基于应变梯度中厚板单元的石墨烯振动研究

基于应变梯度理论建立了单层石墨烯等效明德林(Mindlin) 板动力学方程,推导了四边简支明德林中厚板自由振动固有频率的解析解. 提出了一种考虑应变梯度的4 节点36 自由度明德林板单元,利用虚功原理建立了单层石墨烯的等效非局部板有限元模型. 通过对石墨烯振动问题的研究,验证了应变梯度有限元计算结果的收敛性. 运用该有限元法研究了尺寸、振动模态阶数以及非局部参数对石墨烯振动特性的影响. 研究表明,这种单元能够较好地适用于研究考虑复杂边界条件石墨烯的尺度效应问题. 基于应变梯度理论的明德林板所获得石墨烯的固有频率小于基于经典明德林板理论得到的结果. 尺寸较小、模态阶数较高的石墨烯振动尺度效应更加明显. 无论采用应变梯度理论还是经典弹性本构关系,考虑一阶剪切变形的明德林板模型预测的固有频率低于基尔霍夫(Kirchho) 板所预测的固有频率.      

A preconditioned semi‐staggered dilation‐free finite volume method for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations on all‐hexahedral elements

A new semi‐staggered finite volume method is presented for the solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations on all‐quadrilateral (2D)/hexahedral (3D) meshes. The velocity components are defined at element node points while the pressure term is defined at element centroids. The continuity equation is satisfied exactly within each elements. The checkerboard pressure oscillations are prevented using a special filtering matrix as a preconditioner for the saddle‐point problem resulting from second‐order discretization of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The preconditioned saddle‐point problem is solved using block preconditioners with GMRES solver. In order to achieve higher performance FORTRAN source code is based on highly efficient PETSc and HYPRE libraries. As test cases the 2D/3D lid‐driven cavity flow problem and the 3D flow past array of circular cylinders are solved in order to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

AN APPLICATION OF THE CBS SCHEME IN THE FLUID-MEMBRANE INTERACTION

提出了一种不可压缩流体与弹性薄膜耦合问题的特征线分裂有限元解法. 首先, 给出了流场和结构的控制方程. 然后, 对流场、结构以及流固耦合的具体求解过程进行了描述. 其中, 流场求解采用改进特征线分裂方法和双时间步方法相结合的隐式求解方式, 并利用艾特肯加速法对每个时间步的迭代收敛过程进行了加速处理;结构部分的空间离散和时间积分分别采用伽辽金有限元方法和广义方法, 并通过牛顿迭代法对所得非线性代数方程组进行了求解;流场网格的更新采用弹簧近似法;流场、结构两求解模块之间采用松耦合方式.最后, 采用该方法对具有弹性底面的方腔顶盖驱动流问题进行了求解, 验证了算法的准确性和稳定性.此外, 计算结果表明艾特肯加速法可以显著地提高双时间步方法迭代求解过程的收敛速度.     

一种从离散模拟到连续介质弹性模拟的过渡方法

提出了一种从离散分子动力学模拟(MD)到连续介质弹性有限元计算分析(FEA)的过渡方法, 简称MD-FEA方法. 首先通过MD计算获得晶体材料原子的移动位置, 然后根据晶体结构的周期性特征构造连续介质假设下的有限单元变形模型, 进一步结合材料的力学行为本构关系获得应变和应力场. 为了检验MD-FEA方法的有效性, 将该方法应用于详细分析Al-Ni软硬组合两相材料纳米柱体的拉伸变形问题和基底材料为Al球形压头材料为金刚石的纳米压痕问题. 采用MD-FEA方法获得了上述两种问题的应力?应变场, 并将计算结果分别与传统MD方法中通过变形梯度计算的原子应变以及原子的位力应力进行了比较, 详细讨论了用MD-FEA方法计算的应力?应变场与传统MD原子应变和位力应力的区别, 并对MD-FEA方法的有效性及其相较于传统MD方法所具有的优势进行了探讨. 结论显示, MD-FEA方法与传统MD方法在应力?应变变化平缓的区域得到的结果接近, 但在变化剧烈的区域以及材料的表/界面区域, MD-FEA方法能够得到更加精确的结果. 同时, MD-FEA方法避免了传统MD方法中, 需要人为选取截断半径以及加权函数所导致的误差. 另外, 当应变较大时, MD-FEA方法计算的小应变与传统MD方法计算的格林应变存在一定差异, 因此, MD-FEA方法更适合应变较小的情形.      

THE INFLUENCE OF GLOBAL-DIRECTION STENCIL ON GRADIENT AND HIGH-ORDER DERIVATIVES RECONSTRUCTION OF UNSTRUCTURED FINITE VOLUME METHODS 1)

模板选择方式对非结构有限体积方法的计算准确性会产生显著影响. 在之前的工作中, 基于局部方向模板存在的问题, 我们探索了一种更加简单有效的全局方向模板选择方法, 并将其应用于二阶精度非结构有限体积求解器. 基于该方法找到的模板单元均沿着壁面法向与流向, 可有效捕捉流场变化, 反映流动的各向异性, 并且模板选择过程脱离了对网格拓扑的依赖, 避免了局部方向模板选择方法中复杂的阵面推进与方向判断过程, 克服了在大压缩比三角形网格上模板单元偏离壁面法向的现象, 同时在二阶精度求解器上得到了较高的计算精度与计算准确性. 为了进一步验证全局方向模板在高阶精度非结构有限体积方法中应用的可行性, 本文初步测试了该模板对变量梯度及高阶导数重构的影响. 经检验, 在不同类型的网格上, 采用全局方向模板得到的变量梯度与高阶导数误差明显低于局部方向模板, 同时也低于共点模板的计算误差. 此外, 在高斯积分点处由全局方向模板得到的变量点值与导数误差同样在三种模板中最低. 因此该模板选择方法在非结构有限体积梯度与高阶导数重构方面具有较好的数值表现, 具备在高阶精度非结构有限体积求解器中应用并推广的可行性.     

全局方向模板对非结构有限体积梯度与高阶导数重构的影响

模板选择方式对非结构有限体积方法的计算准确性会产生显著影响. 在之前的工作中, 基于局部方向模板存在的问题, 我们探索了一种更加简单有效的全局方向模板选择方法, 并将其应用于二阶精度非结构有限体积求解器. 基于该方法找到的模板单元均沿着壁面法向与流向, 可有效捕捉流场变化, 反映流动的各向异性, 并且模板选择过程脱离了对网格拓扑的依赖, 避免了局部方向模板选择方法中复杂的阵面推进与方向判断过程, 克服了在大压缩比三角形网格上模板单元偏离壁面法向的现象, 同时在二阶精度求解器上得到了较高的计算精度与计算准确性. 为了进一步验证全局方向模板在高阶精度非结构有限体积方法中应用的可行性, 本文初步测试了该模板对变量梯度及高阶导数重构的影响. 经检验, 在不同类型的网格上, 采用全局方向模板得到的变量梯度与高阶导数误差明显低于局部方向模板, 同时也低于共点模板的计算误差. 此外, 在高斯积分点处由全局方向模板得到的变量点值与导数误差同样在三种模板中最低. 因此该模板选择方法在非结构有限体积梯度与高阶导数重构方面具有较好的数值表现, 具备在高阶精度非结构有限体积求解器中应用并推广的可行性.      

A LBM–DEM solver for fast discrete particle simulation of particle–fluid flows

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for simulating fluid phases was coupled with the discrete element method (DEM) for studying solid phases to formulate a novel solver for fast discrete particle simulation (DPS) of particle–fluid flows. The fluid hydrodynamics was obtained by solving LBM equations instead of solving the Navier–Stokes equation by the finite volume method (FVM). Interparticle and particle–wall collisions were determined by DEM. The new DPS solver was validated by simulating a three-dimensional gas–solid bubbling fluidized bed. The new solver was found to yield results faster than its FVM–DEM counterpart, with the increase in the domain-averaged gas volume fraction. Additionally, the scalability of the LBM–DEM DPS solver was superior to that of the FVM–DEM DPS solver in parallel computing. Thus, the LBM–DEM DPS solver is highly suitable for use in simulating dilute and large-scale particle–fluid flows.     

THE PARAMETRIC VARATIONAL PRINCIPLE AND NON-LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF ASTROMESH ANTENNA STRUCTURES

针对大型周边桁架式索网天线由拉索拉压模量不同引起的本构非线性和结构大变形引起的几何非线性问题,给出了基于参变量变分原理的几何非线性有限元方法. 首先针对含预应力索单元拉压模量不同分段描述的本构关系,通过引入参变量,导出了基于参变量及其互补方程的统一描述形式,避免了传统算法需要根据当前变形对索单元张紧/松弛状态的预测,提高了算法收敛性. 然后利用拉格朗日应变描述索网天线结构大变形问题,结合几何非线性有限元法,建立了基于参变量的非线性平衡方程和线性互补方程;并给出了牛顿-拉斐逊迭代法与莱姆算法相结合的求解算法. 数值算例验证了本文提出的算法比传统算法具有更稳定的收敛性和更高的求解精度,特别适合于大型索网天线结构的高精度变形分析和预测.     

Analysis of a meshless solver for high Reynolds number flow

In this paper, the extension of an upwind least‐square based meshless solver to high Reynolds number flow is explored, and the properties of the meshless solver are analyzed both theoretically and numerically. Existing works have verified the meshless solver mostly with inviscid flows and low Reynolds number flows, and in this work, we are interested in the behavior of the meshless solver for high Reynolds number flow, especially in the near‐wall region. With both theoretical and numerical analysis, the effects of two parameters on the meshless solver are identified. The first one is the misalignment effect caused by the significantly skewed supporting points, and it is found that the meshless solver still yields accurate prediction. It is a very interesting property and is opposite to the median‐dual control volume based vertex‐centered finite volume method, which is known to give degraded result with stretched triangular/tetrahedral cells in the near‐wall region. The second parameter is the curvature, and according to theoretical analysis, it is found in the region with both large aspect ratio and curvature, and the streamwise residual is less affected; however, the wall‐normal counterpart suffers from accuracy degradation. In this paper, an improved method that uses a meshless solver for the streamwise residual and finite difference for wall‐normal residual is developed. This method is proved to be less sensitive to the curvature and provides improved accuracy. This work presents an understanding of the meshless solver for high Reynolds number flow computation, and the analysis in this paper is verified with a series of numerical experiments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自主泳动弹性绳的轨迹模拟

研究柔性结构与流体间耦合作用,可以促进软体机器人的发展.通过速度快、精度高的数值模拟方法模拟水下机器人的实时运动轨迹,可以为真实实验提供测试方向与理论牵引,增大实验成功的可能性.本文研究有自主运动趋势的弹性绳在二维流场中的运动轨迹.首先,对弹性绳离散化建模并同时考虑拉压与扭转弹性力,从能量角度建立动力学方程,此模型可以较为真实地反映弹性绳内力对其运动产生的作用.然后基于半拉格朗日法建立流体求解器. 最后,提出简化的基于动量方程的浸入边界法作为耦合算法,通过直接修正网格速度代替浸入边界力法中力源项的作用.使用这种算法求解耦合作用兼具简便性与快速性.对弹性绳模型、流体模型与简化耦合模型依次解算,模拟了正弦形式波动弹性绳在水中的运动轨迹.结果显示,弹性绳在弹性内力与流固相互作用力共同影响下,该种新的浸入边界法可以实现对水下弹性绳运动轨迹的模拟.数值实验显示弹性绳的自主运动参考模型的初相位改变时,其前进方向会发生改变.该仿真模拟算法与平台可以为细长形软体水生机器人的研发提供参考.      

Time-dependent solutions of viscous incompressible flows in moving co-ordinates

A time-accurate solution method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in generalized moving coordinates is presented. A finite volume discretization method that satisfies the geometric conservation laws for time-varying computational cells is used. The discrete equations are solved by a fractional step solution procedure. The solution is second-order-accurate in space and first-order-accurate in time. The pressure and the volume fluxes are chosen as the unknowns to facilitate the formulation of a consistent Poisson equation and thus to obtain a robust Poisson solver with favourable convergence properties. The method is validated by comparing the solutions with other numerical and experimental results. Good agreement is obtained in all cases.     

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOBEAMS BASED ON THE NONLOCAL STRAIN GRADIENT THEORY1)

基于非局部应变梯度理论,建立了一种具有尺度效应的高阶剪切变形纳米梁的力学模型. 其中,考虑了应变场和一阶应变梯度场下的非局部效应. 采用哈密顿原理推导了纳米梁的控制方程和边界条件,并给出了简支边界条件下静弯曲、自由振动和线性屈曲问题的纳维级数解. 数值结果表明,非局部效应对梁的刚度产生软化作用,应变梯度效应对纳米梁的刚度产生硬化作用,梁的刚度整体呈现软化还是硬化效应依赖于非局部参数与材料特征尺度的比值. 梁的厚度与材料特征尺度越接近,非局部应变梯度理论与经典弹性理论所预测结果之间的差异越显著.     

Periodic three-dimensional mesh generation for particle reinforced composites with application to metal matrix composites

A method for the generation of three-dimensional model microstructures resembling particle reinforced composites is developed based on the periodic Voronoi tessellation. The algorithm allows for the generation of arbitrary particle volume fractions and produces periodic geometries based on the erosion procedure suggested by Christoffersen (1983). A technique for the creation of high quality periodic spatial discretizations of the particle systems for application with the finite element method is described in detail. The developed procedure is extensively applied to metal ceramic composites (Al-SiC_p) at volume fractions ranging from 10 to 80%. The elastic and thermo-elastic material properties are investigated and the effect of higher statistical moments (see, e.g., Torquato, 2002), i.e. of the particle shape and relative position, is evaluated in terms of constraint point sets used in the generation of the random microstructures.     

Crystal plasticity model with enhanced hardening by geometrically necessary dislocation accumulation

A strain gradient dependent crystal plasticity approach is used to model the constitutive behaviour of polycrystal FCC metals under large plastic deformation. Material points are considered as aggregates of grains, subdivided into several fictitious grain fractions: a single crystal volume element stands for the grain interior whereas grain boundaries are represented by bi-crystal volume elements, each having the crystallographic lattice orientations of its adjacent crystals. A relaxed Taylor-like interaction law is used for the transition from the local to the global scale. It is relaxed with respect to the bi-crystals, providing compatibility and stress equilibrium at their internal interface. During loading, the bi-crystal boundaries deform dissimilar to the associated grain interior. Arising from this heterogeneity, a geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density can be computed, which is required to restore compatibility of the crystallographic lattice. This effect provides a physically based method to account for the additional hardening as introduced by the GNDs, the magnitude of which is related to the grain size. Hence, a scale-dependent response is obtained, for which the numerical simulations predict a mechanical behaviour corresponding to the Hall-Petch effect. Compared to a full-scale finite element model reported in the literature, the present polycrystalline crystal plasticity model is of equal quality yet much more efficient from a computational point of view for simulating uniaxial tension experiments with various grain sizes.     

Hybrid finite‐volume finite‐difference scheme for the solution of Boussinesq equations

A hybrid scheme composed of finite‐volume and finite‐difference methods is introduced for the solution of the Boussinesq equations. While the finite‐volume method with a Riemann solver is applied to the conservative part of the equations, the higher‐order Boussinesq terms are discretized using the finite‐difference scheme. Fourth‐order accuracy in space for the finite‐volume solution is achieved using the MUSCL‐TVD scheme. Within this, four limiters have been tested, of which van‐Leer limiter is found to be the most suitable. The Adams–Basforth third‐order predictor and Adams–Moulton fourth‐order corrector methods are used to obtain fourth‐order accuracy in time. A recently introduced surface gradient technique is employed for the treatment of the bottom slope. A new model ‘HYWAVE’, based on this hybrid solution, has been applied to a number of wave propagation examples, most of which are taken from previous studies. Examples include sinusoidal waves and bi‐chromatic wave propagation in deep water, sinusoidal wave propagation in shallow water and sinusoidal wave propagation from deep to shallow water demonstrating the linear shoaling properties of the model. Finally, sinusoidal wave propagation over a bar is simulated. The results are in good agreement with the theoretical expectations and published experimental results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

梯度塑性的有限元分析及应变局部化模拟

对梯度塑性连续体提出了一个有限元方法．内状态变量的Ｌａｐｌａｃｉａｎ的确定基于它在求积点邻域的最小二乘方多项式近似．具体地考虑了具有一点求积和Ｈｏｕｒｇｌａｓｓ控制特点的基于胡海昌－Ｗａｓｈｉｚｕ变分原理的混合应变元和单元平均意义下的ｖｏｎ－Ｍｉｓｅｓ屈服准则．解析地导出了梯度塑性下一致性单元切线刚度矩阵和速率本构方程的一致性积分算法．在所建议的非局部化途径中求积点的一致性条件在非局部化意义下逐点精确满足．数值例题表明所提出的非经典连续体的有限元方法求解应变局部化问题的有效性     

Modeling micro-inertia in heterogeneous materials under dynamic loading

A continuum model including micro-inertia for heterogeneous materials under dynamic loading is proposed using a micro-mechanics method. The macro strain and stress are defined as the volume averages of the strain and stress fields in the representative volume element (RVE). The macro equations of motion are derived by using Hamilton’s principle together with the strain energy density and kinetic energy density involving the micro-inertia terms. The new macro equations of motion are used to study harmonic and transient wave propagation in layered media. Using a simple linear displacement field for the RVE, the dispersion curves obtained from the present model agree with the exact solutions very well for a range of wavelengths. The present model is also applied to analyze the transient response of layered media subjected to a triangular pulse loading. Comparison is made between the results of the present model and a finite element analysis.     

Numerical scheme for accurately capturing gas migration described by 1D multiphase drift flux model

A numerical scheme is designed and implemented to solve a simplified set of equations modeling 1-D multi-phase flow based on drift flux model in an isothermal setup with phase dissolution. The difficulty in obtaining the analytical Jacobian of the fluxes leads to the difficulty in obtaining an efficient linearized Riemann solver which in turn affects the accuracy in capturing the contact wavefront/gas migration. To address this issue a fully explicit second order finite volume solver based on flux corrected transport (FCT) is implemented. The choice of variables used for limiting the fluxes affects the amount of numerical diffusion and an appropriate choice of the gradient in volume fraction is used. Practical test cases while drilling in the oil and gas industry, of gas injection inside a well annulus and shut-in of the vertical well are presented. The results conclude that the FCT solver is better and efficient for accurately capturing gas migration for multi-phase models with phase behaviour involving slip velocities given by algebraic relations.     

CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF ARTIFICIAL FROZEN SOIL BASED ON CASCADE-CORRELATION NEURAL NETWORK

为解决BP (back propagation) 神经网络收敛速度慢,网络结构需事先定义等缺点,采用了级连相关神经网络模型来建立人工冻土应力和应变之间的关系. 基于该模型推导了冻土的一致刚度矩阵形式,利用人工冻土三轴试验数据对神经网络模型进行训练,并用其替换有限元计算中的传统本构模型,将计算结果与性质及含水率相同的冻土的试验结果进行了对比,发现该神经网络本构模型很好地反应了材料的非线性,能够改善数值计算结果,与实测结果吻合地很好,比具有相同隐含层神经元个数的BP 模型更接近实测结果.     

INVESTIGATION OF BUBBLE-BUBBLE INTERACTION EFFECT DURING THE COLLAPSE OF MULTI-BUBBLE SYSTEM

通过直接数值模拟方法对多泡在压力驱动下的溃灭过程进行了研究。气相满足理想气体正压模型,液相为不可压 流体,采用基于压力的方法求解多泡的两相流场。数值研究表明,在多泡流场中,中心气泡的溃灭过程明显不同于单泡,存在总体溃灭延迟现象和后期加速现象。随着周围气泡数的增多或气泡间距的减小,中心气泡的溃灭时间增长,溃灭时的压力峰值增大。结合理论定性分析发现,气泡运动不仅受远场压力的驱动,还受周围气泡诱导压力场的影响。周围气泡的诱导压力经历先减小后增大的过程,从而使受其影响的中心气泡产生先延迟后加速的特征。