周边切口短圆柱试件的杆杆型冲击拉伸试验系统的弹塑性有限元分析

基于一维试验原理提出了用带有周边切口的短金属圆柱试件进行平面应变型弹塑性动态断裂韧度的测试方法；对该复杂的动力学系统进行了轴对称的弹塑性有限元分析，并计算了动态围道^J积分；根据对试件功能转换关系的分析和Rice公式的物理意义，提出了用试件两端平功载荷－两端相对位移曲线（P^-△）推广Rice公式计算试件的远场J积分，由此得到的P^-△曲线基本上消除了与裂纹运动无关的质心运动动能的影响。论证了J积分作为裂端的表征参量，且当切口深度比大于70％时，Rice公式有较高的计算精度，为平面应变型弹塑性动态断裂韧度的表征与测试提供了依据。     

弹塑性材料裂纹小量稳态扩展测试方法的讨论

弹塑性材料动态断裂试验结果表明,裂纹起裂后存在一个稳态扩展过程,为了获得材料的扩展阻力,该文利用自行研制的间接杆-杆型冲击托伸试验装置,通过控制入射脉冲和消除波二次反射加载影响,成功地在冲击拉伸试验装置上实施周边切口短圆柱小试件的冲击拉伸加卸载试验,即动态起裂止裂试验,依据动态起裂止裂试验和二次加载试验的结果,采用标定曲线法获得裂纹稳态扩展的轨迹a（t）,该文还推出了裂纹稳态扩展过程的J积分计算公式,根据P-δ曲线和裂纹稳态扩展的轨迹a=a(t),由此得到了材料小量稳态扩展阻力曲线JR-△a,结果表明,JR-△a曲线不随试件尺寸的变化而变化,可以作为材料的特征曲线,从而形成了弹塑性材料裂纹稳态扩展阻力特性的J表征和测试方法。     

双边切口薄板小试件动态弹塑性有限元分析

对［１］中采用的双边切口薄板小试件进行了动态弹塑性有限元分析，计算了动态积分，研究论证了积分作为该试验系统试件裂端表征参量的可行性；对深裂纹Ｒｉｃｅ公式计算动态积分的有效性进行了验证。为文［１］提出的平面应力型动态弹塑性起裂韧度的表征与测试方法提供了进一步的论证。     

-196℃奥氏体不锈钢母材与焊缝的动态断裂韧性

在-196 ℃对S30408奥氏体不锈钢的母材和焊缝进行了夏比摆锤冲击实验,采用改进的柔度变化率法得到了低温下不锈钢母材夏比试样的起裂点。结果表明,采用改进的柔度变化率法得到的结果比采用传统的柔度变化率法得到的结果更准确。根据实验得到的载荷-位移曲线,结合采用Schindler法和关键曲线法各自所得结果的优点,得到了不锈钢母材的动态裂纹扩展阻力曲线（动态J-R曲线）。依据不锈钢焊缝在低温动载下的载荷-位移曲线及其断裂特征,通过线弹性断裂力学计算获得其动态断裂韧性。     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢材料断裂韧度的实验研究和数值分析

从实验研究和数值分析两方面研究了0Cr18Ni9不锈钢材料的断裂韧度。首先,通过单轴拉伸测试得到0Cr18Ni9不锈钢材料的应力-应变曲线,并验证了该应力-应变曲线符合Ramberg-Osgood弹塑性本构模型,利用全局优化算法反演得到其弹塑性本构参数。然后,结合声发射技术和扫描电镜断口观察,确定了0Cr18Ni9不锈钢紧凑拉伸试样的起裂载荷和I型裂纹实际的起裂断裂韧度。进一步,根据数字图像相关方法得到的全场变形计算了J积分,J积分随时间逐渐增大;最后,采用有限元法计算了起裂时沿裂纹前缘各处的J积分分布,发现J积分呈现中间较大、表面较小的分布特征,而且有限元计算的J积分平均值与从光学位移场数据计算的J积分接近。     

周边切口短圆柱试件裂纹稳态扩展过程的有限元分析

以实测的平均载荷p作为试件端面的力边界条件,以实测的起裂时间tid和a(t)作为运动边界条件,将周边切口短圆柱试件简化为左右对称且轴对称的精细有限元模型,模拟了冲击加载下裂纹稳态扩展的运动过程;论证了裂纹起裂时围道．^J(t)积分和稳态扩展时修正的围道^J(t积分在离裂尖稍远处是守恒的;还论证了依据P^--δ曲线计算得到的,JMR-△a阻力曲线与试件尺寸无关,论证了相应的表征和测试方法是合理有效的．     

LY12CZ薄板铝材裂纹起裂、稳态扩展和失稳扩展时的抗裂特性

本文以实验为基础,研究了在弹塑性状态下,LY12CZ薄板铝材裂纹起裂,稳态扩展和失稳扩展时的行态。采用特制的涡流裂纹自动跟踪仪,较精确地得到裂纹扩展量△a_p的连续记录。在此基础上,测得真实裂纹端的张开位移COS和张开角CTOA,从而得到用它们表征的、完整的裂纹扩展阻力曲线,即COS-△a_p和CTOA-△a_p曲线。实验表明:LY12CZ薄板铝材裂纹起裂时的张开位移δ_c是一稳定的常值,在起裂后的稳态扩展阶段,张开角CTOA是一稳定的常值。本文结合理论分析后指出,对一般韧性材料,在dδ_p/da》σ_s/E时,其张开角确应是材料的抗裂特性。在实验中还发现,在裂纹扩展一定值后,实测的张开角突然下降,此现象对应于裂纹的失稳扩展。     

某船用钢动态弹塑性断裂韧性的试验测试

描述了利用Hopkinson压杆技术加载三点弯曲试样测试材料动态弹塑性断裂韧性的试验方法。材料的动态应力－应变行为测试在SHPB装置上进行，试样上的动态载荷历史由Hopkinson压杆直接测得，在此基础上，利用自行编制的ANSYS宏程序计算得到J积分历史；与起裂时间相对应的J积分值，即为动态弹塑性断裂韧性。采用上述方法进行了某船用钢的动态断裂试验，首次获得了该钢的动态弹塑性断裂韧性值，为舰船的抗爆能力计算，防动态断裂设计和安全评定提供了基础数据。     

用全息和散斑干涉法对含穿透裂纹的有限宽薄板进行弹塑性分析

本文用激光全息和散斑干涉法,测量了含中心疲劳裂纹、双边切缝、45°斜切缝的有限宽铝合金板试件(LY12—CZ),在均匀单向拉伸载荷作用下,直至大范围屈服时,裂纹尖端附近区域的三维位移场.给出了下列结果:①裂纹尖端塑性区的尺寸、形状随载荷增加的变化情况.中心疲劳裂纹与双边切缝试件的裂纹尖端塑性区形状的比较;②裂纹尖端特征点的COD—σ/σ_s 曲线,裂纹起裂点的张开位移δ_(?)(即COD);③试件对称轴上一定标距内△—σ/σ_s 曲线,标称应变ε_0与载荷比σ/σ_s 关系,即ε_0—σ/σ_s 曲线,实验表明标称应变ε_0是衡量试件屈服情况的参数;④定量地测定了裂纹尖端附近的位移场;⑤裂纹尖端附近的应变场;⑥对失稳断裂载荷进行了塑性极限分析.并将上述结果与有关理论,实验及数值计算结果进行了比较.     

采用压缩单裂纹圆孔板确定岩石动态起裂、扩展和止裂韧度

爆炸、冲击、地震等人为或自然灾害不可避免,经常造成大量土木工程设施的破坏,因此岩石在动态载荷作用下的行为受到特别关注.岩石动态断裂韧度是评价岩石抵抗裂纹动态起裂、扩展和止裂性能的材料参数,开展岩石动态断裂韧度测试方法的研究对相关理论基础和实验技术的要求较高.岩石动态断裂韧度分为动态起裂、动态扩展、动态止裂三种,虽然关于动态起裂和动态扩展的研究已有一些成果,对岩石动态止裂的研究仍是一个难题,至今几乎无人问津.研究表明,在分离式霍普金森压杆撞击压缩单裂纹圆孔板岩石试样的I型动态断裂试验中,动态起裂、扩展、止裂的全过程可以由黏贴在压缩单裂纹圆孔板试样上的裂纹扩展计监测,岩石的动态起裂、扩展、止裂韧度可以用实验-数值-解析法确定.特别值得一提的是首次测出了岩石的动态止裂韧度.裂纹扩展计信号还显示,压缩单裂纹圆孔板在止裂后,停止的裂纹还会再次动态起裂、扩展并超出裂纹扩展计的检测范围.从能量的角度分析了动态止裂的过程,指出测试动态止裂韧度时要注意的一些问题.结果显示,岩石动态起裂韧度和动态扩展韧度分别随动态加载率和裂纹扩展速度的增大而增大,岩石动态起裂韧度略大于动态止裂韧度.      

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.