Strain gradient crystal plasticity effects on flow localization

In metal grains one of the most important failure mechanisms involves shear band localization. As the band width is small, the deformations are affected by material length scales. To study localization in single grains a rate-dependent crystal plasticity formulation for finite strains is presented for metals described by the reformulated Fleck–Hutchinson strain gradient plasticity theory. The theory is implemented numerically within a finite element framework using slip rate increments and displacement increments as state variables. The formulation reduces to the classical crystal plasticity theory in the absence of strain gradients. The model is used to study the effect of an internal material length scale on the localization of plastic flow in shear bands in a single crystal under plane strain tension. It is shown that the mesh sensitivity is removed when using the nonlocal material model considered. Furthermore, it is illustrated how different hardening functions affect the formation of shear bands.     

The time development of eulerian/lagrangian perturbations to simple shear and its applications to shear banding

T of two-dimensional linear disturbances to the simple shear deformation of viscoplastic hardening/softening solids and its consequences on the localization of the plastic flow into shear bands are investigated. Attention is focused on the orientation features of shear banding. A local analysis is carried out on the basis of a generalized Orr-Sommerfeld equation ; the classic time-independent characteristic lines theory is embedded in a time-dependent analysis. It is shown that the characteristic directions are not equivalent when the time evolution is considered, owing to the convective nature of the shear banding instability. The transition between a time-independent behavior for which a pair of shear bands occurs abruptly along the characteristic directions, and a time-dependent regime where a single shear band goes to completion in the shearing direction is discussed.     

分子动力学模拟金属玻璃板拉伸时剪切带的形成和演化过程

金属玻璃在低温高应力条件下容易生成剪切带而导致结构的破坏，大大限制了它的推广应用。本文采用分子动力学模拟研究了三种Cu64Zr36（不带缺口、一侧带缺口、两侧带缺口）金属玻璃板试样在拉伸过程中剪切带的形成和演化过程及其力学性能。结果表明：不带缺口金属玻璃板试样在低温高应力的拉伸过程中会自发出现局部剪切转变区，发生剪切局部化，继续拉伸会在与加载轴大约成45°方向上形成剪切带。剪切带的形成与剪切转变区的分布和局部化有关，带缺口比不带缺口的试样会更早出现应变局部化，即在较低的拉伸应变下便形成剪切带，其拉伸强度也相应较低。相同条件下，一侧带缺口与两侧带缺口的试样在拉伸强度上几乎相同，但两侧带缺口试样的应变局部化程度稍低，主要是两侧缺口处均出现了剪切转变区，导致其分布和局部化不够集中，这也是形成主剪切带和次剪切带的主要原因。以上结果为进一步从原子尺度理解金属玻璃剪切带的形成和演化特征提供了重要的信息。     

分子动力学模拟金属玻璃板拉伸时剪切带的形成和演化过程

金属玻璃在低温高应力条件下容易生成剪切带而导致结构的破坏,大大限制了它的推广应用。本文采用分子动力学模拟研究了三种Cu64Zr36（不带缺口、一侧带缺口、两侧带缺口）金属玻璃板试样在拉伸过程中剪切带的形成和演化过程及其力学性能。结果表明：不带缺口金属玻璃板试样在低温高应力的拉伸过程中会自发出现局部剪切转变区,发生剪切局部化,继续拉伸会在与加载轴大约成45°方向上形成剪切带。剪切带的形成与剪切转变区的分布和局部化有关,带缺口比不带缺口的试样会更早出现应变局部化,即在较低的拉伸应变下便形成剪切带,其拉伸强度也相应较低。相同条件下,一侧带缺口与两侧带缺口的试样在拉伸强度上几乎相同,但两侧带缺口试样的应变局部化程度稍低,主要是两侧缺口处均出现了剪切转变区,导致其分布和局部化不够集中,这也是形成主剪切带和次剪切带的主要原因。以上结果为进一步从原子尺度理解金属玻璃剪切带的形成和演化特征提供了重要的信息。     

Effects of texture on shear band formation in plane strain tension/compression and bending

In this study, effects of typical texture components observed in rolled aluminum alloy sheets on shear band formation in plane strain tension/compression and bending are systematically studied. The material response is described by a generalized Taylor-type polycrystal model, in which each grain is characterized in terms of an elastic–viscoplastic continuum slip constitutive relation. First, a simple model analysis in which the shear band is assumed to occur in a weaker thin slice of material is performed. From this simple model analysis, two important quantities regarding shear band formation are obtained: i.e. the critical strain at the onset of shear banding and the corresponding orientation of shear band. Second, the shear band development in plane strain tension/compression is analyzed by the finite element method. Predictability of the finite element analysis is compared to that of the simple model analysis. Third, shear band developments in plane strain pure bending of a sheet specimen with the typical textures are studied. Regions near the surfaces in a bent sheet specimen are approximately subjected to plane strain tension or compression. From this viewpoint, the bendability of a sheet specimen may be evaluated, using the knowledge regarding shear band formation in plane strain tension/compression. To confirm this and to encompass overall deformation of a bent sheet specimen, including shear bands, finite element analyses of plane strain pure bending are carried out, and the predicted shear band formation in bent specimens is compared to that in the tension/compression problem. Finally, the present results are compared to previous related studies, and the efficiency of the present method for materials design in future is discussed.     

Formation of adiabatic shear band in metal matrix composites

A modified single-pulse loading split Hopkinson torsion bar (SSHTB) is introduced to investigate adiabatic shear banding behavior in SiCp particle reinforced 2024 Al composites in this work. The experimental results showed that formation of adiabatic shear band in the composite with smaller particles is more readily observed than that in the composite with larger particles. To characterize this size-dependent deformation localization behavior of particle reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCp), a strain gradient dependent shear instability analysis was performed. The result demonstrated that high strain gradient provides a deriving force for the formation of adiabatic shear banding in MMCp.     

Influence of void nucleation on ductile shear fracture at a free surface

An approximate continuum model of a ductile, porous material is used to study the influence of the nucleation and growth of micro-voids on the formation of shear bands and the occurrence of surface shear fracture in a solid subject to plane strain tension. Bifurcation into diffuse modes is analysed for a plane strain tensile specimen described by these constitutive relations, which account for a considerable plastic dilatancy due to void growth and for the possibility of non-normality of the plastic flow law. In particular, bifurcation into surface wave modes and the possible influence of such modes triggering shear bands is investigated. For solids with initial imperfactions such as a surface undulation, a local material inhomogeneity on an inclusion colony, the inception and growth of plastic flow localization is analysed numerically. Both the formation of void-sheets and the final growth of cracks in the shear bands is described numerically. Some special features of shear band development in the solid obeying non-normality are studied by a simple model problem.     

Effect of porosity on the properties of strain localization in porous media under undrained conditions

Within the general framework of mixture theory and by introducing the fictitious “fluid phase” as a mixture of a liquid and a gas, the conditions for localization of deformation into a shear band in the incremental response of partially saturated and fully saturated elastic–plastic porous media under undrained conditions are derived. The effect of porosity is included in the derivation. The explicit analytical expressions of the direction of shear band initiation and the corresponding hardening modulus of the porous media for the plane strain case are deduced, and a parametric analysis is made of the influence of the porosity on the properties of strain localization based on Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion. It is found that the dependence of the shear banding properties of partially saturated porous media on the porosity is related to the stress states and Poisson's ratio. However, the properties of the strain localization for the fully saturated porous media are almost independent of Poisson's ratio. Finally, on the basis of Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion, some solutions of the shear banding orientation for water-saturated granular materials are obtained, which are proved to be in good agreement with the experimental results reported by other researchers.     

Evolution of shear bands in bulk metallic glasses under dynamic loading

Shear band spacing in Zr-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) under dynamic loads is found to vary with position and local strain rate in the indented region. To investigate the dependence of shear band evolution characteristics on local strain rate and normal stress, a micromechanical model based on momentum diffusion is proposed. The thermo-mechanical model takes into account the normal stress dependence of yield stress, the free volume theory and the associated viscosity change within the shear band region. Temperature rise is obtained from the balance between the heat diffusion to the adjacent regions from a shear band and the heat generation due to the accumulated plastic work in a shear band. The parametric study has revealed that thermal effects play a minor role when the critical shear displacement is below 10 nm (as in nanoindentation) but become significant when the shear displacement accumulated in a shear band is of the order of hundreds of nanometers (as in uniaxial compression and in dynamic indentations). Finally, it is found that the normal stress plays a crucial role in the deformation behavior of BMGs by not only decreasing the time for shear band formation but also increasing the temperature rise significantly.     

影响金属玻璃中剪切带行为的微观机制

论文对金属玻璃发生剪切失稳形成剪切带的行为进行了分析,得到了其发生剪切失稳时的临界自由体积浓度,预测结果与实验观察和模拟结果吻合;利用两种方法对其剪切带厚度进行了预测,结果表明基于剪切失稳临界波长预测金属玻璃剪切带厚度的方法只在发生剪切失稳后极短的时间内有效,对成熟剪切带厚度的预测必须考虑自由体积的扩散效应;考察了金属玻璃的宏微观材料参数对其剪切带厚度的影响及其微观机制,发现金属玻璃剪切带厚度对其宏观材料参数(泊松比)不敏感,对与剪切相变区相关的微结构参数敏感.