含电子相影响的多功能含能结构材料冲击压缩理论计算

为了更好地描述疏松态金属材料的冲击压缩特性,基于托马斯-费米原子统计模型,研究金属晶体中电子热行为对系统内粒子数、内能、压强等参数的影响,修改了描述疏松金属材料的Wu-Jing模型中的参数R的计算方法。结合混合物的冷能叠加原理,得到考虑电子相影响的疏松态混合物物态方程。并对不同配比的密实态W/Cu合金、不同疏松度的Al/Ni合金的典型多功能含能结构材料进行计算,获得其冲击压力-比容关系及冲击波速度-粒子速度关系,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。结果表明,本文中模型对未反应条件下的金属材料冲击压缩特性预测较好;疏松材料的冲击压力-粒子速度关系并不呈现出密实材料的近似线性关系,其冲击压缩过程分为压实前和压实后2个明显的阶段;多功能含能结构材料的冲击压缩特性受材料孔隙率、材料配比等影响明显。     

多功能含能结构材料冲击压缩特性的理论计算

基于混合物冷能叠加原理,由各组分Hugoniot数据计算了密实材料的冲击压缩特性。再从等压 路径出发,结合Wu-Jing模型由热力学关系得到了具有一定孔隙率多功能含能结构材料的冲击压缩特性计算 方法。以W/Cu、Al/Ni、Ni/Ti和Al/Fe2O3/epoxy等典型颗粒金属材料及含能金属材料为例,计算了其冲击 压缩过程中相关Hugoniot参数。计算结果与已有实验结果吻合较好,多功能含能结构材料冲击压缩特性受 材料孔隙率、材料配比等影响明显。     

液Ar冲击压缩特性的理论计算

用exp-6有效两体势模型和液体变分微扰理论计算了液Ar冲击压缩曲线,在35GPa以下的压力范围内计算的冲击压缩曲线与Thiel及Nellis等人的实验数据及其它理论的计算结果符合较好。计算结果表明文中所选的势较为准确地反映了液体分子间的相互作用。也对较高冲击压力下理论计算的冲击曲线和实验结果之间的偏差作了分析,结合不透明度实验的结果,我们认为当压力超过35GPa,温度在12000K以上时,液Ar体系电子激发对系统热力学状态有较大影响。     

反应金属冲击反应过程的理论分析

基于1维冲击波理论和粉末材料的冲击温度计算模型对反应金属的冲击响应行为、冲击温度及冲击反应过程进行了理论分析,分别考虑了材料密实度、冲击速度对冲击压力、冲击温度的影响;结合粉末材料冲击温度计算结果及冲击反应的化学动力学方法,提出了考虑反应效率的反应金属冲击反应理论模型。利用新模型得到的计算结果与已有实验结果吻合较好。反应金属的冲击反应行为受密实度、冲击速度及材料种类影响明显。 更多还原     

爆炸与冲击中的实际物质状态方程

本文综述了爆炸力学计算中涉及的实际介质的状态方程,这些物质结构复杂,其描述方法与金属的状态方程有些不同.用物理力学观点及半经验、半理论方法进行描述.①用普遍的热力学方法导出介质的状态方程表达式,并用实测数据计算了有关的参量;②Grneisen系数值的计算以及它与体积和温度的关系;③多孔介质的优态方程;④从理论上系统地导出了波后卸载方程;⑤探讨了原予统计模型的边界势.     

质量传输模型在考虑热力学效应空化流动计算中的应用评价

通过二次开发技术，将Merkle、Kunz、Kubota、Singhal四种不同的质量传输模型和液氮物质属性随温度变化函数等引入了计算软件CFX。在考虑热力学效应的条件下，对绕翼型的液氮空化流动进行了数值计算，并与实验结果进行对比分析。结果表明：由于传输方程的物理机制不同，造成各模型的计算结果尤其是对热力学效应影响的描述存在明显的差别。Merkle模型计算得到的压力和温度分布与实验最为接近，质量传输过程能较好地反映温度场变化的影响，从而能较好地反映热力学效应对空化发展的影响；Singhal模型计算得到的结果与实验数据差距最大，其模拟得到的质量传输过程不能很好地反应温度流场的变化的影响。     

菱形颗粒冲蚀磨损特性试验及仿真研究

本文中针对单个硬质角形颗粒冲击金属材料表面的过程,设计了弹射试验装置,研究菱形颗粒冲击行为及冲蚀机理.采用高速摄像机,捕捉不同冲击速度v_i、冲击角度α_i和方位角度θ_i下颗粒的运动轨迹.建立了基于拉格朗日法的FEM-SPH耦合数值计算模型,借助于模型进一步分析了角形颗粒的运动学行为和变形凹坑形态.结果表明:冲击角α和方位角θ是决定颗粒旋转的关键因素,在某一固定冲击角αi下存在一个临界方位角θcr_i,当θiθ_(cri)时颗粒冲击后发生前旋旋转,当θ_iθ_(cri)时颗粒冲击后发生后旋旋转;冲击诱导的颗粒旋转对冲蚀机理的影响较大,颗粒前旋旋转对金属材料产生"耕犁"作用,后旋旋转对金属材料产生"撬起剔除"作用.颗粒的动能损失受到冲击角α_i和方位角θ_i的影响较大,临界方位角θ_(cri)下颗粒的动能损失最大,凹坑变形最严重.     

液压减振器随机热力学模型与油温变化研究

为了获得具有更多信息和更加接近工程实际的液压减振器油温热力学模型,将随机不确定性理论引入到液压减振器油温传统热力学模型中进行研究。将液压油密度、导热系数、比热容和运动粘度作为随机变量,运用求解函数数字特征的代数综合法建立减振器随机热力学模型,进而获得油液传热过程规律。将油温随机热力学模型研究结果和传统模型的计算结果与实验结果进行比较,证明随机不确定性理论的引入可行且随机热力学模型比传统模型更加优越。     

非均匀泡沫金属材料在冲击载荷下的变形模拟

提出一种二维非线性弹塑性质量-弹簧-连杆模型，该模型将泡沫金属材料离散成许多质量块，质量块在受载方向由非线性弹塑性弹簧连接，垂直于受载方向由可延伸的弹性连杆铰接。采用该模型模拟并分析了层非均匀泡沫金属材料及局部不均匀泡沫金属材料在冲击载荷下的变形特性，说明了非均匀性对泡沫金属材料冲击变形的影响。     

燃气射流冲击传热特性的数值模拟

针对射流传热问题,利用基于RNGk-ε湍流模型的数值方法模拟了射流垂直冲击平板的流动过程,并与实验数据比较,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,以火箭喷管入口参数为入口条件,建立了超音速燃气射流垂直冲击平板和冲击浸没平板的计算模型,分析了不同冲击条件下努塞尔数分布规律和温度分布规律, 论述了超音速射流传热的特性及影响传热特性的因素。得到了冲击距离为(14~18)D的努塞尔数取值范围,并表明冲击距离和射流温度是影响传热效率的关键因素;冲击距离增加,传热效率降低,冲击平板表面的射流温度越高,传热效率越高。     

弹体侵彻干砂的数值模型

基于砂粒的不可压缩性假设,利用球形空腔动态收缩模型和广义Mises强度准则推导了干砂的孔隙压密演化方程;根据Hugoniot冲击突跃条件和Grüneisen系数,推导了干砂考虑孔隙演化影响的状态方程;根据关联流动法则,得到了大变形时砂的弹塑性应力应变关系;基于动力有限元计算平台,采用上述模型分析了弹体高速侵彻干砂的作用过程。结果表明,该模型能够表征高速侵彻时砂的孔隙演化对应力应变状态的反向影响,能够较准确地反映高速侵彻作用下干砂的动力响应过程。     

Particle morphology and packing effects on the shock loading of powders

A physically based model for the shock Hugoniot of a powdered material is described which allows separate identification of the cold and thermal contributions to pressure and specific internal energy. Special features of this model are provision for the effects of porosity on the stress state and an empirically determined cold loading contribution to pressure. The model was tested against published Hugoniot data for iron and gave excellent agreement for shock pressures ranging from low to high values.This shock Hugoniot was used to explore the shocked state of 4 samples of iron powder derived from commercially available material. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of powder particle characteristics and initial starting densities on the shocked state.The powder samples investigated had a range of morphologies and sizes. Powders with either a large shape factor or high internal friction, as determined in shear cell experiments, exhibited a higher stiffness in the cold loading curve. In the shocked state, this translated into a higher cold component of pressure and energy than found in the other powders.The effect of initial powder density was studied by applying the Hugoniot model to two impact initiated shock loadings, one for a stainless steel flyer impacting at 0.5 km/s and one at the higher velocity of 2.0 km/s. Both were applied to iron powder targets preloaded to a range of initial densities. For a given impact event, the proportion of shock energy in the thermal mode was found to decrease with increasing initial density. This decrease was more pronounced at higher shock strengths. As a result of the decreasing component of thermal energy with higher initial density, there was a reduction in the continuum temperature behind the shock. However, the corresponding increase in the component of cold energy with the falling relative contribution from the thermal energy lead to increasing density behind the shock suggesting that there is a trade off in terms of temperature and density achievable with a given impact event.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

冲击温度的近似计算方法

将冲击温度的计算归纳为三种近似方法，并对这三种方法进行了概述，同时还给出了一些材料参数的估算方法．在利用等熵线计算冲击温度时，从冲击绝热线出发推导了一个半解析的等熵方程．计算了铁的冲击温度，并与实验测量值作了比较．结果表明，利用三项式物态方程并考虑熔化相变潜能的影响后算得的冲击温度与测量值符合得比较好，另外，本文还对影响冲击温度计算值的若干因素进行了分析．     

Model of the behavior of the mixture with different properties of the species under high dynamic loads

Within the framework of a thermodynamically equilibrium model, dynamic loading of mixtures of two and more condensed phases with different properties within the experimental error is described by using species parameters only. The behavior of alloys considered as mixtures with the same volume fractions of the species is studied. The behavior of condensed phases for solid and porous materials is described with the use of the equation of state of the Mie-Grüneisen type and with allowance for the dependence of the Grüneisen coefficient on temperature. The calculated results are compared with experimental data and available calculated results in wide ranges of parameters.     

Chemical relaxation in a viscous shock

We consider the flow of a nonequilibrium dissociating diatomic gas in a normal compression shock with account for viscosity and heat conductivity. The distribution of gas parameters in the flow is found by numerically solving the Navier-Stokes and chemical kinetics equations. The greatest difficulty in numerical integration comes from the singular points of this system at which the initial conditions are given. These points lead to instability of the numerical results when the problem is solved by standard numerical methods. An integration method is proposed that yields stable numerical results-continuous profiles of the distribution of the basic gas parameters in the shock are obtained.We consider steady one-dimensional flow in which the gas passes from equilibrium state 1 to another equilibrium state 2, which has higher values for temperature, density, and pressure. Such a flow is termed a normal compression shock.The parameter distribution in normal shock for nonequilibrium chemical processes has usually been calculated [1–3] without account for the transport phenomena (viscosity, heat conduction, and diffusion). The presence of an infinitely thin shock front perpendicular to the flow velocity direction was postulated. It was assumed that the flow is undisturbed ahead of the shock front. The gas parameters (velocity, density, and temperature) change discontinuously across the shock front, but the gas composition does not change. The composition change due to reactions takes place behind the shock front. The gas parameter distribution behind the front was calculated by solving the system of gasdynamic and chemical kinetics equations using the initial values determined from the Hugoniot conditions at the front to state 2 far downstream.Several studies (for example, [4, 5]) do account for transport phenomena in calculating parameter distribution in a compression shock, but not for nonequilibrium chemical reactions. These problems are solved by integrating the Navier-Stokes equations continuously from state 1 in the oncoming flow to state 2 downstream.We present a solution to the problem of normal compression shock in nonequilibrium dissociating oxygen with account for viscosity and heat conduction using the Navier-Stokes equations.     

Linear relationship between Hugoniot temperature and shock Mach number

It is the purpose of this publication to discuss further the apparent validity of a linear relationship between the Hugoniot temperature and the shock Mach number, when used as an independent variable in the thermodynamics of very high pressures. Additional evidence for seventeen different materials is presented. Some of the materials discussed might present phase transitions within the ranges of pressure and temperature here studied. The case of molybdenum is discussed in particular because experimental data on phase transitions are available within the ranges of pressure and temperature considered. Equation of state results for a few materials, obtained using an exact analytical equation of state, are compared with those computed employing an approximate form of the equation, consequence of the linear relationship between the Hugoniot temperature and shock Mach number. The excellent agreement shows that this approximate and very simple equation of state can be very reliable and useful. Received 17 June 1997 / Accepted 4 November 1997     

Constitutive behaviour of anisotropic materials under shock loading

Thermodynamically and mathematically consistent constitutive equations suitable for shock wave propagation in an anisotropic material are presented in this paper. Two fundamental tensors α_ij and β_ij which represent anisotropic material properties are defined and can be considered as generalisations of the Kronecker delta symbol, which plays the main role in the theory of isotropic materials. Using two fundamental tensors α_ij and β_ij, the concept of total generalised “pressure” and pressure corresponding to the thermodynamic (equation of state) response are redefined. The equation of state represents mathematical and physical generalisation of the classical Mie–Grüneisen equation of state for isotropic material and reduces to the Mie–Grüneisen equation of state in the limit of isotropy. Based on the generalised decomposition of the stress tensor, the modified equation of state for anisotropic materials, and the modified Hill criteria, combined with the associated flow rule, a system of constitutive equations suitable for shock wave propagation is formulated. The behaviour of aluminium alloy 7010-T6 under shock loading conditions is considered. A comparison of numerical simulations with existing experimental data shows good agreement of the general pulse shape, Hugoniot Elastic Limits (HELs), and Hugoniot stress levels, and suggests that the constitutive equations are performing satisfactorily. The results are presented and discussed, and future studies are outlined.     

On the structure of the Hugoniot relation for a shock-induced martensitic phase transition

The Hugoniot curve relates the pressure and volume behind a shock wave, with the temperature having been eliminated. This paper studies the Hugoniot curve behind a propagating sharp interface between two material phases for a solid in which an impact-induced phase transition has taken place. For a solid capable of existing in only one phase, compressive impact produces a shock wave moving into material, say, at rest in an unstressed state at the ambient temperature. If the specimen can exist in either of two material phases, sufficiently severe impact may produce a disturbance with a two-wave structure: a shock wave in the low-pressure phase of the material, followed by a phase boundary separating the low- and high-pressure phases. We use a theory of phase transitions in thermoelastic materials to construct the Hugoniot curve behind the phase boundary in this two-wave circumstance. The kinetic relation controlling the evolution of the phase transition is an essential ingredient in this process.