纳米Si_3N_4填充聚双马来酰亚胺摩擦磨损性能研究

采用浇铸成型法制备纳米 Si3 N4颗粒填充聚双马来酰亚胺复合材料 ,考察了纳米 Si3 N4质量分数分别为 0 .5 %、1.0 %、1.5 %及 2 .0 %的复合材料的摩擦学性能 ,并用扫描电子显微镜对磨损表面形貌和磨屑进行了分析 .结果表明 ,纳米 Si3 N4颗粒对聚双马来酰亚胺的摩擦磨损性能具有明显的改性作用 ,尤其是当纳米 Si3 N4的质量分数为 1.5 %时 ,复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最佳 ,摩擦系数降为 0 .2 5 ,磨损率降低 72 %     

聚氨酯-Si3N4陶瓷复合材料浆体冲蚀磨损性能研究

利用聚四氢呋哺醚二醇和甲苯二异氰酸酯反应得到预聚体，将预聚体同经过表面处理的Si3N4陶瓷粉末共混，利用模压硫化和常温硫化制得聚氨酯-Si3N4陶瓷复合材料；采用LJ-500型拉力试验机测定了所制备的聚氨酯-Si3N4复合材料的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率；采用MSH型冲蚀磨损试验机对比考察了聚氨酯、2Crl3钢、45^#钢及聚氨酯-Si3N4复合材料的抗冲蚀磨损性能；采用扫描电子显微镜观察了冲蚀磨损表面形貌，探讨了Si3N4陶瓷粉末增强聚氨酯弹性体的冲蚀磨损机理．结果表明：聚氨酯-Si3N4复合材料的抗冲蚀磨损性能显著优于2Crl3钢和45^#钢；当Si3N4粉末质量分数为5％～10％时，相应的聚氨酯-Si3N4复合材料的抗冲蚀磨损能力同聚氨酯弹性体相比提高80％以上；聚氨酯／Si3N4陶瓷粉末复合材料主要冲蚀磨损机制为Si3N4聚集体或附聚体的溃裂脱落．     

WSi_2/MoSi_2复合材料的摩擦磨损特性

选用 MM- 2 0 0型摩擦磨损试验机测定了不同载荷条件下 WSi2 /Mo Si2 复合材料与 45 #钢配副的干摩擦磨损性能 ,采用扫描电子显微镜和 X射线衍射仪分析讨论了其磨损机理 .结果表明 :WSi2 /Mo Si2 复合材料在高于 80 N载荷条件下具有比较稳定的摩擦磨损性能 ;在 85～ 1 3 5 N范围内其摩擦磨损性能优于 Mo Si2 材料 .WSi2 /Mo Si2 复合材料的磨损机理表现为脆性断裂和粘着磨损     

脉冲直流等离子体增强化学气相沉积Ti—Si—N纳米薄膜的摩擦磨损特性

采用工业型脉冲等离子体增强化学气相沉积设备，通过调节氯化物混合比例控制薄膜成分，在高速钢基材表面于550℃下沉积由纳米晶TiN和纳米非晶Si3N4组成的Ti—Si—N复合薄膜；采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪及X射线光电子能谱仪分析了薄膜的结构、组成和化学状态；采用球-盘高温摩擦磨损试验机考察了薄膜同GCrl5钢对摩时的摩擦磨损性能．结果表明：薄膜的Si含量在0％～35％范围内变化，随着Si含量增大，薄膜沉积速率增大，但薄膜由致密形态向大颗粒疏松态过渡；薄膜的晶粒尺寸为7～50nm；Ti—Si—N薄膜的显微硬度高于TiN的硬度，最高可达60GPa；引入少量Si可以显著改善TiN薄膜的抗磨性能，但薄膜的摩擦系数较高(室温下约0．8、400℃下约0．7)；随着Si含量的增加，Ti—Si—N薄膜的耐磨性能有所降低，其原因在于引入导电性较差的Si元素使得薄膜的组织变得疏松．     

Sm2O3增强聚四氟乙烯／混杂纤维复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用冷压烧结方法制备Sm2O3增强聚四氟乙烯／混杂纤维复合材料，用AG-1型电子万能试验机和MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机分别评价了Sm2O3增强聚四氟乙烯／混杂纤维复合材料的力学性能和摩擦磨损性能，采用扫描电子显微镜观察其磨损表面形貌．结果表明：添加少量Sm2O3可以提高炭纤维和玻璃纤维混杂填充PTFE复合材料的力学性能和摩擦磨损性能，尤其对改善减摩效果尤为显著；加入1％Sm2O3可以使PTFE／15％CF／10％GF复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和硬度分别提高9．0％、5．1％和49．1％，摩擦系数降低22％，磨痕宽度降低5．4％，得到性能较为优良的耐磨材料．这是由于Sm2O3起到了润滑及阻止纤维和基体磨损作用的缘故．     

MoSi2增强镍基合金复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用真空热压法制备MoSi2增强镍基合金复合材料,并考察了其在室温下同Si3N4陶瓷球配副时的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:加入MoSi2增强相可以显著提高镍基合金复合材料的显微硬度及其摩擦磨损性能;当添加MoSi2质量分数为30%时,复合材料的显微硬度最高、磨损率最低;当MoSi2质量分数分别为20%时,复合材料的摩擦系数最小;随着MoSi2含量增加,复合材料的磨损机理逐渐由塑性变形向脆性微断裂转变,其原因在于MoSi2硬质颗粒对镍基合金基体具有明显的弥散强化效应,并能够在摩擦磨损过程中起到有效的承载作用.为了保证镍基合金复合材料的摩擦磨损性能处于最佳状态,MoSi2增强相的最佳含量应控制在30%.     

纳米Al2O3增强PA6复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用MMW-1型摩擦磨损试验机考察了纳米Al2O3增强PA6复合材料同45#钢对摩时的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了试样磨损表面形貌.结果表明:纳米Al2O3可以提高PA6的耐磨性能;在小于100 N低载荷下纳米Al2O3填充PA6复合材料的滑动摩擦系数符合粘弹性材料的变化规律;只有当填充量适当时,纳米Al2O3微粒才能有效地增强聚合物基体的抗磨粒磨损性能,并阻碍聚合物基体向偶件磨损表面的粘着转移;纳米Al2O3质量分数为10%的PA6复合材料的抗磨性能最佳.     

纳米复合材料激光熔覆层组织及抗磨性能

利用5kWCO2激光器，在Ni基高温合金表面制备了纳米Al2O3／钴基合金熔覆层，分析了熔覆层的组织结构及其抗磨性能．结果表明，当纳米Al2O3颗粒含量较低时，Al2O3颗粒能均匀分布于熔覆层中，从而形成纳米氧化物弥散强化的复合材料涂层；Al2O3颗粒在熔池中长大，尺寸为250-450nm；复合材料熔覆层的硬度随纳米Al2O3含量的增加而提高；当纳米Al2O3颗粒含适中时，熔覆层的抗磨性能较好；而当纳米Al2O3颗粒含量过高(3．0％)时，复合材料熔覆层的抗磨性能反而降低。     

纳米及微米颗粒改性玻璃纤维织物复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

用玄武三号栓-盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了纯玻璃纤维织物以及辐照聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)粉末、MoS2粉末、纳米TiO2和纳米CaCO3填充改性玻璃纤维织物复合材料的摩擦磨损性能；采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了其磨损表面形貌．结果表明，辐照PTFE粉末和纳米TiO2可以明显提高玻璃纤维织物复合材料的减摩抗磨性能，且辐照PTFE粉末的减摩抗磨效果明显优于纳米TiO2；当PTFE的质量分数为10％时，PTFE改性玻璃纤维织物复合材料的综合摩擦磨损性能最好．MoS2和纳米CaCO3则使得玻璃纤维织物复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率明显增大，其中纳米CaCO3填充玻璃纤维织物的摩擦磨损性能最差。     

纳米Al2O3填充环氧树脂复合材料的摩擦学性能

研究了干摩擦条件下纳米Al2O3微粒含量及其表面改性处理对环氧树脂基复合材料滑动摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明，经过表面化学接枝处理后，少量的纳米Al2O3(体积分数约0．24％)即可大幅度提高环氧树脂的摩擦磨损性能，起到显著的减摩和耐磨作用．复合材料的热变形稳定性、显微硬度及磨损表面形貌分析结果表明，对纳米Al2O3微粒进行适当的表面处理有利于加强纳米微粒同基体树脂的结合，从而改善复合材料的摩擦学性能．     

MoSi2-Mo5Si3-Mo5SiB2/SiC配对副的摩擦磨损性能

MoSi₂-Mo₅Si₃-Mo₅SiB₂复合材料是一种很有发展前景的高温耐磨材料，但MoSi₂-Mo₅Si₃-Mo₅SiB₂/SiC配对副的干滑动摩擦磨损性能尚不清楚. 本文中通过销-盘式干滑动摩擦磨损试验，考察了MoSi₂-Mo₅Si₃-Mo₅SiB₂/SiC配对副在不同温度(25~1 000 ℃)和载荷下(2.5~10 N)的摩擦学特性. 结果表明:试验温度和载荷对MoSi₂-Mo₅Si₃-Mo₅SiB₂/SiC配对副的摩擦系数影响较大，而对其磨损率影响较小. 载荷为5 N时，在25~1 000 ℃区间，摩擦系数和磨损率分别在0.11~0.43和0.513×10-7~0.544×10-7 mm3/(N·m)范围；在25~400 ℃时，磨损机制以轻微的氧化和黏着磨损为主，在600~1 000 ℃磨损机制主要表现为严重的氧化和黏着磨损. 在1 000 ℃时，随着载荷(2.5~10 N)的增加，摩擦系数和磨损率分别为0.29~0.38和0.540×10-7~0.547×10-7 mm3/(N·m)；载荷为2.5~10 N时，始终存在黏着和氧化磨损；载荷为7.5~10 N时，材料磨损表面还伴随碾压塑性变形的特征.      

Al0.2Co1.5CrFe1.2Ni1.5TiC0.4高熵合金的微观组织、力学与高温摩擦学性能

通过引入碳元素,设计了一种以原位形成的碳化物为增强相的高熵合金Al_(0.2)Co_(1.5)CrFe_(1.2)Ni_(1.5)TiC_(0.4),并采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术成功制备了这种高熵合金.采用XRD、SEM、EDS、万能材料试验机和高温摩擦磨损试验机等研究了微观组织、力学性能和室温至800℃下的摩擦学性能.结果表明:Al_(0.2)Co_(1.5)CrFe_(1.2)Ni_(1.5)TiC_(0.4)高熵合金由面心立方(FCC)结构的高熵固溶体基体相和弥散分布的TiC陶瓷相组成.FCC相使高熵合金具有良好的塑性和韧性,而TiC增强相赋予了高熵合金高的硬度和强度.随着温度的升高,高熵合金的摩擦系数和磨损率均具有逐渐减小的趋势.在800℃时,鉴于摩擦氧化作用,在磨损表面形成了致密的氧化物釉质层,起到了良好的减摩抗磨作用,使高熵合金表现出了优异的高温摩擦学性能.     

Exact solution of the non-linear differential equation RR̈ + 32R2 − AR−4 + B = 0

The non-linear equation $\text{R}\text{R}\text{?}\text{+}\text{3}\text{2}\text{R}{}^2\text{- AR}{}^{\mathrm{?4}}\text{+ B = 0}$ is shown to represent simply periodic motion with a minimum at R₁ and a maximum at R₁R₀ or a maximum at R₁ and a minimum at R₁R₀^?1. R₀ is a function of the ratio $\text{A}\text{B}$ and is greater than 1 for $\text{A}\text{B}$ > 1 and less than 1 for $\text{A}\text{B}$ > 1. The period of the motion satisfies the simple relation T(R₀^?1) = R₀^?1T(R₀). The exact solution to the above equation is represented in terms of elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds and a simple algebraic function.     

离子液体作为Si3N4-Ti3SiC2摩擦副润滑剂的摩擦学性能研究

采用SRV摩擦磨损试验机在室温及100 ℃下考察了两种离子液体（L-B106 和L-P106）、丙三醇、水作为Si₃N₄-Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副润滑剂的摩擦学行为,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及X光电子能谱（XPS）对磨损表面进行了分析.结果表明：室温、20 N条件下,两种离子液体和丙三醇抗磨和减摩性能相当,室温、100 ℃条件下,L-P106相较于L-B106具有更好的润滑性能,且其抗磨和减摩性能均优于丙三醇,作为Si₃N₄-Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副润滑剂具有在苛刻环境条件下使用的应用前景. XPS分析结果表明：Ti₃SiC₂材料在摩擦过程中在摩擦热作用下生成了SiO_x、TiO₂,进而有效提高了Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副材料的抗磨损性能;此外,离子液体中的活性元素在Si₃N₄-Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副表面发生了复杂的摩擦化学反应,生成了由氟化钛、磷酸钛及硼酸钛等组成的具有减摩和抗磨性能的边界润滑膜.     

Structure cellulaire de la détonation des mélanges H2–NO2/N2O4Cellular structure of the detonation of gaseous mixtures H2–NO2/N2O4

Calculations of the detonation reaction zone of gaseous reactive mixtures of NO₂/N₂O₄ as oxidizer and H₂, CH₄ or C₂H₆ as fuel, in the range of equivalence ratio Φ between 0.5 and 2, show that, for Φ?1, the chemical energy is released in two distinct and successive exothermic steps with different chemical induction times. The first exothermic stage is mainly due to the reaction NO₂+H→NO+OH, NO being the main oxidizer of the second one.The experimental study conducted on the same range of equivalence ratio (0.5?Φ?2) shows that, for Φ?1, the detonation wave of these mixtures contains a double set of cellular structures. A similar result had already been obtained with the detonation of gaseous Nitromethane, the NO₂ group being here included in the molecule. Consequently, the oxidizer NO₂ being either initially separated from the fuel or included inside the molecule of a monopropellant (Nitromethane) is responsible, because of its specific chemical kinetics, of a chemical energy release in two main steps and of the existence of a double cellular structure in the detonation wave for the same range of equivalence ratio. These results reinforce the assumption that the cellular structure of the detonation finds its origin in the strong rates of chemical energy release inside the reaction zone. To cite this article: F. Joubert et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Measurement of the concentration diffusion coefficient for Ne-Ar, Ne-Xe, Ne-H2, Xe-H2, H2-N2 and H2-O2 gas systems

The concentration diffusion coefficient, D ₁₂, is measured for the equimolar mixtures of Ne-Ar, Ne-Xe, Ne-H₂, Xe-H₂, H₂-N₂ and H₂-O₂ binary gas systems in a two-bulb metal apparatus in the temperature range 0 C to 100 C. These values are compared with the existing data on these systems and with the predictions of the kinetic theory in conjunction with the modified Buckingham exp-six potential. Unlike the thermal diffusion coefficient, with the simple theory it is possible to predict D ₁₂ within a few percent even for systems involving polyatomic gases. The smoothed experimental D ₁₂ values are also used to obtain data for the coefficients of viscosity and thermal conductivity at round temperatures and compositions for these systems.Nomenclature C ₂ ^t relative amount of a gas in the mixture in the bulb 2 at an instant t - C ₂ relative amount of the same gas in the mixture in the bulb 2 at equilibrium - D ₁₂ diffusion coefficient - X ₁ mole-fraction of the heavier component in the mixture - _mix viscosity coefficient - _mix thermal conductivity coefficient     

Kinetics of ultrafine coating of SiO2 nanoparticles, suspended in non-thermal CH4/C2H6 plasma

Capacitively coupled RF discharges in methane and ethane (1000–3000 Pa, 5–15 W/cm³) were used for the in-flight coating of SiO₂ nanopowders (NP) with an a-C:H layer [A. Kouprine, F. Gitzhofer, M. Boulos, A. Fridman, Polymer-like C:H thin film coating of nanopowders in capacitively coupled RF discharge, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 24 (2) (2004) 189–215]. In this present work a model of the chemical kinetics of this plasma processing has been developed, based on the GRI-Mech 3.0 mechanism [G.P. Smith, D.M. Golden, M. Frenklach, Gas Research Institute, Detailed chemical reaction mechanism. Available from: ], and calculations are performed, using the Chemkin-II code. The model includes the formation of two solid phases: an amorphous C:H coating, deposited on the suspended NP, and soot, incepted in the gas phase. Non-equilibrium plasma effects are taken into account by the rates of radical species’ production, using the reference data on the “G-value”. The CH₃ and H species appear to have key roles in surface activation and the nanofilm growth. The results demonstrate the competitive character of the formation of the two solid phases: the C:H coating is dominant under T_gas < 1400–1600 K, depending on the conditions, and soot commencing to dominate at higher temperatures. This division corresponds to the passage from non-thermal plasma conditions, with the dominance of single-valent radicals and solid phase growth on the substrate only, to the plasma thermalisation with the formation of two-valent radicals and v. inception of the solid phase. The results are validated experimentally by the observation of soot formation as a function of the gas temperature, by the mass spectrograph data on the gas composition after plasma reforming, and by the reference data on coating growth rates and induction times for soot formation.     

Etude de la détonation de mélanges pauvres H2NO2/N2O4

Calculations of the detonation reaction zone of gaseous H₂NO₂/N₂O₄ mixtures in the range of equivalence ratio Φ between 0.25 and 0.7 show that for 0.25Φ0.4 the chemical energy is released in two distinct and successive exothermic steps characterised by different chemical characteristic times. As for rich mixtures, the first exothermic step is mainly due to the reaction NO₂ + H → NO + OH, but the second one is different since it results from the exothermic decomposition of NO into N₂ and O₂. For Φ=0.3 the measured detonation velocity in a tube of 52 mm internal diameter is very much smaller than the calculated value and the mean size of the cellular structure is very much larger than the value extrapolated from data obtained with mixtures of higher but close equivalence ratio. All these results show that the detonation, though self-sustained and steady, is ‘non-ideal’, i.e. it is supported only by a part of the available chemical energy, that provided mainly by the first exothermic step. To cite this article: D. Desbordes et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

W25Fe25Ni25Mo25高熵合金高速侵彻细观结构演化特性

为了探究W₂₅Fe₂₅Ni₂₅Mo₂₅高熵合金弹体在侵彻过程中宏观变形行为与材料微细观结构之间的联系, 基于对两相流动模型的简化, 建立了考虑软、硬相密度、流速以及浓度差异的等截面直管两相流动演化模型. 类比宏观状态下侵彻弹体头部材料的流入流出特性, 选定分析区域, 建立两相细观结构下材料在分析区域的流入流出关系, 再结合细观结构演化方程, 给出了分析区域中浓度演化结果, 提出了表征材料浓度演化速率的流动稳定系数t/l_length. 为了对比不同细观结构弹体的侵彻行为, 选取典型两相材料钨铜合金(W₇₀Cu₃₀), 基于小口径弹道枪发射平台开展两种弹体侵彻半无限钢靶试验, 对比两种合金弹体细观结构演化行为. 结果表明, 硬相浓度分布总体上体现“中心浓, 边缘稀”的特点; 硬相的浓度越高, 密度越大, 驱动速度越快, 则流动稳定系数t/l_length值越小, 侵彻过程中弹体的流动稳定性越好, 弹体头部材料越容易形成连续的塑性流动带. 等截面直管两相流动演化模型可用于描述侵彻过程中弹体头部材料的流动稳定性, 揭示了侵彻过程中弹体头部变形与细观两相结构之间的关联机制.