ARALL 材料拉伸力学性能的试验研究

利用自行研制的旋转盘式间接杆杆型冲击拉伸试验装置对ＡＲＡＬＬ材料以及施加预应力的ＡＲＡＬＬ材料进行了３个应变率（２００、５００、１３００ｓ－１）的冲击拉伸试验，得到了两种材料在不同应变率下的完整的应力应变曲线。结果表明ＡＲＡＬＬ材料在高速加载条件下的变形可以分为弹性变形、塑性变形和材料失稳后的残余变形三个部分，每个部分都有不同的变形机理。结果还表明，随着应变率的增加两种材料的屈服应力、失稳应力以及失稳应变均相应增加，表现出明显的应变率强化和动态韧性现象。最后根据材料在不同应变率下的试验结果，建立了ＡＲＡＬＬ材料计及应变率影响的三段线性本构模型。     

中高应变率下EPS泡沫的冲击压缩实验

用SHPB装置对三种密度的发泡聚苯乙烯(Expanded Polystyrene,EPS)材料进行了从300/s至1400/s共五个中高应变率下的冲击压缩实验。实验中采用波分离技术有效延长应力-应变曲线的测量范围,并简要介绍了其原理和具体实施办法。所有应变率下均获得了含有弹性段、平台屈服段和压实段完整三阶段的应力-应变曲线。曲线的重复性较好,应变率基本恒定。实验结果表明,相同密度EPS泡沫应力-应变曲线的屈服平台段长度随应变率的增加而增加,且趋于平缓。在相近应变率下,随EPS泡沫的密度增加,屈服应力增加,而变形及吸能能力减弱。     

新型混凝土桥面铺装材料的冲击力学性能

利用大尺寸Hopkinson压杆对新型混凝土桥面铺装材料钢纤维增强聚合物改性混凝土（steel fiber reinforced and polymer modified concrete,SFRPMC）进行了冲击实验,并且在相同基准配合比下,与普通混凝土、钢纤维混凝土的冲击性能进行了对比。观察了不同打击速度下三种材料的破坏形态,得到了在不同应变率下的应力应变关系,比较了三种材料的应变率敏感性,最后从机理上分析了掺加钢纤维和聚合物对混凝土材料冲击力学性能的影响。结果表明,钢纤维增强聚合物改性混凝土材料具有良好的冲击韧性,是一种理想的混凝土桥面铺装材料。     

聚合物材料SHPB实验关键问题

分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)广泛用于测量聚合物材料在高应变率下的动态力学行为.但是由于聚合物材料本身的低强度、低刚度、低阻抗、低波速等特点,使得SHPB动态试验相比其他材料更加复杂.论文较为详细地综述了聚合物材料SHPB实验技术中的应力应变计算、脉冲整形技术、动态应力平衡、摩擦与惯性效应、试件与波导杆的选择、碰撞速度与应变率关系、最大常应变率的确定等关键问题及其进展.理解这些关键问题并且采用目前较好的方法,对于获得聚合物材料有效和准确的高应变率力学特性具有重要意义.     

MDYB-3有机玻璃在不同应变率下的一维屈服行为

对MDYB-3有机玻璃进行了多组不同应变率(10-3~3 000 s-1)下的压缩实验, 得到准静态下的屈服应力与动态下的峰值应力。沿其增强与面内2个方向进行准静态压缩实验, 以分析定向拉伸对屈服应力的影响, 修正了Ree-Eyring模型与Cooperative模型以描述定向有机玻璃的屈服行为。采用Johnson-Cook模型描述屈服后的黏塑性行为。结果表明Cooperative屈服模型比Ree-Eyring屈服模型更接近实验结果, 且能准确描述准静态屈服应力。动态压缩下的峰值应力为失效应力, 说明试样在1 500 s-1以上应变率下未达到屈服应力时已经发生破坏。Johnson-Cook模型对于单条曲线拟合良好, 但无法准确描述材料的应变率相关性。     

NEPE推进剂低高应变率下改进的黏-超弹本构模型

为研究低高应变率条件下NEPE推进剂的力学特性,通过电子万能试验机和分离式霍普金森杆装置,对NEPE推进剂进行了准静态和冲击实验,得到了不同应变率下（1.667×10?4～4 500 s?1）的应力-应变曲线。实验结果表明NEPE推进剂具有明显的非线性弹性和应变率敏感性,随着应变率的增加,材料的强度、屈服应力和弹性模量显著增加,与低应变率相比,高应变率条件下材料的应变率敏感性更高。在高速冲击下材料内部瞬间产生大量热量无法及时散发出去,使得材料内部温度升高,导致材料出现软化效应,力学性能降低。本文建立了一个非线性黏超弹本构模型,其中采用Rivlin应变能函数来描述稳态超弹响应部分,采用积分型本构模型来描述材料的动态黏弹性响应部分,考虑到松弛时间具有应变率相关性,本文采用了一个率相关松弛函数来替代传统的Prony级数形式。使用极慢速压缩实验数据对本构模型中的超弹部分进行拟合获得超弹参数,然后用准静态和动态实验数据对本构模型进行拟合得出其他参数。不同应变率下的预测曲线与实验曲线具有较好的重合度,证明了该模型可以很好地描述低高应变率下NEPE推进剂的力学特性。     

聚合物摩擦系数的周期性降低现象

考察了聚醚醚酮（ＰＥＥＫ）,低密度聚乙烯（ＬＤＰＥ）及２０％ＣＦ增强ＰＥＥＫ等３种聚合物材料的摩擦系数的变化,发现其存在周期性降低现象,低熔点的ＬＤＰＥ的磨损量也呈现周期性的平台现象,发生此类现象的原因在于摩擦热作用下聚合物摩擦表面由玻璃态转变为粘流态而造成其软化及流动。     

一种新形式的钢纤维混凝土冲击动态本构关系及材料参数的确定

采用?75 mm大口径SHPB系统进行了钢纤维体积率为0%、0.75%、1.5%三种混凝土材料动态性能实验，得出了不同钢纤维含量、不同应变率下的材料应力-应变关系曲线，实验结果表明:随着纤维含量及应变率的增加，钢纤维混凝土材料的峰值应变、峰值应力都随之提高，并在峰值应力之后出现应力的应变软化现象。以此实验结果为基础，提出了一种依赖于应变和应变率相关函数的新型非线性黏塑性动态本构关系，并通过对实验曲线的三步逐次最小二乘优选模拟，得到了相应的材料参数。结果表明，该本构关系对实验数据的模拟效果较好。     

NiTi形状记忆合金动态压缩力学行为的实验研究

采用材料试验机和SHPB实验技术,对在不同初始温度(298～873K)和应变率(5×10-4、～2.3×103s-1)下的NiTi形状记忆合金的压缩力学行为进行了实验研究。结果表明:马氏体状态下的NiTi合金的力学行为对应变率的变化敏感,位错屈服段的硬化模量、相屈服段的硬化模量及马氏体重取向前的弹性模量对应变率的变化不敏感,而位错塑性变形前的弹性模量随应变率的提高迅速增大;奥氏体状态下的NiTi合金随着实验温度升高,无论是应力诱发马氏体相变应力还是奥氏体相屈服应力都逐渐下降,材料表现出温度软化效应。从超弹性温度范围内的卸载曲线中观察到了应力诱发马氏体到奥氏体的逆转变。     

增材制造TC4钛合金的动态力学行为研究

增材制造TC4钛合金是具有优良的力学性能和工艺性能的金属材料,在航空航天领域已得到重要应用.近年来,在塑性力学的研究中,探究应力状态对金属材料变形和失效行为的影响得到广泛关注,然而大部分的研究都是在准静态下完成的,对于中高应变率下金属材料变形失效的研究较少.本文从增材制造TC4钛合金的基本力学性能出发,考虑应力状态和应变率对其变形和失效行为的影响,采用应力三轴度η和罗德角参数■表征应力状态,设计了相应的试样形式和实验方法.利用电子万能实验机、高速液压伺服实验机以及分离式Hopkinson杆,结合数字图像相关法分析对材料在不同应变率、不同应力状态下的力学性能进行了测试,获得其变形和失效特性.为得到试样内部应力状态历程参数和应变场,通过ABAQUS进行数值仿真,得到试样应变最大处的应力状态历程参数和失效应变.以实验测试和仿真分析结果为基础,对传统MMC失效模型进行了修正,建立了全面考虑应变率、应力三轴度和罗德角效应的增材制造TC4材料的失效模型;同时建立了考虑应力三轴度η和应变率效应的Johnson-Cook失效模型.并通过对增材制造TC4钛合金平板进行高速冲击实验和数值仿真,验证了本文拟...     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.