活塞环组摩擦及润滑特性的综合分析

基于二维平均流量模型和微凸体接触模型，提出了一种分析内燃机活塞环组润滑的模型，同时还对油膜厚度进行了实测，理论值与实测值具有良好的一致性，并且运用这种模型求出了活塞环－缸套之间油膜厚度的三维分布，发现油膜厚度沿圆周方向存在不均匀性．在分析中还考虑了贫油的影响，而且首次探讨了活塞系统的二阶运动对活塞环组润滑特性的影响，给出了不同结构下活塞系统的摩擦力和摩擦功耗．     

进口润滑条件对活塞环-缸套摩擦副润滑性能的影响

目前内燃机活塞环-缸套摩擦副润滑分析中,活塞环与缸套之间的润滑状态一般假设为充分润滑或固定状况的贫油润滑,不是通过对实际润滑油膜形成情况的分析确定.本文中以一多缸四行程内燃机为研究对象,基于润滑油流量以及控制体体积变化方程,建立活塞环-缸套间润滑油的流动模型,进行了不同进口处润滑油膜供给量对活塞环-缸套摩擦副润滑特性的影响分析.结果表明:活塞环进口处的润滑条件对活塞环-缸套摩擦副的润滑性能有显著影响;进口处润滑油供给量增加,活塞环-缸套摩擦副的最小油膜厚度增加,最大油膜压力、微凸体作用力、摩擦力和功耗均相应减小;进口处供给油膜厚度较小的情况下,增加油膜供给厚度可以明显改善活塞环-缸套摩擦副的润滑性能.     

内燃机活塞环－缸套摩擦功耗的设计计算方法之研究

以往在计算内燃机活塞环－缸套摩擦副的摩擦功耗时，只是计算活塞环与缸套之间流体润滑剂的粘性剪应力，这显然不能客观地反映出该摩擦副的润滑状态。实际上，活塞环－缸套间的摩擦力产生于两个方面，一是粘性流体的剪应力，二是摩擦界面相互接触峰元的剪切作用。然而截至目前，针对这两方面进行全面分析研究的报道却还很少，因此，为了给低摩擦功耗环组的设计提供科学依据，基于对活塞环在运动过程中润滑状态的分析，提出了一种适用于不同类型内燃机设计计算的活塞环－缸套摩擦功耗的计算方法，并以其对现有结构的Ｓ１９５柴油机活塞环－缸套摩擦副的摩擦功耗进行了计算，同时还对影响摩擦功耗的因素作了考察与讨论，利用台架试验测量油膜厚度的方法对这种算法进行试验验证的研究结果表明，理论值与实测值吻合得很好。     

基于时变啮合刚度的变位齿轮系统热弹流润滑研究

为探究动载荷作用下变位齿轮系统的热弹流润滑特性，综合考虑齿轮变位和时变啮合刚度的影响，基于动力学理论，建立了齿轮的六自由度摩擦动力学模型，分析振动与静载荷作用下变位齿轮系统的热弹流润滑特性. 研究表明:与其他传动类型相比，正传动齿轮系统的润滑效果最佳，轮齿间可以形成较厚的润滑油膜，轮齿间的摩擦系数、油膜的最高温升最小，并且，随着两齿轮变位系数和的增大，润滑状况不断得到改善，热胶合承载能力增强；变位系数增加使齿轮系统的刚度增大，但同时降低了油膜的刚度.      

凹坑表面活塞与缸套挤压润滑油的流固耦合数值模拟

在准油膜润滑条件下,采用Coupling Euler Lagrange(CEL)方法对凹坑表面活塞-缸套挤压润滑油过程进行了流固耦合数值模拟.润滑油动力学方程由Euler坐标系下的Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程来描述,活塞-缸套采用Lagrange坐标系下的线弹性力学方程来描述.罚函数约束方法将Lagrange结构的物理量传递给润滑油流体单元,实现流体和固体的直接耦合.仿真结果表明:CEL模型较好地追踪了挤压过程中润滑油的自由液面;凹坑表面裙部将润滑油挤压到贮油凹坑中,而光滑裙部只有挤压过程,无法贮存润滑油;随着润滑油的逐渐排出,接触应力逐渐增大,光滑裙部的接触应力增大尤为明显;凹坑中贮存的润滑油承载比稳定在0.3,该油膜具有一定的承载能力.数值模拟结果和试验数据的变化趋势吻合.     

压电智能结构有限变形下热-机耦合的有限元分析

采用有限元方法研究了结构在热载荷作用下变形与热传导之间的耦合特性．分析表明，结构变形较小，非线性效应很弱时，变形对材料的热传导系数影响很小，对结构的温度分布几乎没有影响；当变形增大，非线性效应增强时，变形对材料的热传导特性影响显著，热载荷作用下结构的温度变化和变形与现行不考虑热-机耦合效应所得结果产生明显差异．因此，为实现压电智能结构形状(振动)的精确控制，分析及实施控制时须考虑热-机耦合及变形对热传导系数的影响．     

活塞二阶运动及活塞裙部摩擦的瞬态分析

为分析不同工况下内燃机活塞-缸套系统的摩擦学和动力学行为,本文从内燃机系统动力学分析入手,结合流体润滑方程,建立了考虑系统变惯量影响的活塞二阶运动与摩擦学行为的瞬态分析模型.以某型号单缸机为例,计算和比较了整个启动过程中曲轴转速、二阶运动及摩擦功耗的变化;对比分析了启动时第一周期与稳定运行时某一周期内活塞二阶运动和活塞裙部摩擦学行为的差别.结果表明:该模型可应用于内燃机动力学和摩擦学行为的稳态及瞬态分析.     

孔隙渗流对环面复层含油轴承润滑性能的影响

含油轴承基体中油液的渗流特性对轴承油膜润滑性能影响显著. 以不同孔隙率分布的环面复层含油轴承为研究对象，利用达西定律建立复层含油轴承基体中流体渗流的控制方程，在极坐标下建立环面复层含油轴承系统渗流润滑模型，研究复层环面副系统中油膜压力分布规律，分析轴承结构参数及孔隙渗流行为对油膜润滑性能的影响. 结果表明:复层含油轴承的流体动压力主要发生在环形摩擦面间，从摩擦界面到轴承底面，流体压力逐渐由外缘向圆心部位传导，流体动压力作用面积逐渐增大，压力峰值逐渐降低；随着倾角增大，摩擦界面间的油膜动压效应增强，油膜润滑性能变好；随着表层渗透率或厚度减小，摩擦界面间的油膜的渗流效应减弱，油膜润滑性能提高；与普通单层含油轴承相比，含致密表层的复层含油轴承能降低整体孔隙率，防止过多轴承间隙油液渗入多孔介质，提高轴承润滑性能. 研究工作为明晰环面复层含油轴承渗流行为及润滑机理提供一定理论依据.      

齿轮磁流体润滑与动力学耦合研究

为探究齿轮磁流体润滑与动力学的耦合效应,考虑外磁场及时变啮合刚度的激励作用,建立齿轮磁流体润滑模型与动力学模型,分析磁感应强度对磁流体黏度、油膜刚度、动载荷分布以及润滑特性的影响. 研究结果表明:适当增大磁感应强度并使磁流体中的磁性颗粒达到其饱和磁化强度,可以减小动态传递误差、齿轮副振动速度以及动载荷,改善啮入冲击和换齿冲击;较大的磁感应强度可以降低油膜温升,增大油膜厚度并使油膜压力和油膜厚度的振幅减小且加快其趋于稳定的速度,在改善润滑效果的同时并在一定程度上抑制齿轮系统振动和噪声的产生.      

内燃机气缸套失圆对活塞动压润滑和摩擦特性的影响

根据流体动力润滑理论与活塞动力学方程建立了相关分析模型,在考虑内燃机工作过程中实际存在的气缸套失圆变形基础上,分析了活塞的横向运动,考察了活塞裙部的压力场和摩擦特性.结果表明:与不考虑失圆变形时相比,考虑失圆变形时的润滑油膜压力场的峰值降低,裙部流体压力负荷得以缓解;考虑失圆变形后的摩擦力和摩擦功耗增大,失圆程度越大,所产生的摩擦力和摩擦功耗的增量越大.因此,在活塞设计过程中应当重视失圆变形对活塞裙部润滑和摩擦特性的影响.     

Behavior of Pin-loaded Laminated Composites

In this study, an investigation was carried out to determine the effects of joint geometry and fiber orientation on the failure strength and failure mode in a pinned joint laminated composite plate. Behavior of pin-loaded laminated composites with different stacking sequence and different dimensions has been observed experimentally. E/glass–epoxy composites were manufactured to fabricate the specimens. Mechanical properties of the composites were characterized under tension, compression and in-plane shear in static loading conditions. Laminated composites were loaded through pins. Single-hole pin-loaded specimens were tested for their tensile response and width-to-hole diameter (W/D) and edge distance-to-hole diameter (E/D) ratios evaluated. A series of experiments was performed with six different material configurations ([0/±45]_s–[90/±45]_s, [0/90/0]_s–[90/0/90]_s and [90/0]_2s–[±45]_2s), in all, over 120 specimens. E/D ratios and W/D ratios of plates were changed from 1 to 5 and 2 to 5, respectively. Failure propagation and failure type were observed on the specimens. The influence of the joint geometry on the strength of the pin-loaded composites was assessed. When laminated composite plates were loaded to final failure, three basic failure modes consisting of net-tension, shear out and bearing failure were observed for the different geometric dimensions. All the connections tested showed that the fiber orientations have a definite influence on the position around hole circumference at which failure initiated. Net-tension failure occurred for specimens that had small width and large end distance. When the width was increased, the specimens which had small end distances failed in the shear-out modes. When the end distance was increased, bearing failure developed in addition to shear-out failure. The experimental results showed that the ultimate load capacities of E/glass–epoxy laminate plates with pin connection were increased by increasing W and E. However, increasing the E/D and W/D ratios beyond a critical value has an insignificant effect on the ultimate load capacity of the connection.     

Load-Deformation Behavior of Nitinol Stents

The rate of fracture of Nitinol stents in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) is higher than desirable. Development of more fracture-resistant stents requires a better understanding of in-vivo loads, how stents deform under these loads, and the influence of the artery on stent deformation. In the work reported here, testing devices were designed and constructed to measure loads in stents undergoing tensile, bending, and torsional deformations. Tests to measure mechanical stiffnesses were performed on stents, mock arteries, and stents emplaced in mock arteries. Significant stent/artery interaction was observed under tension and bending; little interaction occurred under torsion loads. The results are explained by changes in stent geometry under load. The deformation, load, and stent/artery interaction information will be useful in validating finite element codes for designing and analyzing stents.     

Behavior of microconcrete hyperbolic-paraboloid shell

The paper presents the results of an experimental as well as analytical investigation on the behavior of square hyperbolic-paraboloid (hypar) shell, subjected to uniformly distributed load and clamped all along the boundaries. The experimental investigation involves casting and testing of a microconcrete model of size 1000 mm×1000 mm, rise 222 mm and shell thickness 15 mm, clamped along all the four edges. The experimental results within elastic limit are compared with the results of a finite-element analysis using a doubly curved triangular shell element. The model was tested to destruction to study the behavior of the shell at ultimate load stage.     

Composition-Space Behavior of Diffusion-Reaction Systems

Species concentrations in homogeneous well-stirred reacting (WSR) systems with multiple time scales mostly access only a small portion (slow manifold) of the permitted composition space. This offers a mathematically sound basis for reducing complex kinetics. Computational investigation of such slow manifolds in inhomogeneous reaction systems undergoing diffusion in addition to chemical reaction is the subject of this paper. We perform simulations of a one-dimensional diffusion–reaction system from random non-premixed initial conditions to study the accessed composition space for a variety of diffusion to reaction time scale ratios. A detailed hydrogen–oxygen chemical kinetic set (6 species, 14 reactions) is used. Our results show that, to first order, the effect of random advection and diffusion is merely to increase the accessed state-space dimensionality over that of the WSR by the number of relevant mixture fractions. Circumstances under which the above simplification is not accurate are also identified.     

钢丝的微动磨损及其对疲劳断裂行为的影响研究

采用自制的钢丝微动磨损试验机考察了钢丝的微动摩擦磨损性能，随后将经过一定时间微动磨损试验后的钢丝试样在液压伺服疲劳试验机上进行拉一拉疲劳试验，进而探讨了微动摩擦系数和微动磨损深度随微动磨损试验时间和接触载荷的变化关系；并利用扫描电子显微镜分析了试样磨痕和磨屑的表面形貌．结果表明，在较大的微动振幅下，钢丝的微动摩擦系数变化幅度不大，微动磨损深度随微动磨损试验时间和接触载荷的增加而增大；微动磨损试验后钢丝试样的疲劳寿命同磨损深度成反比关系；可以将疲劳断口划分为4个区域，其同钢丝试样的疲劳断裂过程相对应．     

LANGMUIR—BLODGETT膜及其摩擦行为

本文回顾了Langmuir-Blodgett膜(简称LB膜)的发展简史,综述了各种类型LB膜的制备方法和利用其解决磁记录技术中超薄润滑问题的现状等,并且阐述了影响LB膜成膜质量的因素,论述了速度、负荷和LB膜之累积层数等对LB膜摩擦行为的影响。文章最后还提出了为把LB膜应用于摩擦学领域所必须深入研究的几个问题。作者认为,由于LB膜具有无与伦比的超薄和厚度容易控制,以及分子取向有序等诸多优点,故其除在磁记录技术中的应用外,对解决空间技术中的某些润滑问题及一些小负荷工况下的超薄润滑问题都将发挥重要作用。     

泡沫铝的单向力学行为

本文对不同孔径的开孔泡沫铝材料的单向拉伸性能和单向压缩性能进行了研究,揭示了泡沫铝材料的变形机理,并且发现相对密度不是确定材料力学属性的唯一参数,孔径大小对材料的力学性能也有一定的影响。基于实验数据,我们讨论了材料的宏观力学性能和微观结构的联系,并利用Ramberg-Osgood模型描述了材料的单轴拉伸一维应力应变关系。