岩石蠕变断裂特性的试验研究

以一类红砂岩为例对蠕变条件下岩石裂纹的起裂和扩展的机理、准则进行了试验研究和理论分析．试验结果表明，岩石裂纹常常在初始应力强度因子KI小于断裂韧度KIC的情况下，经过一段时间的持续蠕变变形产生裂纹起裂和扩展．当然，初始应力强度因子KI小于断裂韧度KIC是有限度的，KI不得小于另一固定值KIC2，KIC2表征了岩石在蠕变条件下抵抗裂纹起裂和扩展的能力，而且其值小于KIC，可称之为蠕变断裂韧度．在岩石工程的设计和计算中，KIC2是一个重要参数．     

压荷载下类岩石材料中的锯齿形裂纹分析

针对类岩石材料的复杂性和非均质性，特别是材料中一些强度相对较弱的晶界的存在等，对形状较为复杂的两种锯齿形裂纹：内张型滑动裂纹和单翼滑动裂纹的应力强度因子进行了分析．结合经典的滑动裂纹模型，讨论了裂纹起裂角、侧压以及翼裂长度等对应力强度因子的影响．分析的结果为进一步研究类岩石材料的断裂损伤机理提供了理论基础．     

基于圆弧底试件的动态裂纹扩展及止裂规律研究

为了研究脆性材料的动态裂纹扩展及止裂规律，设计了一种带圆弧形底边的梯形开口边裂纹（trapezoidal opening crack with arc bottom，TOCAB）构型的试件。在落锤冲击设备加载下，对圆心角为0°、60°、90°和120°的TOCAB试件进行了冲击实验，并采用裂纹扩展计(crack propagation gauge，CPG)监测裂纹起裂和扩展时间，从而获得裂纹扩展速度。采用有限差分软件AUTODYN对落锤冲击设备和试件进行数值模拟，研究了裂纹的动态扩展过程及止裂规律。还基于实验和数值方法，计算了裂纹的临界动态应力强度因子。实验和数值结果均表明:3种弧度的TOCAB试件都可以实现运动裂纹止裂，该构型可用于研究动态裂纹止裂问题；数值计算的裂纹扩展路径与实验结果基本一致，验证了数值模型的有效性；裂纹起裂和止裂时刻的临界动态应力强度因子大于裂纹动态扩展过程中的临界动态应力强度因子。     

MY准则解析复合型裂尖塑性区

首次以MY(平均屈服)准则对I-II复合型裂纹在小范围屈服下的裂尖塑性区进行了分析,分别获得了平面应力和平面应变状态下塑性区尺寸的解析解。这两解表明,塑性区尺寸是材料屈服强度、应力强度因子、极角θ的函数。与Tresca准则、TSS屈服准则获得的解以及Mises解比较表明:Tresca准则预测塑性区上限,TSS屈服准则预测塑性区下限,MY准则预测的塑性区居于Tresca与TSS塑性区之间,逼近Mises解。另外,文中讨论了平面应力和平面应变状态下裂纹尖端的开裂问题,结果表明:当裂纹角β=π4时,平面应力状态下裂纹沿0-θ=0.2952π方向开裂;平面应变状态下裂纹沿0-θ=0.3188π方向开裂。     

陶瓷基复合材料基体唇形裂纹失效规律研究

建立横向拉伸载荷下的唇形裂纹数学模型,采用复变函数的方法,通过保角映射,推导了唇形裂纹尖端应力场和位移场的解析解,建立了唇形裂纹的应力强度因子准则和最大能量释放率准则,结合算例分析陶瓷基复合材料基体唇形裂纹的几何参数、外载荷和纤维分布对失效准则的影响规律.结果 表明,(1)裂纹尖端应力场和位移场的解析解与有限元计算结果进行对比,验证了方法的有效性;(2)相较于Griffith裂纹和椭圆裂纹,基于唇形裂纹的失效准则对裂纹尖端的敏感性更高,适用于预测脆性陶瓷基体裂纹的扩展;(3)对于不同几何参数的唇形裂纹,采用最大能量释放率准则的基体裂纹的扩展速率要大于应力强度因子准则.     

不同倾角预制裂纹缺陷与运动裂纹的相互作用

为了研究运动裂纹与不同倾角预制裂纹缺陷之间的作用机制,采用数字激光动态焦散线方法对含不同倾角预制裂纹缺陷的三点弯曲梁进行冲击实验。研究结果表明,在冲击载荷作用下,预制裂纹缺陷尖端均产生了次生裂纹;当运动主裂纹与预制裂纹缺陷贯通时,次生裂纹不会立即起裂,而是经过0~10 μs的能量积蓄后,次生裂纹才起裂;运动主裂纹应力强度因子峰值与次裂纹起裂时的应力强度因子值均随预制裂纹倾角的增大而增大。     

用弹簧质量模型求解三点弯曲试样的动态应力强度因子

用弹簧质量模型求解三点弯曲试样的动态应力强度因子李玉龙，刘元镛（西安西北工业大学，７１００７２）关键词动态应力强度因子，等效刚度，等效质量，阶跃载荷，有限元法１引言动态起裂韧性Ｋ；ｄ（》）是含裂纹体在冲击载荷作用下，起裂控制设计的一个基本参数，象静态...     

广义平均形状改变能密度断裂准则及应用

基于形状改变能为材料起裂扩展控制参量的物理事实及裂纹尖端断裂控制区能量平均概念,提出了计及裂纹尖端应力场特征级数展开奇异项和常数项的广义平均形状改变能密度(GADSED)准则,建立了I-II-III 混合型裂纹断裂判据计算式,为工程结构疲劳断裂评估提供了新选择．基于提出的GADSED 准则,系统分析了T应力对裂纹断裂判据的影响,结果表明：当参数|Ba|数值相同时：负值T应力的I-II 混合型裂纹更易起裂扩展,正值T应力的KΙf值高于负值T应力的KΙf值,正负T应力的KIIf值相同;T应力在区间0 < Bα < 0.45 时增大了KΙf值（3 %以内）,T应力降低了KIIf值．根据GADSED 准则完成了双轴疲劳载荷平板表面I 型裂纹扩展寿命预报,结果表明：基于GADSED 准则的裂纹扩展寿命预报值约为传统方法预报值的40.7 %,可为工程实际评估提供借鉴．     

三维复合型疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究与数值分析

本文在MTS810试验机上进行了不同加载角度的有机玻璃三维Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型疲劳裂纹扩展试验,通过显微镜记录试样的裂纹扩展过程,同时采用扩展有限元计算出有机玻璃三维Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹尖端应力强度因子。结果表明,不同加载角度下的裂纹扩展方向基本与外载荷方向垂直,裂纹扩展路径近似为一条直线,且裂纹扩展角度值随加载角度的增大而增加,试验结果符合最大周向应力准则;在厚度方向上,Ⅰ型应力强度因子呈拱形分布,试样厚度中心Ⅰ型应力强度因子最大,由中心向两端逐渐降低,自由表面处最小,同时发现试验过程中裂纹也是从中心开始起裂的,两者相符。Ⅱ型应力强度因子数值分布与Ⅰ型类似,趋近于自由表面时会发生微小突变,但其值总小于Ⅰ型应力强度因子,整个扩展过程中,Ⅰ型应力强度因子占主导。     

冲击载荷下含空孔三点弯曲梁的动态断裂行为

为得到圆孔缺陷对运动裂纹扩展过程的影响规律,采用动态焦散线实验方法进行模型实验,研究了冲击载荷下含空孔三点弯曲梁的动态断裂行为。研究结果表明:空孔对裂纹扩展有极大的阻碍作用,在一定范围内,空孔直径越大,阻碍作用越明显。裂纹扩展到空孔附近时,扩展速度会下降。裂纹在空孔上部再次起裂后,最大扩展速度远远大于裂纹与空孔贯通前的最大扩展速度。裂纹扩展至空孔附近时,裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子KdⅠ和KdⅡ均会下降。裂纹在空孔上部再次起裂后,裂尖的应力强度因子KdⅠ和KdⅡ均大于裂纹与空孔贯通前裂尖的KdⅠ和KdⅡ。在整个扩展过程中,裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子KdⅡ远小于KdⅠ,说明KdⅠ在裂纹扩展过程中起主要作用。     

拉伸荷载下分支裂隙破坏机理研究

为研究拉伸荷载下分支裂隙对破坏模式的影响,保持主裂隙参数不变,改变分支裂隙倾角和长度,利用扩展有限元方法模拟了弯折裂隙的动态扩展,总结了分支裂隙参数变化对破坏模式的影响。利用ABAQUS中的轮廓积分计算了分支裂隙尖端应力强度因子,并根据最大周向应力准则计算起裂角。结果表明:拉伸荷载下分支裂隙出现三种破坏模式;分支裂隙倾角和长度均对破坏模式有一定的影响。I型应力强度因子与分支裂隙倾角关系曲线呈斜"S"型,相应II型应力强度因子曲线呈上凸型;由于分支裂隙存在非尖端破坏,利用裂隙尖端应力强度因子判断开裂应结合相应的破坏模式。     

On the circumferential strain factor criterion of mixed mode brittle fracture

In this paper, the criteria of mixed mode brittle fracture are carefully examined. It has been shown that, the circumferential strain factor criterion is rational and safe.With the exception of opening mode, mixed mode plane strain fracture of comparatively ductile materials(metals), in general, does not follow the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics.Like the stress intensity factor that which is concerned is playing an important role in pure opening mode crack problems. We believe that, in mixed mode crack problems, the circumferential strain factor will become a parameter to determine the rate of fatigue crack propagation per cycle, and of stress corrosion cracking per unit time.First published in Nanking Aeronautical Institute Report of Science and Technology, No. 680, Jan., 1980 (in Chinese).     

Effect of electrical polarization saturation on stress intensity factors in a piezoelectric ceramic

The electric-field induced stress intensity factor in a piezoelectric medium of limited electrical polarization is evaluated based on a strip-saturation model of the Dugdale-type. Particular emphasis is placed on the effect of the saturation condition on the near tip field and the stress intensity factor. To this end, the general solution is derived in terms of the (unspecified) normal electrical displacement distribution along the saturated strip. Since the saturated strip is representative of the unknown saturated zone, the normal electrical displacement may suffer discontinuity across the saturated strip. It is found that the crack-tip field and the stress intensity factors depend on the discontinuity of the normal electrical displacement across the saturated strip although this dependency disappears in some practically important cases. A crack perpendicular to the poling axis in a general poled ferroelectric is discussed in detail to illustrate the implications of the strip-saturation model for electric-field induced cracking. The results show that some discrepancies between theory and experiments, for which the classical linear piezoelectric model gives qualitatively incorrect results, can be explained clearly in terms of the stress intensity factor given by the strip-saturation model. In particular, these results are independent of the form of the saturation condition imposed on the saturated strip.     

The strain energy density ratio criterion for predicting cracking direction in composite materials

The strain energy density ratio criterion for predicting cracking direction incomposite materials is proposed.The Tsai-Hill criterion and Norris criterion ofcomposite materials are extended to predict the cracking direction in composites.Thethree criteria are used to analyse the crack propagation problem of the unidirectionalfibre composite sheet with various fibre directions.The predicted results are comparedwith those of the existing normal stress ratio criterion and strain energy densitycriterion.     

Mixed mode fatigue crack growth in test coupons made from 2024-T3 aluminum

In this paper, two different fracture criteria are applied to determine the crack trajectory or angle of crack propagation in test specimens containing inclined cracks emanating from open holes. Also, different crack growth rate models are assumed for each criterion. The maximum principal stress criterion is used with a crack growth-rate equation based on an effective stress intensity factor. The strain energy density criterion is used with a crack growth-rate equation corresponding to an effective strain energy density factor. The crack growth-rate models for each criterion were constructed using unpublished fatigue crack growth data for 2024-T3 aluminum.     

热对流作用下筒壁涂层的边裂行为

边裂(边缘开裂)是涂层热致损伤的主要模式之一. 边缘裂纹穿透涂层后,常导致界面脱粘从而驱使涂层与基体剥离,最终丧失对基体的保护作用. 本文以热应力强度因子表征边缘裂纹的扩展驱动力,研究筒壁涂层在热对流作用下的边裂行为. 首先,利用拉普拉斯变换法,得到了瞬态温度场及热应力场的封闭解. 其次,运用Fett等的三参数法确定了筒壁涂层边缘裂纹的权函数. 最后,基于叠加原理和权函数方法计算了边缘裂纹的热应力强度因子. 探讨了无量纲时间、边缘裂纹深度、基体/涂层厚度比、热对流强度等参数对热应力强度因子的影响规律. 结果表明:热应力强度因子的峰值既非发生在热载荷初始时刻,也非发生在热稳态时刻,而出现在时间历程的中间时刻;增大热对流强度不仅可提高热应力强度因子的峰值,而且使峰值提前出现;其他条件相同时,热应力强度因子随着边缘裂纹长度的增大而降低;增大涂层厚度或减小基体厚度可增强涂层抵抗瞬态热载荷的能力.      

Prefracture zone for longitudinal shear cracks in structured materials

We obtain simple relations for the following critical fracture parameters of elastoplastic materials: the shear stresses, the prefracture zone length, and the stress intensity factor for mode III of fracture. There is a passage to the limit from a sufficient fracture criterion to a necessary fracture criterion as the prefracture zone length tends to zero. The critical stresses obtained from the necessary and sufficient criteria are substantially different. In the framework of the proposed model, the critical stress intensity factor obtained from the sufficient criterion depends on the grain diameter and the parameters of the τ-γ diagram of the material.     

Crack propagation in an elastic solid subjected to general loading—III. Stress wave loading

The stress intensity factor of a half-plane crack extending non-uniformly in an isotropic elastic solid subjected to stress wave loading is determined. A plane stress pulse strikes the crack at time t = 0, the wavefront being parallel to the plane of the crack. At some arbitrary later time t = τ, the crack begins to extend at a non-uniform rate. It is found that the stress intensity factor is a universal function of instantaneous crack-tip velocity times the stress intensity factor for an equivalent stationary crack. An energy rate balance fracture criterion is applied to obtain an equation of motion for the crack tip. The delay time between the arrival of the incident pulse and the onset of fracture is also calculated for this fracture criterion.     

Stress field at a tip of a prefabricated spiral V-notch

Based on the tranditional V-notched blasting, a technique of spirally V-notched blasting to loosen earth and rock was presented. Fracture mechanics and Westergaard stress function were adopted to build a complex stress function to derive the plane stress and strain fields at one tip of the crack under a quasi-static pressure. An expression was formulated to define the stress intensity factor of spiral V-notch loosen blasting. Factors that have effects on the stress intensity factor were studied. It is demonstrated that spiral V-notch loosen blasting is an extension of vertical V-notch blasting, straight cracking, and alike theories.     

断裂力学判据的评述

从Inglis 和Griffith 的著名论文到Irwin 和Rice 等的奠基性贡献,对断裂力学中的线弹性断裂力学的K判据,界面断裂力学的G判据,和弹塑性断裂力学的J 判据作了扼要的综述. 介绍了在界面断裂力学G判据的基础上提出的界面断裂力学的K判据,以说明断裂力学的判据存在改进的可能性. 在综述中归纳出断裂力学判据中目前还没有较好解决的几个问题. 在总结以往断裂力学研究经验的基础上,指出裂纹端应力奇异性的源是对断裂力学判据存在的问题作进一步研究的切入点. 探讨了裂纹端应变间断的奇点是裂纹端应力奇异性的源的问题,从而对裂纹端应力强度因子的物理意义进行了讨论. 最后,阐述了进行可靠的裂纹端应力场的弹塑性分析是改进弹塑性断裂力学判据的关键,而进行可靠的裂纹端应力场的弹塑性分析的前提是要通过裂纹端应力奇异性的源的研究来获得作用在裂纹端的造成裂纹端应变间断的有限值应力.