面内压电振动能量采集动力学设计与性能研究

压电振动能量采集将环境中普遍存在的机械能转换为电能，可以实现自供能传感、控制与驱动，具备灵活、节能环保、可持续的优势，具有广阔的应用前景。为了促进压电振动能量采集器件的集成与融合，提出面内压电振动能量采集，将压电振动能量采集器进行扁平化设计，使其在二维平面内采集振动能量，在保证较大功率输出下能够显著减小器件所需三维空间。为了提高输出功率与工作频宽，设计了具有双稳态与力放大机制的面内压电振动能量采集器。考虑弯张小变形，通过能量法建立了面内压电振动能量采集器的机电耦合动力学模型。分析了关键设计参数对面内压电振动能量采集器性能的影响。数值仿真了面内压电振动能量采集器在简谐激励下的俘能性能，结果表明，通过合理的设计，面内压电振动能量采集器可以低频、宽频弱激励下有效俘获能量。面内压电振动能量采集设计方法有利于推动便携式、可穿戴式自供能等方面的应用和产业化。     

面向超低频振动能俘获的内共振升频式压电振子与性能分析

自然环境中的低频、超低频振动能分布十分广泛,但如何高效俘获依然是一个技术难题。本文主要研究了一种基于摆锤、内嵌式双悬臂梁、一对永磁铁和限位器的升频式超低频振动能量收集器,并对其进行了理论建模、仿真分析和实验验证。该振子结构可以利用1:2:6升频转换机制将初始激励的超低频率升高至6倍频的电压输出,有效地增大了压电元件的换能效率,提高了振子结构输出功率。该原型装置可以在频率2 Hz、幅值0.2 m/s 的激励下达到1.4 mW的能量收集水平,展现出了较高的能量俘获和转换潜力。     

非线性振动能量俘获技术的若干进展

随着工程中低功耗电子设备和自供能无线传感网络的迅速发展, 使得振动能量俘获在航空航天工程、机械工程、生物医学工程和可持续能源工程等领域得到了广泛地应用. 振动能量俘获不仅可以将振动能转化为可用的电能为微电子设备供电, 还能减少有害振动保护仪器设备. 根据振动能量不同转换机制, 可以将振动能量俘获系统分为静电式、电磁式、压电式、磁致伸缩式、摩擦起电式以及它们的混合式. 其中压电和电磁振动能量转化机制由于结构简单、容易组装、能量转换性能高等优点, 已被广泛应用于各种工程领域中. 受极端环境干扰, 工程中容易出现宽带、低频等振动, 迫使振动能量俘获技术向非线性方向迅猛发展, 进一步吸引了诸多学者对振动能量俘获系统的结构和电路进行优化设计研究. 本文首先综述了非线性振动能量俘获技术近十年来的研究进展, 主要包括设计技术基础、非线性结构设计、动力学分析等方面的研究现状. 其次, 重点阐述了振动能量俘获与振动抑制一体化的主要研究成果, 包括非线性准零刚度和非线性能量汇在振动能量俘获领域的应用. 最后, 总结了振动能量俘获外接电路和主动控制策略的优化设计, 分析了进一步提升非线性振动能量俘获效能的有效方法.      

面向压电振动能量俘获的电能管理电路综述

随着物联网(internet of things, IoT)技术的高速发展, 传统的电池供电方式已经不能满足其供电需求. 利用压电能量俘获技术将机械能转换为电能, 可为IoT提供持久的电能, 具有广阔的应用前景. 本文在讨论压电振动俘能器的电学特性基础上, 全面总结了面向压电振动俘能器的电能管理电路的最新研究成果. 电能管理电路通常由AC-DC变换和DC-DC开关变换器(包括控制算法)两部分组成, 前者用于将压电振动俘能器输出的交流电转变为直流电, 后者用于提高能量俘获效率. 首先, 针对AC-DC变换, 分析了全桥整流器、电压倍增器、同步开关电感电路和同步开关电容电路的工作原理和优缺点. 接着, 重点讨论了用于压电振动俘能器的典型开关变换器电路, 包括电感式、全电容式和变压器式DC-DC开关变换器以及AC-DC开关变换器, 分析了它们的特点和适用场合. 最后, 针对压电振动俘能器的特点, 分析了实现最大能量俘获的几种典型控制算法, 包括最大功率点跟踪、阻抗匹配和同步电荷提取控制算法. 本文通过对面向压电振动俘能器的电能管理电路的全面分析和综述, 揭示了该领域目前存在的瓶颈问题, 并展望了其未来发展方向, 对压电能量俘获自供电系统的研究和开发具有重要的参考价值.      

一种具有新型动力放大器压电悬臂梁俘能器计算模型和解析解

为了提高压电振动能量俘获的效率,提出了一种新型的压电悬臂梁俘能器。新的压电俘能器在悬臂梁固定端安装一个新型动力放大器系统,另一端带有一个有限尺寸的质量块。新型动力放大器由平移及转动约束的弹簧-质量块系统组成。考虑有限尺寸质量块的质量分布效应和平移及转动约束的弹簧刚度等结构参数的影响,利用广义Hamilton原理,针对带有新型动力放大器的压电式悬臂梁俘能器,建立了分布参数型运动微分方程,获得了相应的特征函数,分析了自振频率和能量俘获效果。分析结果表明,考虑质量块偏心距和转动惯量可提高能量俘获效率的预测精度;合理选择动力放大器的平移及转动弹簧刚度可提高能量俘获的效率,降低俘能器的共振频率。     

基于碰撞升频的MEMS压电振动能量采集系统

本文提出了一种基于碰撞升频机制的微型压电能量采集系统，由一对共振频率不同的悬臂梁平行叠放组成。在外界低频振动激励下，底部低频S形金属曲梁产生共振，在运动过程中碰撞顶部高频微型压电直梁，从而将低频环境振动转换为高频压电梁的振动，解决了压电直梁的固有频率与外界激励频率不匹配问题，同时提高能量收集的效率。本文建立了悬臂梁受迫振动和碰撞耦合振动的动力学模型，讨论了压电悬臂梁的电压输出特性。通过实验测试了压电能量收集系统和单个压电悬臂梁的开路电压并计算了输出功率，结果表明当振动加速度为1.0 g时，升频式压电能量采集系统在25 Hz的激振下输出功率达到8.6 μW，高于单个压电悬臂梁的最大输出功率。     

Nanoscale flexoelectric energy harvesting

One of the most tantalizing applications of piezoelectricity is to harvest energy from ambient mechanical vibrations for powering micro and nano devices. However, piezoelectricity is restricted only to certain materials and is severely compromised at high temperatures. In this article, we examine in detail, the possibility of using the phenomenon of flexoelectricity for energy harvesting. The flexoelectric effect is universally present in all dielectrics and exhibits a strong scaling with size. Using a simple beam-based paradigmatical design, we theoretically and computationally examine flexoelectric energy harvesting under harmonic mechanical excitation. We find that the output power density and conversion efficiency increase significantly when the beam thickness reduces from micro to nanoscale and flexoelectricity-based energy harvesting can be a viable alternative to piezoelectrics. Specifically, the conversion efficiency in flexoelectric transduction at sub-micron thickness levels is observed to increase by two orders of magnitude as the thickness is reduced by an order of magnitude. The flexoelectric energy harvester works even for a single layer beam with a symmetric cross section which is not possible in piezoelectric energy harvesting. Our results also pave the way for exploration of high temperature energy harvesting since unlike piezoelectricity, flexoelectricity persists well beyond the Curie temperatures of the high electromechanical coupling ferroelectrics that are often used.     

流致振动能量收集的钝头体几何设计研究

流致振动蕴含着可观的能量, 通过能量收集技术可将其转化为电能. 为提高低速流场中能量转化效率, 本文实验研究了不同截面下钝头体以及它们的宽厚比(W/T)对流致振动能量收集特性的影响, 并通过计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamic, CFD)仿真分析了尾流特性. 流致振动能量收集装置由压电悬臂梁和不同截面的钝头体构成. 首先搭建了流致振动能量收集风洞实验平台, 钝头体的截面分别设置为矩形、三角形和D形, 宽厚比分别设定为1, 1.3, 1.8和2.5. 然后利用实验方法分析不同形状钝头体的宽厚比(W/T)对位移响应和电压响应的影响规律. 最后通过计算流体动力学模拟揭示实验结果的内在力学机理. 实验结果表明, 当钝头体截面为矩形时, 增大宽厚比可以显著提高电压输出峰值; 当钝头体为三角形和D形时, 增加宽厚比将使系统呈现“驰振”→“驰振 + 涡激振动”→“涡激振动”响应特性变化趋势, 提高了低风速时的能量收集效果. CFD结果解释了实验现象, 即随着宽厚比增加, 钝头体尾流会产生更加强劲的涡街, 显著提高流致振动能量收集效果. 相关结果可优化流致振动能量收集装置结构, 为提高低速流场的能量收集效果提供理论和实验依据.      

基于反激变压器的压电振动能量双向操控技术

压电材料因其具有良好的机电耦合特性, 在振动能量俘获和结构振动控制领域有着良好的应用前景. 基于同步开关和电感的压电元件接口控制电路, 可以通过振荡电路工作原理调节压电元件的电压幅值和相位, 优化压电振动系统的机电能量转化. 优化型同步电荷提取技术即基于上述接口控制电路实现了压电振动能到电能的高效转换. 本文提出了一种衍生于优化型同步电荷提取电路的压电阻尼半主动控制电路, 借鉴反激变压器的原、副边能量转换特性, 实现了压电振动控制系统从电能到机械能的能量操控, 进而达到结构振动抑制的效果. 至此, 结合了压电电荷能提取与压电阻尼半主动控制技术的新电路, 以反激变压器为核心实现了压电振动能量的双向操纵. 论文首先介绍了相应的控制电路及工作原理, 推导了新型同步开关阻尼技术下的结构的振动阻尼比模型, 搭建了压电悬臂梁振动控制实验平台, 最终通过实验验证了理论模型, 并使用更简单的控制方法解决了振动控制系统的稳定性问题.      

Analytical and finite-element study of optimal strain distribution in various beam shapes for energy harvesting applications

Owing to the increasing demand for harvesting energy from environmental vibration for use in self-powered electronic applications, cantilever-based vibration energy harvesting has attracted considerable interest from various parties and has become one of the most common approaches to converting redundant mechanical energy into electrical energy. As the output voltage produced from a piezoelec-tric material depends largely on the geometric shape and the size of the beam, there is a need to model and compare the performance of cantilever beams of differing geometries. This paper presents the study of strain distribution in various shapes of cantilever beams, including a convex and concave edge profile elliptical beam that have not yet been discussed in any prior literature. Both analytical and finite-element models are derived and the resultant strain distributions in the beam are computed based on a MATLAB solver and ANSYS finite-element analysis tools. An optimum geome-try for a vibration-based energy harvesting system is verified. Finally, experimental results comparing the power density for triangular and rectangular piezoelectric beams are also pre-sented to validate the findings of the study, and the claim, as suggested in the literature, is verified.     

Design of piezoelectric energy harvesting devices subjected to broadband random vibrations by applying topology optimization

Converting ambient vibration energy into electrical energy by using piezoelectric energy harvester has attracted a lot of interest in the past few years.In this paper,a topology optimization based method is applied to simultaneously determine the optimal layout of the piezoelectric energy harvesting devices and the optimal position of the mass loading.The objective function is to maximize the energy harvesting performance over a range of vibration frequencies.Pseudo excitation method (PEM) is adopted to analyze structural stationary random responses,and sensitivity analysis is then performed by using the adjoint method.Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.     

压电俘能器结构及其力/电耦合作用分析

介绍了一种新的切实可行的能量俘获方法,即通过压电结构的力/电转换功能从环境振动中提取能量,实现微电子器件的无线供能。这种由压电结构制作的能从环境振动中提取能量的声波器件称为压电俘能器,可分为两类：一类是压电结构在环境振动激励下所输出的功率直接供给微电子器件工作,不进行能量储存,这类俘能器称为第一类压电俘能器（piezoelectric power harvester）;另一类是环境振动较弱,压电结构的输出功率低于器件的瞬时耗能,考虑到某些器件大部分时间处于休眠状态,而俘能器却随时可以从环境振动中提取能量,因此经过一段时间的能量累积后,由俘能器所储存的能量仍能满足器件的短期工作耗能。显然,这类俘能器需要具备能量储存功能,称为第二类压电俘能器（piezoelectric energy harvester）。本文详细介绍了压电俘能器结构以及两类俘能器的不同分析方法,阐述了提高俘能效率的有效措施并揭示了相关的改进机理,对压电俘能器的设计和应用具有重要意义。     

Interplay between phononic bandgaps and piezoelectric microstructures for energy harvesting

The paper introduces a multifunctional structural design combining superior mechanical wave filtering properties and energy harvesting capabilities. The proposed concept is based on the ability of most periodic structures to forbid elastic waves from propagating within specific frequency ranges known as phononic bandgaps. The bandgap density and the resulting filtering effect are dramatically enhanced through the introduction of a microstructure consisting of stiff inclusions which resonate at specific frequencies and produce significant strain and energy localization. Energy harvesting is achieved as a result of the conversion of the localized kinetic energy into electrical energy through the piezoelectric effect featured by the material in the microstructure. The idea is illustrated through the application to hexagonal truss-core honeycombs featuring periodically distributed stiff cantilever beams provided with piezoelectric electrodes. The multifunctional capability results from the localized oscillatory phenomena exhibited by the cantilevers for excitations falling in the neighborhood of the bending fundamental frequencies of the beams. This application is of particular interest for advanced aerospace and mechanical engineering applications where distinct capabilities are simultaneously pursued and weight containment represents a critical design constraint. The scalability of the analysis suggests the possibility to miniaturize the design to the microscale for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications such as self-powered microsystems and wireless sensors.     

A piezoelectric based energy harvester with dynamic magnification: modelling,design and experimental assessment

This work presents a simple and innovative piezoelectric energy harvester, inspired by fractal geometry and intrinsically including dynamic magnification. Energy harvesting from ambient vibrations exploiting piezoelectric materials is an efficient solution for the development of self-sustainable electronic nodes. After an initial design step, the present work investigates the eigenfrequencies of the proposed harvester, both through a simple free vibration analysis model and through a computational modal analysis. The experimental validation performed on a prototype, confirms the accurate frequency response predicted by these models with five eigenfrequencies below 100 Hz. Despite the harvester has piezoelectric transducers only on a symmetric half of the top surface of the lamina, the rate of energy conversion is significant for all the investigated eigenfrequencies. Moreover, by adding a small ballast mass on the structure, it is possible to excite specific eigenfrequencies and thus improving the energy conversion.     

Nonlinear dynamics and performance analysis of modified snap-through vibration energy harvester with time-varying potential function

Vibration energy harvesting has emerged as a promising method to harvest energy for small-scale applications. Enhancing the performance of a vibration energy harvester(VEH) incorporating nonlinear techniques, for example, the snap-through VEH with geometric non-linearity, has gained attention in recent years. A conventional snap-through VEH is a bi-stable system with a time-invariant potential function, which was investigated extensively in the past. In this work, a modified snap-through VEH wit...     

Topology optimization of piezoelectric nanostructures

We present an extended finite element formulation for piezoelectric nanobeams and nanoplates that is coupled with topology optimization to study the energy harvesting potential of piezoelectric nanostructures. The finite element model for the nanoplates is based on the Kirchoff plate model, with a linear through the thickness distribution of electric potential. Based on the topology optimization, the largest enhancements in energy harvesting are found for closed circuit boundary conditions, though significant gains are also found for open circuit boundary conditions. Most interestingly, our results demonstrate the competition between surface elasticity, which reduces the energy conversion efficiency, and surface piezoelectricity, which enhances the energy conversion efficiency, in governing the energy harvesting potential of piezoelectric nanostructures.     

Enhanced galloping energy harvester with cooperative mode of vibration and collision

The low power and narrow speed range remain bottlenecks that constrain the application of small-scale wind energy harvesting. This paper proposes a simple, low-cost, and reliable method to address these critical issues. A galloping energy harvester with the cooperative mode of vibration and collision (GEH-VC) is presented. A pair of curved boundaries attached with functional materials are introduced, which not only improve the performance of the vibration energy harvesting system, but also convert more mechanical energy into electrical energy during collision. The beam deforms and the piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) generates electricity during the flow-induced vibration. In addition, the beam contacts and separates from the boundaries, and the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) generates electricity during the collision. In order to reduce the influence of the boundaries on the aerodynamic performance and the feasibility of increasing the working area of the TENG, a vertical structure is designed. When the wind speed is high, the curved boundaries maintain a stable amplitude of the vibration system and increase the frequency of the vibration system, thereby avoiding damage to the piezoelectric sheet and improving the electromechanical conversion efficiency, and the TENG works with the PEH to generate electricity. Since the boundaries can protect the PEH at high wind speeds, its stiffness can be designed to be low to start working at low wind speeds. The electromechanical coupling dynamic model is established according to the GEH-VC operating principle and is verified experimentally. The results show that the GEH-VC has a wide range of operating wind speeds, and the average power can be increased by 180% compared with the traditional galloping PEH. The GEH-VC prototype is demonstrated to power a commercial temperature sensor. This study provides a novel perspective on the design of hybrid electromechanical conversion mechanisms, that is, to combine and collaborate based on their respective characteristics.

     

利用摩擦纳米发电机的流体能量俘获研究新进展

环境中的流体 (包括气体和液体) 动能是十分丰富且重要的清洁能源之一, 流体能量可通过不同的能量俘获技术 (电磁发电技术、压电能量俘获技术) 被转化为电能并供人们使用. 自2012年王中林研究团队发明摩擦纳米发电机 (triboelectric nanogenerator, TENG) 以来, TENG已成为了最重要的能量, 俘获技术之一, 并应用于流体能量俘获研究中. 论文综述了当前用于流体能量俘获的摩擦纳米发电机 (fluidic energy harvesting TENG, FEH-TENG) 的研究现状. 介绍了 FEH-TENG 中摩擦电材料之间的电荷转移原理以及基本的工作模式. 在气流动能俘获方面, 流致振动 (如涡激振动、驰振、颤振和尾流驰振等)是一种有效的将流体动力转化为机械能的物理机制, 基于该机制, 总结了FEH-TENG在风能和流致振动能量俘获中的研究进展以及各类能量俘获结构. 液体动能俘获方面总结了 FEH-TENG 在波浪和雨滴能量俘获中的研究进展. 介绍了基于 FEH-TENG的混合能量俘获系统和摩擦电材料优化在提升FEH-TENG流体能量俘获效率方面的研究. 接着介绍了FEH-TENG在不同领域中的应用. 最后讨论了目前 FEH-TENG 在流体能量俘获中存在的问题并提出了一些展望. 论文工作有助于推动FEH-TENG在流体能量俘获领域的发展以及促进相关研究人员对该领域的认识.      

COUPLED ANALYSIS FOR THE HARVESTING STRUCTURE AND THE MODULATING CIRCUIT IN A PIEZOELECTRIC BIMORPH ENERGY HARVESTER

The authors analyze a piezoelectric energy harvester as an electro-mechanically coupled system. The energy harvester consists of a piezoelectric bimorph with a concentrated mass attached at one end, called the harvesting structure, an electric circuit for energy storage, and a rectifier that converts the AC output of the harvesting structure into a DC input for the storage circuit. The piezoelectric bimorph is assumed to be driven into flexural vibration by an ambient acoustic source to convert the mechanical energies into electric energies. The analysis indicates that the performance of this harvester, measured by the power density, is characterized by three important non-dimensional parameters, i.e., the non-dimensional inductance of the storage circuit, the non-dimensional aspect ratio （length/thickness） and the non-dimensional end mass of the harvesting structure. The numerical results show that： （1） the power density can be optimized by varying the non-dimensional inductance for each fixed non-dimensional aspect ratio with a fixed non-dimensional end mass; and （2） for a fixed non-dimensional inductance, the power density is maximized if the non-dimensional aspect ratio and the non-dimensional end mass are so chosen that the harvesting structure, consisting of both the piezoelectric bimorph and the end mass attached, resonates at the frequency of the ambient acoustic source.     

On vibration mitigation and energy harvesting of a non-ideal system with autoparametric vibration absorber system

This paper demonstrates that vibration mitigation and energy harvesting can be achieved simultaneously by using of an electricity-generating from autoparametric vibration absorber system (AVAS) and non-ideal system (NIS). The NIS consists of a simple portal frame excited by a small dc motor with eccentric mass, with limited power supply and located on the top. The AVAS consists of a cantilever beam with tip mass parallel coupled to NIS. A piezoelectric material is considered for energy harvesting installed in the base of the AVAS and an electric circuit is connected to the piezoelectric material in order to produce voltage output. Several numerical simulations were carried out focusing on the passage through the resonance of NIS, when the motor rotational frequency is near the portal frame natural frequency and when the non-ideal subsystem frequency is approximately twice the absorber beam frequency (two-to-one internal resonance). The results showed the existence of Sommerfeld effect in NIS and saturation phenomenon in the NIS–AVAS.