular velocity.     

Wake properties of a single gas bubble in three-dimensional liquid-solid fluidized bed

Experiments were performed to investigate the wake properties of a single gas bubble in a three-dimensional liquid-solid fluidized bed via a video camera moving at the same speed as the bubble. The solids holdup in the fluidized bed varied up to around 10%. The bubble size varied from 5 to 20 mm with corresponding bubble Reynolds numbers ranging from 1000 to 6500. The bubble was observed to have two types of wake configurations depending on the bubble size: the asymmetric/helical vortex wake for small bubbles and the symmetric wake for large bubbles. The bubble shape and relative rise velocity in the fluidized bed can be well-represented by correlations developed for single bubbles in liquid media, although the bubble shape in liquid-solid media is slightly more flattened compared to that in liquid media. The bubble rocking frequency was found to be independent of particle properties and to correspond in magnitude to the vortex shedding frequency in a two-dimensional liquid-solid fluidized bed. The average primary wake size in three dimensions is comparable to that in two dimensions.     

Experimental Study and Fractal Analysis of Heterogeneity in Naturally Fractured Rocks

Capillary pressure curves of six low porosity and low permeability core samples from The Geysers geothermal field were measured using the mercury-intrusion approach to characterize the heterogeneity of rock. One high permeability Berea sandstone core sample was analyzed similarly, for comparison. The maximum pressure of mercury intruded into the rock was about 200 MPa to reach the extremely small pores. Experimental data showed that the capillary pressure curves of The Geysers rock are very different from that of the Berea sandstone. It was found that the frequently used capillary pressure models could not be used to represent the data from The Geysers rock samples. This might be because of the fractures in the rock. To this end, a fractal technique was proposed to model the features of the capillary pressure curves and to characterize the difference in heterogeneity between The Geysers rock and Berea sandstone. The results demonstrated that the rock from The Geysers geothermal field was fractal over a scaling range of about five orders of magnitude. The values of the fractal dimension of all the core samples (six from The Geysers and one Berea sandstone) calculated using the proposed approach were in the range from 2 to 3. The results showed that The Geysers rock with a high density of fractures had a greater fractal dimension than Berea sandstone which is almost without fractures. This shows that The Geysers rock has greater heterogeneity, as expected.     

Novel method for research on exposure to nonlinear vibration transferred by suspension of vehicle

The paper presents novel method for research on exposure to nonlinear vibration of passenger car suspension as nonlinear dynamical system. Also paper provides a discussion on the results of studies addressing the impact exerted by damping properties of shock absorber on the vibrations being generated. The research was conducted on the car forced to vibration by the exciter machine with changeable frequency. The paper addresses results of analysis of application of one of the time-frequency representation techniques to the identification of structure of vibration. The obtained representation of the vibration allows determining time function of separate frequency bands, which represents the isolated vibration dynamics phenomena. Considering the variability of the time and frequency distribution of the vibration even in selected analysed bands, the time function was developed as exposure to vibration estimator. The recommended method makes use of function of exposure to vibration. The advantage of these method is possibilities of precise analysis of chosen frequency bands. The investigations conducted confirm considerable susceptibility to changes in the technical condition of shock absorber with regard to the assessment of human exposure to vibrations.