Constitutive equations of the elastoviscoplastic model and slip theory

On the basis of ideas of the Batdorf-Budiansky slip theory, we construct a model of an elastoviscoplastic medium. The slip conditions on the unit area take into account the fact that the tangential stresses depend on the slip velocity but are close to the dry friction conditions for small viscosity. Under certain assumptions, we manage to integrate the plastic shear rate over all possible slip areas in the case of an arbitrary three-dimensional stress state and obtain an expression for the plastic strain rate tensor.     

Sufficient criterion of fracture in the case with a complex stress state and non-proportional deformation of the material in the pre-fracture zone

A general case of proportional loading with a complex stress state of the material in the pre-fracture zone, which is typical for polycrystalline solids with plastic deformation, is considered. A sufficient criterion of fracture is proposed for the case of a complex stress state with non-proportional deformation of the material in the pre-fracture zone. Critical parameters of fracture (pre-fracture zone length and load) for cracks propagating in quasi-brittle materials are obtained with the use of a modified Leonov-Panasyuk-Dugdale model. The pre-fracture zone width is determined by solving the problem of the plasticity theory in the vicinity of the crack tip. The proposed modification of the Leonov-Panasyuk-Dugdale model makes it possible to estimate the critical opening of the crack and the critical displacement of the crack flanks. Inequalities that describe different mechanisms of material fracture under proportional loading (predominantly shear fracture mechanism and fracture mechanism through cleavage) are derived.     

EVALUATION OF DUCTILE FRACTURE CRITERIA IN A GENERAL THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRESS STATE CONSIDERING THE STRESS TRIAXIALITY AND THE LODE PARAMETER

This paper is concerned with evaluation of various ductile fracture criteria in a general three-dimensional stress state of stress triaxiality, the Lode parameter and the equiva- lent plastic strain to fracture. Evaluation is carried out by comparing fracture loci constructed by fracture criteria to experimental results of A12024-T351. Comparison demonstrates that the Modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion and a newly proposed criterion provide sufficient predictabil- ity of fracture strain. Moreover, evaluation is emphasized on the predicted cut-off value for stress triaxiality. The evaluation demonstrates that the Cockcroft-Latham, Brozzo, Oh, Ko-Huh and the new criteria coupled a reasonable cut-off value for ductile materials.     

Thermal softening induced plastic instability in rate-dependent materials

A linear perturbation analysis is performed for a class of rate-dependent materials, such as the Johnson-Cook model, in which the rate contribution to the stress can be separated from that of the plastic strain and temperature and in which the temperature rises adiabatically. The analysis is facilitated by perturbing both the rate of momentum equation and the momentum equation. An identical material stability/instability criterion is deduced from the characteristic spectral equations for one-dimensional deformation, one-dimensional shearing, and general three-dimensional field equations, and thus shows that the instability derived here is a material constitutive instability.The criteria indicate that the materials become unstable once the thermal softening overcomes the strain hardening, regardless of the strain rate. The strain rate enters the criteria through its effects on the accumulated temperature and the current stress. Based on the criterion, the three-dimensional instability surface is established in the space of plastic strain, plastic strain rate, and temperature. Instability surface is shown as a material property and independent of deformation histories or modes. Both necking and shear banding are simulated to validate the excellent predictive capability of the criterion.     

Nonlocal gradient-dependent modeling of plasticity with anisotropic hardening

This work addresses the formulation of the thermodynamics of nonlocal plasticity using the gradient theory. The formulation is based on the nonlocality energy residual introduced by Eringen and Edelen (1972). Gradients are introduced for those variables associated with isotropic and kinematic hardening. The formulation applies to small strain gradient plasticity and makes use of the evanescent memory model for kinematic hardening. This is accomplished using the kinematic flux evolution as developed by Zbib and Aifantis (1988). Therefore, the present theory is a four nonlocal parameter-based theory that accounts for the influence of large variations in the plastic strain, accumulated plastic strain, accumulated plastic strain gradients, and the micromechanical evolution of the kinematic flux. Using the principle of virtual power and the laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamically-consistent equations are derived for the nonlocal plasticity yield criterion and associated flow rule. The presence of higher-order gradients in the plastic strain is shown to enhance a corresponding history variable which arises from the accumulation of the plastic strain gradients. Furthermore, anisotropy is introduced by plastic strain gradients in the form of kinematic hardening. Plastic strain gradients can be attributed to the net Burgers vector, while gradients in the accumulation of plastic strain are responsible for the introduction of isotropic hardening. The equilibrium between internal Cauchy stress and the microstresses conjugate to the higher-order gradients frames the yield criterion, which is obtained from the principle of virtual power. Microscopic boundary conditions, associated with plastic flow, are introduced to supplement the macroscopic boundary conditions of classical plasticity. The nonlocal formulation developed here preserves the classical assumption of local plasticity, wherein plastic flow direction is governed by the deviatoric Cauchy stress. The theory is applied to the problems of thin films on both soft and hard substrates. Numerical solutions are presented for bi-axial tension and simple shear loading of thin films on substrates.     

Analytic solutions to crack tip plastic zone under various loading conditions

Based on stress field equations and Hill yield criterion, the crack tip plastic zone is determined for orthotropic materials and isotropic materials under small-scale yielding condition. An analytical solution to calculating the crack tip plastic zone in plane stress states is presented. The shape and size of the plastic zone are analyzed under different loading conditions. The obtained results show that the crack tip plastic zones present “butterfly-like” shapes, and the elastic–plastic boundary is smooth. The size of the plastic zone for orthotropic composites is less at the crack tip for various loading conditions, compared with the case of isotropic materials. Crack inclination angle and loading conditions affect greatly the size and shape of crack tip plastic zone. The mode I crack has a crucial effect on the plastic zone for mixed mode case in plane stress state. The plastic zone for pure mode I crack and pure mode II crack have a symmetrical distribution to the initial crack plane.     

Material plasticity dependence of mixed mode fatigue crack growth in commonly used engineering materials

In this paper, an investigation of fatigue crack propagation in rectangular plates containing an inclined surface crack is presented. A criterion for the three-dimensional stress state is proposed to predict fatigue crack initiation angles. It is assumed that the direction of crack initiation coincides with the direction of the minimum radius of the plastic zone defined by the von Mises yield criterion. The maximum energy release rate criterion, i.e., G_max criterion, is extended to study the fatigue crack growth characteristics of mixed mode cracks. A modification has been made to this criterion to implement the consideration of the plastic strain energy. Subsequently, this concept is applied to predict crack growth due to fatigue loads. Experiments for checking the theoretical predictions from the proposed criterion have been conducted. The results obtained are compared with those obtained using the commonly employed fracture criteria and the test data.     

强度折减有限元在堤防稳定分析中的应用研究

采用强度折减有限元法,研究非均值堤防塑性区的开展特征和失稳破坏过程,并根据堤防应力场分布和临界滑动面的形成来分析堤岸整体失稳破坏的机理。结果表明:把强度折减有限元应用到非均质土层的堤防边坡稳定分析,在理论上、数值模拟实现上都是可行的; 有限元静力平衡和位移计算不收敛作为堤防边坡整体失稳的标志,同时考察滑移面上某些特征点的位移与荷载增量的关系、参考土体内坡脚向坡顶上方贯通的塑性滑动带的形成,可以准确判别堤防边坡失稳破坏状态; 此外,堤防失稳时的应力场分布特征表明,有必要应用张拉-剪切复合屈服准则,以真实反映堤防边坡的临界滑动面形成机理。     

一个新的普遍形式的局部损伤断裂准则

利用损伤函数概念，建立了一个普遍形式的局部断裂准则。该准则考虑了局掊应力，应变和损伤历史对断裂的影响，根据损伤力学理选取了一个新的连续损伤函数，从而导出一个新的连续损伤断裂准则。新的临界断裂参数ＷＤＣ，具有明显的物理意义，且易通过试验测得，是一个不依赖于应力状态的材料九。文中还从细观力学理论和有关的试验资料出发，选取了相应的损伤函数，再现了前人的细观力学准则和经验准则。     

A new criterion for mixed mode fracture initiation based on the crack tip plastic core region

In this work, we propose a new criterion for mixed mode I-II crack initiation angles based on the characteristics of the plastic core region surrounding the crack tip. The shape and size of the plastic core region are thoroughly analyzed under different loading conditions and a new formulation for the non-dimensional variable radius of the core region is presented for mixed mode (K_I−K_II) fracture. The proposed criterion states that the crack extends in the direction of the local or global minimum of the plastic core region boundary depending on the resultant stress state at the crack tip. The results show a well-defined correlation between the plastic core region characteristics and crack extension angles predicted by other criteria. The proposed criterion is formulated for various loading conditions and is compared with other available criteria against the limited available experimental data. It is shown that the proposed criterion provides a better agreement with the experimental data.     

复合型裂纹断裂的新准则

以Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹为研究对象，对裂纹尖端的塑性区分布规律进行了理论分析。引入两组评价裂纹尖端应力场对裂纹扩展影响的参数，考虑裂纹尖端存在的局部塑性变形，并采纳如下两个假设，(1)裂纹沿最短路径穿过塑性区向弹性区扩展，(2)当在扩展方向上的弹塑性边界极半径r大于其临界极半径rC时，裂纹开始扩展。在此基础上，导出了新的复合型裂纹断裂准则，并与现有部分断裂准则及实验结果进行了对比。结果表明：新建立的复合裂纹断裂准则与实验结果吻合程度非常高。最后，阐明了以单一KIC或KIIC建立的复合裂纹扩展准则的局限性以及考虑裂纹尖端当前应力场的必要性。     

Development and implementation of a beam theory model for shape memory polymers

In this paper we focus on the development of a beam theory for a small strain continuum model of thermoviscoelastic shape memory polymers (SMP). Rather than a history integral model that is common for viscoelastic materials, a thermodynamically based state evolution model developed by Ghosh and Srinivasa (2011a) is used as the basis for the beam model based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. An example of a three-point bend test is simulated using the beam theory model. The numerical solution is implemented by using an operator split technique that utilizes an elastic predictor and dissipative corrector. The key idea is that the elastic predictor is based on the solution to a beam theory boundary value problem while the dissipative corrector is entirely local (and hence can be parallelized) and is applied by considering the beam as a two or three dimensional body. This enables a very rapid solution of the problem yet maintaining fidelity of the distribution of inelastic strains across the cross-section. A displacement based convergence criterion is used in each time step. This algorithm is validated by using a three-point bending experiment for three different material cases: elastic, plastic and thermoplastic response. Time step convergence and mesh density convergence studies are carried out for the thermoviscoelastic FEM model. Finally, we implement and study this model for a SMP beam undergoing three-point bending strain recovery and stress recovery thermomechanical loading.     

Fluid boundary of a viscoplastic Bingham flow for finite solid deformations

The modelling of viscoplastic Bingham fluids often relies on a rheological constitutive law based on a “plastic rule function” often identical to the yield criterion of the solid state. It is also often assumed that this plastic rule function vanishes at the boundary between the solid and fluid states, based on the fact that it is true in the limit of small deformations of the solid state or for simple yield criteria. We show that this is not the case for finite deformations by considering the example of a two state flow on a tilted plane where the solid state is described by a Neo-Hookean model with a Von Mises yield criterion. This opens new approaches for the modelling and the computation of the fluid state boundaries.     

Qualitative Distinctions in the Solutions Based on the Plasticity Theories with the Mohr-Coulomb Yield Criterion

The following two models of the plasticity theory are considered: the model with the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion and the classical model of the plasticity theory with a yield criterion independent of the mean stress. The deformation problem of a plastic layer enclosed between two rotating plates is studied. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 136–145, November–December, 2005.     

Orthogonality hypothesis and gradientality principle in plasticity theory

We present the orthogonality hypothesis and the generalized Il’yushin gradientality principle in the plasticity theory. We use the orthogonality hypothesis to obtain local three-dimensional constitutive relations of the theory of plastic strain processes. We also discuss a model of the limit complex loading surface for a plastically deformable medium.     

考虑材料拉压异性的固支圆板塑性极统一解

本文采用最新的统一强度理论求出了固支圆板的塑性极限荷载,内力场及速度的统一解;得出了强度理论参数b及材料的不同拉压比α对塑性极限的影响曲线,所给出的解可以灵活地适用于各种不同特性的材料及机械、土木、航空等工程的相关结构中,文献中已有的Tresca解,Mises解和双剪统一屈服准则解均为本文的特例,本文的统一解还给出了一系列新的结果,统一解大于Tresca,Mohr-Coulomb的单剪理论解,它可以更好地发挥材料的强度潜力,工程应用可以取得明显的经济效益。     

一种非线性强度准则及转换应力法

岩土材料在二维破坏模式下具有较强烈的曲线形态,在一般剪应力与正应力空间中提出用幂参数曲线来表达上述曲线,该曲线与摩尔圆的外切点即对应为破坏应力点,则利用该点的外切直线斜率的反正切值来得到有效滑移角.对于三维单元体,共存在三个有效滑移角,利用三个有效滑移角确定出空间有效滑移面.基于岩土材料为摩擦型材料这一基本特性,利用空间有效滑移面上的应力比为一定值作为衡量材料破坏与否的判断准则,基于上述思路推导得到了t强度准则,在偏平面上,t准则开口形状为介于Von-Mises圆形曲线到SMP曲边三角形形态.在子午面上,引入开口的幂函数作为反映静水压力效应以及剪切破坏的曲线,而闭口的水滴型屈服面函数作为反映体积压缩屈服曲线,反映了岩土材料的压剪耦合特性.基于所提出的t强度准则, 推导了变换应力公式,可将以$p,q$为应力量的二维模型简单方便的转换为三维应力状态本构模型.通过强度以及多种应力路径的测试对比,验证了所提t准则及基于该准则的变换应力公式的合理性.      

Modelling inelastic behaviour of orthotropic metals in a unique alignment of deviatoric plane within the stress space

A finite strain constitutive model to predict the deformation behaviour of orthotropic metals is developed in this paper. The important features of this constitutive model are the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient and a new Mandel stress tensor combined with the new stress tensor decomposition generalized into deviatoric and spherical parts. The elastic free energy function and the yield function are defined within an invariant theory by means of the structural tensors. The Hill’s yield criterion is adopted to characterize plastic orthotropy, and the thermally micromechanical-based model, Mechanical Threshold Model (MTS) is used as a referential curve to control the yield surface expansion using an isotropic plastic hardening assumption. The model complexity is further extended by coupling the formulation with the shock equation of state (EOS). The proposed formulation is integrated in the isoclinic configuration and allows for a unique treatment for elastic and plastic anisotropy. The effects of elastic anisotropy are taken into account through the stress tensor decomposition and plastic anisotropy through yield surface defined in the generalized deviatoric plane perpendicular to the generalized pressure. The proposed formulation of this work is implemented into the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory-DYNA3D code by the modification of several subroutines in the code. The capability of the new constitutive model to capture strain rate and temperature sensitivity is then validated. The final part of this process is a comparison of the results generated by the proposed constitutive model against the available experimental data from both the Plate Impact test and Taylor Cylinder Impact test. A good agreement between experimental and simulation is obtained in each test.     

一种新的岩石非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型研究

为了克服传统元件组合模型不能描述岩石蠕变过程中非线性特征的缺陷，首先根据加速蠕变阶段的应变和应变率随蠕变时间急剧增大的特点，建立黏塑性应变与蠕变时间的指数函数关系并提出非线性黏塑性体．将该非线性黏塑性体与广义Burgers蠕变模型串联，建立可以描述岩石全蠕变过程的非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型，根据叠加原理得到一维应力状态下的轴向蠕变方程．然后基于塑性力学理论指出岩石三维蠕变本构方程建立过程中的不足之处，并给出非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型合理的三维蠕变方程．最后采用不同应力水平下砂岩轴向蠕变试验对模型合理性进行验证，结果表明：拟合曲线与试验曲线吻合度较高，所建蠕变模型能够很好地描述砂岩在不同应力水平下的蠕变变形规律，尤其对加速蠕变阶段的非线性特征描述效果很好，验证了模型的合理性．