高温下混凝土的本构模拟及破坏分析

针对已建立的高温下混凝土中化学-热-水力-力学耦合过程分析的分级数学模型,发展了混凝土的化学-热-水力-力学(CTHM)耦合本构模型。在已有的Willam-Warnke弹塑性屈服准则基础上发展了考虑脱水和脱盐引起的材料损伤及化学塑性软化、塑性应变硬化/软化和吸力硬化的广义Willam-Warnke本构模型,模拟高温下混凝土的材料非线性行为。为保证全局守恒方程的Newton迭代过程的二阶收敛率,导出了非线性化学-热-水力-力学(CTHM)耦合本构模型的一致性切线模量矩阵。数值结果显示了本文所发展的化学-热-水力-力学(CTHM)耦合本构模型在模拟高温下混凝土中复杂破坏过程的能力和有效性。     

高温下混凝土化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模拟及破坏分析

提出了一个用于模拟高温下混凝土中化学-热-湿-力学耦合行为的化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模型.发展了用于积分率形式的耦合本构方程的三步算子分裂算法.导出了化学-热-湿-力学(CTHM)耦合本构模型的一致性切线模量矩阵,以保证对于全局耦合控制方程Newton迭代过程的二阶收敛率.算例数值结果显示了本文发展的化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模型在重现火灾和热辐射条件下的混凝土中化学-热-湿-力学耦合行为的有效性.     

混凝土化学-力学耦合作用的非局部损伤模型

提出了混凝土化学损伤和力学损伤的耦合模型.用损伤变量表示的本构关系模拟混凝土力学性能.分析了化学侵蚀下混凝土损伤发展过程.研究表明,应力软化造成混凝土局部损伤是结构失效的根源.局部化学损伤出现的时候,平衡微分方程不能满足.为了解决这个问题,采用了非局部损伤模型.试验和有限元计算结果表明,混凝土化学-力学耦合作用的非局部损伤模型能够较好地描述受化学侵蚀与荷载共同作用的损伤状态.     

水泥基材料在宽围压范围的本构模型

论文首先进行了水泥石的三轴试验和静水试验,根据试验结果分析了宽围压范围下不同力学机理对水泥石宏观力学性能的影响.提出了基于热力学定律的剪切塑性、孔隙塑性与破坏准则相互作用的弹塑性损伤本构模型.该模型有效的考虑了围压对材料主要力学特征的影响,提出了与损伤准则相关联的塑性硬化函数.数值解答与试验结果比较表明,该本构模型可以...     

岩石化学腐蚀-围压细观损伤本构模型与离散元模拟研究

基于Lemaitre应变等价性假设理论,假定受水化学-力耦合损伤的岩石微元强度服从Weibull分布,考虑化学腐蚀与围压耦合作用对岩石力学参数的影响,通过核磁共振技术与损伤力学理论,引入细观化学损伤变量与力损伤变量,并认为微元破坏符合SMP准则,建立岩石化学腐蚀-力耦合损伤本构模型,并采用理论推导的方法得出所需的模型参数。同时基于颗粒离散元方法,引入参数半径乘子来改变颗粒间的黏结接触尺寸,从而模拟水化学损伤,采用平直节理模型对水化学作用后的岩石进行三轴压缩模拟,得到了水化学作用和不同围压下的岩石三轴应力-应变模拟曲线。通过对比所构建的岩石化学腐蚀-力耦合损伤本构模型理论曲线、离散元模拟曲线和试验曲线,结果表明三者吻合度较好,能够很好地反映岩石在化学腐蚀和围压耦合作用下的力学特性与破坏特征,并通过离散元方法得到了岩石在三轴压缩过程中裂纹的产生与分布情况。     

围压状态下的混凝土本构模型

利用已有不同围压下的混凝土三向压缩试验, 分析研究不同围压条件对混凝土强度和应力-应变关系的影响。试验表明, 把混凝土简单视为脆性材料的观点并不符合实际情况, 塑性特征也是混凝土材料主要力学特征。由热力学定律出发, 本文提出了多次方形式的屈服函数和与围压状态相关联的损伤标准化函数, 提出了考虑围压状态的混凝土本构模型。试验结果与数值计算比较表明, 该本构关系可以很好地描述混凝土在不同围压状态下的力学损伤发展和脆-塑性转换力学特征, 也可以描述拉伸作用下的应力-应变关系, 具有一定的普遍意义。     

化学-力学耦合理论与数值方法

该文研究了化学场中的质量扩散与力学耦合问题,构造了化-力耦合情况下的力学本构关系与质量扩散的本构关系,并由这些本构关系和化学场、力学场的控制方程,得到化-力场耦合的有限元方程.通过数值算例,详细分析了由应力场引起的质量重分布和由化学场引起的结构变形.研究表明,力学与化学之间存在明显的相互作用,并采用有限元数值方法进行了分析.     

智能复合材料的化学-力学完全耦合理论及有限元计算

许多智能复合材料例如生物组织和聚合物胶体,都表现出多场耦合行为.目前化学-力学耦合理论属于一个比较新的领域,还不成熟.本文主要研究化学一力学耦合行为,并在ABAQUS软件中进行了数值模拟计算.应用力学平衡方程、离子扩散方程和包含力学-化学耦合因素的的本构关系椎导出了力学-化学耦合的等效积分形式,建立力学-化学耦合的有限元方程.在ABAQUS软件中开发用户单元子程序,进行数值模拟.计算结果表明:力学与化学存在着相互耦合作用,浓度变化能引起固体的变形,同样力学作用也能引起浓度重分布:由于耦合作用,固体的有效性能与扩散性质都发生了改变:力学-化学耦合作用过程实际是机械能与化学能之间能量转换过程;最终,研究体中械能与化学能达到相互平衡状态,且质量守恒.本文的理论和方法可应用于模拟生物组织、粘土等材料的力学-化学耦合行为.     

智能软材料热""电-化-力学耦合问题的研究进展

正智能软材料是指具有较低模量,在外场(如热、电、磁、化、光等)作用下能够产生较大力学响应的材料。本文评述了聚合物胶体、水凝胶以及关节软骨等典型智能软材料的多场耦合力学问题的国内外研究现状,重点讨论了这类智能软材料以化学扩散为特征的热-电-化-力学耦合的基本理论和研宄方法。详细介绍了具有代表性的国内外主要研究团体的研究进展。阐述了基于热力学理论和哈密顿原理所建立的一般性热-电-化-力学多场耦合理论框架。针对等温过程的化学-力学耦合的本构关系和控制方程,证明了化学-力学耦合     

含热冲击预损伤的陶瓷基复合材料损伤本构模型

陶瓷基复合材料结构在服役过程中不可避免地经受热冲击(较高的热应力梯度)而产生热机械损伤, 因此, 建立含循环热冲击预损伤材料的损伤本构模型, 以描述材料在热机械载荷作用下的力学行为, 对材料结构损伤容限设计与结构完整性评估非常重要. 本文首先对经历了循环热冲击的材料进行单调拉伸损伤实验, 发现对于含循环热冲击预损伤的材料, 其弹性模量的下降与所施加的应变直接相关. 然后在连续介质损伤力学的框架下, 基于平面应力假设, 建立了含循环热冲击预损伤材料的损伤演化模型, 该模型所涉及的参数可通过一个偏轴(45$^\circ$)以及两个正轴(平行于两个主方向)的单调拉伸试验获得. 最后, 采用经典塑性理论对由基体损伤引起的非弹性应变进行了描述. 本文所提出的应变损伤宏观模型可以描述陶瓷基复合材料在热机械载荷作用下的损伤演化, 同时弥补了含预损伤的陶瓷基复合材料在机械载荷下损伤本构模型在理论及实验研究方面的不足.      

Recovery of creep and observations on the mechanism of creep of concrete

Summary Test data on the recovery of creep of mortar specimens made with different cements are presented. It is shown that, whereas creep depends on the strength of mortar (as influenced by the cement), the creep recovery is not a function of this strength. From measurements on the change in weight of specimens, under load and free-standing, it is concluded that creep is not caused by the movement of water from the cement paste into the surrounding medium. The possibility of creep being connected with the removal of zeolitic water from calcium silicate hydrates is discussed, and reasons for the non-reversible character of creep recovery are suggested.     

Deformation and Permeability Evolution of Petroleum Cement Paste Subjected to Chemical Degradation Under Temperature

The variation of permeability of typical petroleum cement paste is investigated as functions of mechanical loading and chemical degradation under the temperature of 90°C. In sound material, the permeability classically increases with deviatoric stress due to microcracks and volumetric dilatancy but decreases with confining pressure. Chemical leaching leads to significant increase of porosity of cement paste. However, the permeability of degraded material is lower than that of sound material during triaxial compression tests; this is due to compaction of pores under confining pressure. Further, the permeability variation in degraded cement is much more sensitive to confining pressure than that of sound material. During triaxial creep test, the permeability of degraded material decreases with time while that of sound material increases; this shows that the chemically leached material has a higher potential of volumetric compaction which is a key mechanism of plastic deformation. Coupled chemical degradation and triaxial compression tests are also performed. Under low confining pressure (3 MPa), the permeability increases with propagation of leaching front, and there is formation of preferential flow paths in the axial direction. However, with high confining pressure (10 MPa), there is no increase of permeability during chemical leaching and creation of successive degraded layers in the flow direction.     

Ram extrusion force for a frictional plastic material: model prediction and application to cement paste

We developed a model to predict the ram extrusion force of frictional plastic materials such as cement-based pastes. The extrusion of cement-based materials has already been studied, but the interaction between shaping force and paste behaviour still have to be understood. Our model is based on the plastic frictional behaviour of cement-based materials and integrates the physical mechanisms that govern material extrusion flow and extrusion force increase. When the process starts, a pressure gradient is created in the extruder due to wall friction of the paste that is submitted to plug flow. It induces a consolidation of the material. As a result, a large increase of extrusion force appears. A Coulomb law is used to model cement-based materials, which is considered as consolidating granular media. Such modelling is compared with experimental results. Tests were carried out on extrudible cement pastes. Modelling and experimental results are in good agreement.Paper presented at the Annual European Rheology Conference, Grenoble, April 2005     

Investigation of Various Pressure Transient Techniques on Permeability Measurement of Unconventional Gas Reservoirs

Chloride ingress into concrete is a major cause for material degradation, such as cracking due to corrosion-induced steel reinforcement expansion. Corresponding transport processes encompass diffusion, convection, and migration, and their mathematical quantification as a function of the concrete composition remains an unrevealed enigma. Approaching the problem step by step, we here concentrate on the diffusivity of cement paste, and how it follows from the microstructural features of the material and from the chloride diffusivity in the capillary pore spaces. For this purpose, we employ advanced self-consistent homogenization theory as recently used for permeability upscaling, based on the resolution of the pore space as pore channels being oriented in all space directions, resulting in a quite compact analytical relation between porosity, pore diffusivity, and the overall diffusivity of the cement paste. This relation is supported by experiments and reconfirms the pivotal role that layered water most probably plays for the reduction of the pore diffusivity, with respect to the diffusivity found under the chemical condition of a bulk solution.     

Damage model for viscoplastic-softening behavior: cement paste and concrete

A viscoplastic-softening model is developed; it invokes damage accumulation depending on the viscous strain and stress rates. For deformation beyond the peak on the uniaxial stress-strain curve, the softening behavior is modelled by applying the accounting for loss in stiffness due to localized material damage by cracking. Predicted are the hardening/softening behavior of cement paste. The results for applied strain rates of 3 × 10⁻³, 3 × 10⁻² and 3 × 10⁻¹ s⁻¹ agreed well with the test data. Similar success was obtained for the creep of two types of concrete under compression.     

基于粗粒化分子动力学的自由水与水化硅酸钙孔隙水冻结模拟

水化硅酸钙是水泥基材料的主要水化产物,其孔隙内的水分是影响水泥基材料抗冻性的主要因素。本文基于粗粒化分子动力学方法研究水化硅酸钙孔隙水的冻结机制,针对水的粗粒化P₄粒子和水化硅酸钙胶体颗粒,建立了水化硅酸钙孔隙水的冻结模型。根据此模型计算了不同孔径孔隙水冰点,分析了水泥基材料孔径孔隙在冻融破坏中的危害程度;模拟得到了水化硅酸钙孔隙内水的冻结分布特征和密度分布特征。研究工作表明,本文建立的模型有效提高了分子动力学模拟水化硅酸钙孔隙水冻结问题的规模,为后续进行水泥基材料的冻融破坏分析提供了研究基础。     

Residual fracture energy of cement paste, mortar and concrete subject to high temperature

Quantifying high temperature damage is an issue that can hardly be dealt with experimentally because of the complexity of the loading control, of temperature and of moisture. The experimental investigation was carried out. The measurement of the mechanical characteristics (fracture energy, tensile strength, elastic modulus and thermal damage parameter) of five cementitious materials, cement paste, mortar, ordinary concrete and two HPC concretes were performed by three-point bending tests after heating/cooling cycles at 120, 250 and 400 °C. The tests showed that the cementitious materials behave almost identical when the fracture energy G_f is considered as a function of maximum temperature. The thermal damage due to heating from 120 to 400 °C increases the fracture energy by 50% with the reference tests at room temperature. A more tortuous crack surface is one reasonable explanation for the significant increase in G_f. It is demonstrated that the temperature exposure makes all cementitious materials tested significantly more ductile and less resistant.     

Beneficial use of a cell coupling rheometry, conductimetry, and calorimetry to investigate the early age hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cement

A specific cell was designed to monitor simultaneously the evolution of the viscoelastic properties, electrical conductivity, and temperature of a cement paste with ongoing hydration. Hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cement by demineralised water or by a borated solution was then investigated as an example. Borate anions acted as set retarders but to a smaller extent than with ordinary Portland cement. The delay in cement hydration resulted from the precipitation of an amorphous or poorly crystallized calcium borate, which also caused a rapid stiffening (and thus a loss of workability) of the paste after mixing. The gypsum content of the CSA cement was shown to play a key role in the control of the cement reactivity.