近源堆沉积土石体细观结构与抗剪强度指标关联分析

细观结构是认知土石体力学行为本质的关键科学问题。本文通过引入物理学和数学等方法,借助颗粒物质力学理论,从几何排列与接触力的空间分布来定量刻画水平固结与山前坡地堆积两种典型环境下土石体的细观结构特征,并建立其与抗剪强度指标的关联。研究表明,(1)两种环境的土石体在细观结构上存在较大差异。在几何排列上,水平固结环境下的土石体具有长程无序和短程有序的特点,坡地堆沉积环境下的土石体表现出了无序的无定形结构;在接触力与单位接触向量的空间分布上,两者较为相似,绝大多数接触力以小于均值接触力的形式存在,其概率密度曲线P(f)呈幂函数衰减;90%以上接触方位角集中在40°～160°和220°～340°范围内。(2)基于径向分布函数、接触力概率密度和单位接触向量分别定义细观结构的特征量K_a,K_s和K_o,发现三个特征量的增大对内摩擦角呈线性促进作用,对黏聚力呈非线性削弱作用。     

柱塞泵多目标优化设计及CFD仿真分析

液压泵噪声是液压系统的主要噪声源，针对轴向柱塞泵的流致振动噪声，提出一种改善泵配流特性的设计方案。首先，根据柱塞泵的工作原理对柱塞腔压力特性和泵出口流量特性准确建模并求解。通过分析压力冲击和流量脉动对错配角（φ₀）的响应，得φ₀=4°为佳。利用一种多目标遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ），以减小压力超调量和流量脉动率为目标，对三角槽结构进行了优化；并获得该多目标优化问题的Pareto最优解集，通过对最优解集的分析知，深度角θ₁=16°且宽度角θ₂=85°时较为理想。最后，为了验证模型的正确性，建立流体域计算流体动力学（CFD）模型，对比两种模型计算结果发现吻合较好，能够相互验证。利用CFD分析结果可视化的特点，从柱塞泵流场的角度，进一步分析了泵压力冲击以及流量脉动产生的原因。     

On near-wall hot-wire measurements

A specially constructed hot-wire probe was used to obtain very near-wall velocity measurements in both a fully developed turbulent channel flow and flat plate boundary layer flow. The near-wall hot-wire probe, having been calibrated in a specially constructed laminar flow calibration rig, was used to measure the mean streamwise velocity profile, distributions of streamwise and spanwise intensities of turbulence and turbulence kinetic energy k in the viscous sublayer and beyond; these distributions compare very favorably with available DNS results obtained for channel flow. While low Reynolds number effects were clearly evident for the channel flow, these effects are much less distinct for the boundary layer flow. By assuming the dissipating range of eddy sizes to be statistically isotropic and the validity of Taylor's hypothesis, the dissipation rate ɛ _iso in the very near-wall viscous sublayer region and beyond was determined for both the channel and boundary layer flows. It was found that if the convective velocity U _c in Taylor's hypothesis was assumed to be equal to the mean velocity Uˉ at the point of measurement, the value of (ɛ⁺ _iso)₁ thus obtained agrees well with that of (ɛ ⁺)_DNS for y ⁺ ≥ 80 for channel flow; this suggests the validity of assuming U _c=Uˉ and local isotropy for large values of y ⁺. However, if U _c was assumed to be 10.6u _τ , the value of (ɛ⁺ _iso)₂ thus obtained was found to compare reasonably well with the distribution of (ɛ⁺ _iso)_DNS for y ⁺≤ 15. Received: 31 May 1999/Accepted: 20 December 1999     

Experiments on the effect of acceleration on the drag of tapwater bubbles

Three-dimensional (3D) trajectories of spherical air bubbles passing through a converging part of a rectangular channel have been measured. Bubble diameters, d _b, were less than 1 mm and the Reynolds numbers, Re _b, for stagnant tapwater and for mean liquid velocity vˉ _L=0.25 m/s were in about same range. Received: 15 January 2001 / Accepted: 12 June 2001     

海南岛清澜-八门湾潟湖潮汐水动力的模拟研究

基于DELFT3D模型研究了清澜-八门湾潟湖的水位分布和潮汐波内部结构，以及由于人类开垦引起的海岸线变化（以1962年、1985年和2008年为例）对潟湖水动力特性的影响。结果表明，清澜-八门湾潟湖潮汐是由多种分潮耦合而成的复杂驻波，其中K₁，O₁，M₂，S₂和M₄分潮的影响最大。由湾外向湾内传输，由于湾内红树林和浅滩引起的底部损耗增加，M₂，S₂，K₁和O₁分潮幅值减弱；M₄分潮幅值增强，表现出明显的浅水增幅效应；M₂和S₂分潮相位在文教河和文昌江领域表现出明显的干湿效应。不同年代海岸线的研究表明，1985年和2008年间，人类复垦导致潟湖及其潮汐汊道附近的红树林和滩涂区域严重破坏，海岸线缩减，引发了水位降低、纳潮量减少和潟湖潮汐汊道底摩擦弱化，从而削弱了干湿、潮呛和浅水效应。后果提示持续的人类复垦活动将会引发清澜-八门湾潮汐水动力环境的进一步恶化，可能导致未来发生更大的自然灾害。     

Rheological aspects of dense lignite-water suspensions; time dependence, preshear and solids loading effects

An investigation of the rheological properties of dense lignite-water suspensions is reported here in order to evaluate the parameters that affect the rheology of these suspensions. Different types of particle size distributions were achieved via wet grinding with particle sizes down to 1 μm. Polyelectrolytes and surfactants were used to improve the stability and rheology of suspensions. The achieved solid volume fraction, φ, with acceptable rheological behavior was 0.45, while the ratio of φ/φ _m was close to 0.85; φ _m is the maximum solid volume fraction. Various types of flow tests were performed on lignite-water suspensions with various preshear times and stress levels. Typical shear rates varied in the range between 10^–2 to 10² s^–1. The low shear behavior was found to be quite different from the high shear behavior for the most concentrated suspensions, with a plateau value at low shear rates indicating the appearance of a yield stress. These plateau values, however, depend on shear history, which is responsible for the development of different structures in the sample. The viscosity curves corresponding to the ascending and descending parts of the flow curve were found to be different; these flow curve parts can be described either by well established models or by modified ones. The non-Newtonian time dependent behavior of the lignite-water suspensions is attributed to the high value of the ratio φ/φ _m , the polydispersity of the particle size distribution, and the non-spherical shape of the lignite particles.     

复杂凸多面体随机紧密堆积组构性能的数值研究:形状参数的影响

颗粒材料的宏观物理力学性能依赖于颗粒堆积体系的细观组构性能,研究颗粒堆积体系的组构性能有重要意义。然而,当前对颗粒堆积体系组构性能的研究集中于球、椭球和正则多面体等规则几何体,还未有对复杂凸多面体颗粒堆积体系组构性能的系统研究。本文基于旋转椭球面黄金螺旋网格构造了一组复杂凸多面体颗粒模型(Poly_κ-ngs),然后基于松弛算法获得了Poly_κ-ngs多面体的随机紧密堆积结构,最后研究了几何形状参数对Poly_κ-ngs多面体随机紧密堆积体系组构性能的影响。结果表明,长径比κ和顶点数量n_gs均对堆积体系的组构性能有影响,κ是主要影响因素。Poly_κ-ngs多面体随机紧密堆积结构中颗粒的位置分布均匀,长径比κ越接近1,顶点数量n_gs越大时,堆积结构表现出更强的位置长程有序性;颗粒方向分布不均匀,长径比κ越远离1,不均匀程度越高;最高堆积分数随长径比κ的增大先增大后减小,在κ=1时达到峰值;配位数分布服从高斯分布,平均配位数随形状参数的变化和堆积分数不同;面-面接触数量随长径比κ的增大先增大后减小,和堆积分数变化规律一致。本研究为复杂凸多面体颗粒的随机紧密堆积提供了数值模拟方案,得出的结论对含有凸多面体颗粒材料的设计和性能优化具有参考意义。     

Studying the stability of equilibrium solutions in a planar circular restricted four-body problem

The Newtonian circular restricted four-body problem is considered. We obtain nonlinear algebraic equations determining equilibrium solutions in the rotating frame and find six possible equilibrium configurations of the system. Studying the stability of equilibrium solutions, we prove that the radial equilibrium solutions are unstable, while the bisector equilibrium solutions are stable in Lyapunov’s sense if the mass parameter satisfies the conditions μ ∈ (0, μ₀, where μ₀ is a sufficiently small number, and μ ≠ μ_j, j = 1, 2, 3. We also prove that, for μ = μ₁ and μ = μ₃, the resonance conditions of the third order and the fourth order, respectively, are satisfied and, for these values of μ, the bisector equilibrium solutions are unstable and stable in Lyapunov’s sense, respectively. All symbolic and numerical calculations are done with the Mathematica computer algebra system. Published in Neliniini Kolyvannya, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 66–82, January–March, 2007.     

高速电弧喷涂NiCrBMoFe/BaF2·CaF2涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用高速电弧喷涂技术制备了NiCrBMoFe和NiCrBMoFe/BaF₂·CaF₂两种复合涂层.两种涂层均含非晶相与纳米晶相,非晶相质量百分数分别达45%和33%.NiCrBMoFe涂层中纳米晶相弥散分布在非晶母相中;NiCrBMoFe/BaF₂·CaF₂涂层纳米晶相以团聚形态存在.检测了两种涂层的摩擦磨损性能.在常温下,NiCrBMoFe和NiCrBMoFe/BaF₂·CaF₂两种涂层的摩擦系数分别为0.5和0.375,后者比基体18Cr₂Ni₄WA的摩擦系数下降了25%,耐磨性能优异.在高温摩擦磨损条件下,NiCrBMoFe/BaF₂·CaF₂涂层也具有良好的耐磨性能.在450 ℃左右,涂层中BaF₂·CaF₂固体润滑相会析出涂层表面,形成一层低摩擦系数的润滑转化膜,使涂层具有良好的减摩润滑作用.     

投影方向极值原理的滑裂面应力矢量极限平衡抗滑稳定计算理论

根据有限元成果的滑动面切向应力达到可用极限值的抗滑稳定极限平衡概念，建立投影方向极值原理单元滑面应力矢量极限平衡抗滑稳定计算理论模型，揭示不平衡虚拟耗散力、耗散能和极值条件方程的力学本质联系。根据投影极值方向平衡状态时的垂直方向还存在不平衡耗散力，提出复杂滑裂面极限平衡状态接近程度系数λ及矢量安全度系数K_λ评价抗滑稳定性能的最佳路径。通过边坡考题和坝基深层抗滑稳定算例的势能极值规律存在性和极值点的吻合度，证明了理论模型的合理可靠性。有限元应力矢量理论模型的建立及其安全度系数K_λ是极限平衡抗滑稳定计算理论发展的重要基础理论突破和全新理论研究成果。     

钢轨表面剥离掉块路径预测研究

轮轨滚动接触下,钢轨表面会产生典型的鱼钩形剥离掉块,其形成机理目前暂未明确.为了探究轮轨滚动接触下钢轨表面裂纹扩展机理,基于最大周向拉应力准则,建立轮轨滚动接触疲劳计算模型,提出裂尖扩展路径预测方法,并对不同初始角度裂纹的扩展路径进行预测.结果表明,钢轨表面微裂纹为Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹,随着裂纹长度增加,KⅠ先增加后减小,...     

The role of instrument compliance in normal force measurements of polymer melts

Schweizer et al. [J Rheol 48(6):1345–1363, 2004] showed nonlinear step shear rate data for a polystyrene melt (M _w=200 kg/mol, M _w/M _n=1.06, T=175°C). For different rheometers, cone angles, and sample sizes, the delayed normal force rise observed therein relative to a compliance-free reference N ₁ (from a thermodynamically consistent reptation model) is shown to depend on rheometer compliance characterized by the instrument stiffness K _A. K _A can be obtained from mapping N ₁ on the measured N _1,meas. or directly from mechanical contact measurement with a mismatch of 20–30%. The ranking of the stiffnesses found is K _A(RMS 800)>K _A(MCR 300)>K _A(ARES LR2). Once K _A is known, N _1,meas.-data can be corrected by solving the ill-posed Volterra equation involved in it. The correction shown for experiments with the 0.15-rad cone angle gives very good results. The characteristic decay time of the normal force after cessation of flow scales linearly with the axial response time t _a calculated from K _A, cone angle, and sample radius. The torque decay time is practically independent of t _a.Extended Version of a paper presented at the 2nd Annual European Rheology Conference in Grenoble, France, April 21–25, 2005.     

Near-field tip vortex behind a swept wing model

The near-field flow structure of a tip vortex behind a sweptback and tapered NACA 0015 wing was investigated and compared with a rectangular wing at the same lift force and Re=1.81×10⁵. The tangential velocity decreased with the downstream distance while increased with the airfoil incidence. The core radius was about 3% of the root chord c _r, regardless of the downstream distance and α for α<8°. The core axial velocity was always wake-like. The core Γ_c and total Γ_o circulation of the tip vortex remained nearly constant up to x/c _r=3.5 and had a Γ_c/Γ_o ratio of 0.63. The total circulation of the tip vortex accounted for only about 40% of the bound root circulation Γ_b. For a rectangular wing, the axial flow exhibited islands of wake- and jet-like velocity distributions with Γ_c/Γ_o=0.75 and Γ_o/Γ_b=0.70. For the sweptback and tapered wing tested, the inner region of the tip vortex flow exhibited a self-similar behavior for x/c _r≥1.0. The lift force computed from the spanwise circulation distributions agreed well with the force-balance data. A large difference in the lift-induced drag was, however, observed between the wake integral method and the inviscid lifting-line theory.     

Three dimensional K-T z stress fields around the embedded center elliptical crack front in elastic plates

Through detailed three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) calculations, the out-of-plane constraints T_z along embedded center-elliptical cracks in mode I elastic plates are studied. The distributions of T_z are obtained near the crack front with aspect ratios (a/c) of 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0. T_z decreases from an approximate value of Poisson ratio ν at the crack tip to zero with increasing normalized radial distances (r/a) in the normal plane of the crack front line, and increases gradually when the elliptical parameter angle ϕ changes from 0° to 90°at the same r/a. With a/c rising to 1.0, T_z is getting nearly independent of ϕ and is only related to r/a. Based on the present FE calculations for T_z, empirical formulas for T_z are obtained to describe the 3D distribution of T_z for embedded center-elliptical cracks using the least squares method in the range of 0.2≤a/c≤1.0. These T_z results together with the corresponding stress intensity factor K are well suitable for the analysis of the 3D embedded center-elliptical crack front field, and a two-parameter K-T_z principle is proposed. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50275073) The English text was polished by Keren Wang.     

Rheology of poly(methyl methacrylate-<Emphasis Type="Italic">co</Emphasis>-styrene) particles suspended in water: effects of electrostatic surface layer

 Linear and nonlinear viscoelastic properties were examined for aqueous suspensions of monodisperse poly(methyl methacrylate-co-styrene) (MS) particles having the radius a ₀ =45 nm and the volume fractions φ=0.428−0.448. These particles had surface charges and the resulting electrostatic surface layer (electric double layer) had a thickness of t_s=5.7 nm. At low frequencies in the linear viscoelastic regime, the MS particles behaved approximately as the Brownian hard particles having an effective radius a _eff=a ₀ + t_s, and the dependence of their zero-shear viscosity η₀ on an effective volume fraction φ_eff (={a _eff/a ₀}³φ) agreed with the φ dependence of η₀ of ideal hard-core silica suspensions. In a range of φ_eff < 0.63, this φ_eff dependence was well described by the Brady theory. However, the φ_eff dependence of the high-frequency plateau modulus was weaker and the terminal relaxation mode distribution was narrower for the MS suspensions than for the hard-core suspensions. This result suggested that the electrostatic surface layer of the MS particles was soft and penetrable (at high frequencies). In fact, this “softness” was more clearly observed in the nonlinear regime: the nonlinear damping against step strain was weaker and the thinning under steady shear was less significant for the MS suspension than for the hard-core silica suspensions having the same φ_eff. These weaker nonlinearities of the concentrated MS particles with φ_eff∼ 0.63 (maximum volume fraction for random packing) suggested that the surface layers of those particles were mutually penetrating to provide the particles with a rather large mobility. Received: 10 July 2001 Accepted: 2 November 2001     

Uniaxial deformation of a random packing of particles

Summary Mechanical behavior of dense packing spheres with small irregularities is investigated in this paper. A generalization of the hertzian contact model for surfaces of the form x ^k yields a normal contact force F _n , which is proportional to ζ^{1+1/ k} , with the normal displacement ζ. For oblique forces, the frictional force can be calculated, [10]. Different load cases are explained in detail. It is shown that the stress-strain curve during initial loading of the packing is identical with the force-displacement relation at the contact point, using an appropriate constant. The results for uniaxial loading, unloading and reloading are illustrated. As experimentally observed, the axial pressure in unloading is smaller than during loading, while the lateral pressure increases. The stress-strain relation is compared with well-known empirical relations of rock and soil mechanics, and the wave velocity for spherical irregularities agrees with earlier geomechanical theories for random packing of smooth spheres. Received 19 July 1998; accepted for publication 19 October 1998     

Aerodynamics of intermittent bounds in flying birds

Flap-bounding is a common flight style in small birds in which flapping phases alternate with flexed-wing bounds. Body lift is predicted to be essential to making this flight style an aerodynamically attractive flight strategy. To elucidate the contributions of the body and tail to lift and drag during the flexed-wing bound phase, we used particle image velocimetry (PIV) and measured properties of the wake of zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata, N = 5), flying at 6–10 m s⁻¹ in a variable speed wind tunnel as well as flow around taxidermically prepared specimens (N = 4) mounted on a sting instrumented with force transducers. For the specimens, we varied air velocity from 2 to 12 m s⁻¹ and body angle from −15° to 50°. The wake of bounding birds and mounted specimens consisted of a pair of counter-rotating vortices shed into the wake from the tail, with induced downwash in the sagittal plane and upwash in parasagittal planes lateral to the bird. This wake structure was present even when the tail was entirely removed. We observed good agreement between force measures derived from PIV and force transducers over the range of body angles typically used by zebra finch during forward flight. Body lift:drag (L:D) ratios averaged 1.4 in live birds and varied between 1 and 1.5 in specimens at body angles from 10° to 30°. Peak (L:D) ratio was the same in live birds and specimens (1.5) and was exhibited in specimens at body angles of 15° or 20°, consistent with the lower end of body angles utilized during bounds. Increasing flight velocity in live birds caused a decrease in C _L and C _D from maximum values of 1.19 and 0.95 during flight at 6 m s⁻¹ to minimum values of 0.70 and 0.54 during flight at 10 m s⁻¹. Consistent with delta-wing theory as applied to birds with a graduated-tail shape, trimming the tail to 0 and 50% of normal length reduced L:D ratios and extending tail length to 150% of normal increased L:D ratio. As downward induced velocity is present in the sagittal plane during upstroke of flapping flight, we hypothesize that body lift is produced during flapping phases. Future efforts to model the mechanics of intermittent flight should take into account that flap-bounding birds may support up to 20% of their weight even with their wings fully flexed.     

Laminarisation and re-transition of a turbulent boundary layer subjected to favourable pressure gradient

 Experimental results are reported for the response of an initially turbulent boundary layer (Re _θ≈1700) to a favourable pressure gradient with a peak value of K≡(−υ/ρU ³ _E ) dp/dx equal to 4.4×10^-6. In the near-wall region of the boundary layer (y/δ<0.1) the turbulence intensity u′ scales roughly with the free-stream velocity U _E until close to the location where K is a maximum whereas in the outer region u′ remains essentially frozen. Once the pressure gradient is relaxed, the turbulence level increases throughout the boundary layer until K falls to zero when the near wall u′ levels show a significant decrease. The intermittency γ is the clearest indicator of a fundamental change in the turbulence structure: once K exceeds 3×10^-6, the value of γ in the immediate vicinity of the wall γ _s falls rapidly from unity, reaches zero at the location where K again falls below 3×10^-6 and then rises back to unity. Although γ is practically zero throughout the boundary layer in the vicinity of γ _s =0, the turbulence level remains high. The explanation for what appears to be a contradiction is that the turbulent frequencies are too low to induce turbulent mixing. The mean velocity profile changes shape abruptly where K exceeds 3×10^-6. Values for the skin friction coefficient, based upon hot-film measurements, peak at the same location as K and fall to a minimum close to the location where K drops back to zero. Received: 28 January 1998/Accepted: 8 April 1998     

The optimal dimensions of convective-radiating circular fins

The optimal dimensions of convective-radiating circular fins with variable profile, heat-transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity, as well as internal heat generation are obtained. A profile of the form y=(w/2) [1+(r _o/r) ⁿ ] is studied, while variation of thermal conductivity is of the form k=k _o[1+ɛ((T−T _∞)/ (T _b−T _∞)) ^m ]. The heat-transfer coefficient is assumed to vary according to a power law with distance from the bore, expressed as h=K[(r−r _o)/(r _e−r _o)]^λ. The results for λ=0 to λ=1.9, and −0.4≤ɛ≤0.4, have been expressed by suitable dimensionless parameters. A correlation for the optimal dimensions of a constant and variable profile fins is presented in terms of reduced heat-transfer rate. It is found that a (quadratic) hyperbolic circular fin with n=2 gives an optimum performance. The effect of radiation on the fin performance is found to be considerable for fins operating at higher base temperatures, whereas the effect of variable thermal conductivity on the optimal dimensions is negligible for the variable profile fin. It is also observed, in general, that the optimal fin length and the optimal fin base thickness are greater when compared to constant fin thickness. Received on 22 February 1999     

The Evolution of Stress Intensity Factors and the Propagation of Cracks in Elastic Media

When a crack Γ _s propagates in an elastic medium the stress intensity factors evolve with the tip x(s) of Γ _s . In this paper we derive formulae which describe the evolution of these stress intensity factors for a homogeneous isotropic elastic medium under plane strain conditions. Denoting by ψ=ψ(x,s) the stress potential (ψ is biharmonic and has zero traction along the crack Γ _s ) and by κ(s) the curvature of the crack at the tip x(s), we prove that the stress intensity factors A ₁(s), A ₂(s), as functions of s, satisfy: