基于HCA的细尾矿砂破坏准则试验研究

为研究细尾矿砂破坏准则的具体形式,通过对空心圆柱扭剪仪基本公式推导的方法得出了试验应力路径所需的计算公式;在自行研发的辅助仪器配合下,利用空心圆柱扭剪仪试验的方法测试了细尾矿砂子午平面、π平面上的破坏曲线和不同静水压力下中主应力对各个主应变的影响。结果表明:在子午平面内随着静水压力的增加,破坏点广义剪应力增加;静水压力较小状态π平面内破坏曲线表现为Mohr-Coulomb准则,较大状态表现为Drucker-Prager准则,两种状态静水压力分界点应位于200～300kPa内,破坏准则是否与中主应力有关取决于中主应力对整体应变的影响水平。细尾矿砂的破坏准则应为Mohr-Coulomb与Drucker-Prager准则的组合。     

正常固结原状饱和黏性土的本构模型研究

基于扰动状态概念研究了正常固结饱和原状黏性土的本构模型。其中,相对完整状态采用基于原状黏性土的理想非线性弹性本构模型来表征;完全调整状态则是基于临界状态土力学框架,将修正剑桥模型与三剪强度准则相结合而建立的弹塑性本构模型来表征。为了更好地反映黏性土的黏聚力影响,提出了等量代换法和坐标平移法两种处理方法,并作了对比研究。针对基于临界状态土力学框架和扰动状态概念建立的原状土本构模型为平均应力、广义剪应力与体应变、广义剪应变间的关系且无屈服函数显式表达式,提出了一个将其三维化的方法。三维化后的原状黏性土本构模型为空间内6个应力分量和6个应变分量之间的关系,更便于复杂应力状态下的土体变形分析及有限元编程。为验证模型的正确性,对正常固结江西原状饱和红黏土土样作了固结排水和固结不排水条件下的常规三轴压缩试验和K0固结试验,并与模型计算结果作了对比,结果表明:所提模型能够较好地反映江西原状饱和红黏土的力学和变形特性。另外,用所提模型对江西原状饱和红黏土进行了真三轴压缩数值模拟实验,探讨了中间主应力对其力学和变形特性的影响,结果表明:中间主应力及其影响系数对土的变形、孔隙水压力、强度均有影响;固结不排水条件下,在相同剪应力的作用下,土体剪应变随中间主应力影响系数的增大而减小,在相同轴向应变条件下,孔隙水压力随中间主应力影响系数的增大而增大;固结排水条件下,在相同平均正应力作用下,土体体应变随中间主应力影响系数的增大而减小,在相同轴向应变条件下,土体体应变随中主应力影响系数的增大而增大。     

?????????Mohr-Coulomb???????????????

在应用Mohr-Coulomb屈服条件时,由于中主应力不影响判别材料是否进入屈服,因此有关中主应力对Mohr-Coulomb材料屈服的影响性质关注较少.考虑Mohr-Coulomb屈服条件与应力路径相关性,本文采用Lode角或Lode数描述了偏平面上屈服性质的分区,对任意满足Mohr-coulomb屈服条件的应力状态,在保持其大、小主应力不变的条件下给出了中主应力在大、小主应力之间变化时的屈服轨迹,从而明确了中主应力对Mohr-Coulomb材料屈服性质的影响.     

超固结饱和黏性土的弹塑性本构模型及三轴试验模拟

针对饱和超固结黏性土现有的下加载面修正剑桥模型破坏应力比为定值,不能反映土体在不同应力状态下强度特性存在差异这一问题,为了更好地反映应力状态变化对破坏应力比的影响,基于三剪统一强度准则确定超固结土的破坏应力比。在此基础上得到了超固结土的弹塑性本构模型,该模型的特点是能够描述土体受力时的中间主应力效应、应力区间效应、拉压差影响。基于该本构模型作了常规三轴压缩条件下超固结饱和黏性土的模拟结果与试验结果对比,结果表明:该模型能够反映不同超固结比下土的变形、剪胀、孔隙水压力变化特性和规律。利用该本构模型模拟了排水和不排水条件下的真三轴压缩试验,得到了相应的应力-应变特性曲线。     

恒定主应力偏转角下黏土不排水剪切特性分析

天然土的结构性、各向异性对其强度有影响.进行固结压力100kPa、主应力轴恒定偏转角为0°,15°,30°,45°,60°的恒定主应力轴偏转角的固结不排水剪切试验,分析了不同恒定主应力轴偏转角对饱和软黏土固结不排水剪切强度影响;推导了总应力控制恒定主应力轴偏转角剪切试验总应力路径,编制了总应力控制剪切三维点积分程序,对比恒定主应力轴偏转角饱和软黏土固结不排水剪切强度计算值与试验结果,表明程序能很好地反应各向异性对土剪切强度影响.     

一种初始各向异性砂土本构模型的数值应用及试验验证

基于砂土颗粒的毛细效应特性制备砂土试样,在0°～90°范围内选取若干沉积方向,在中围压条件下进行三轴固结排水剪切试验。试验表明:沉积方向对试样强度和变形特性有显著影响。通过对试验数据进行拟合得到沉积方向和偏应力的关系,结合试验结果对Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则进行修正,建立一种密砂初始各向异性本构模型;对本构模型进行数值积分,并对密砂固结排水剪切试验进行数值模拟,分析偏应力、体积变化以及主应力方向的变化。将数值分析结果与试验结果进行对比,结果表明:二者相吻合,本构模型能够合理地预测试验结果。所建立的本构模型可用于砂土初始各向异性的研究工作中。     

饱和超固结黏性土的三剪弹塑性本构模型研究

针对饱和超固结黏性土现有下加载面修正剑桥模型中破坏应力比为定值、土体黏聚力为零,以及不能准确反映不同应力状态下土的强度差异这些问题,基于三剪统一强度准则以及应力坐标平移法得到了扩展破坏应力比,其特点是能更好地反映应力状态变化以及土体黏聚力的影响。在此基础上提出了饱和超固结黏性土的三剪弹塑性本构模型,该模型的特点是能描述土体受力时的中间主应力效应,应力区间效应和拉压差影响,同时也能更好地考虑土体黏聚力的影响。基于该模型对ABAQUS软件进行了二次开发,并利用其模拟了饱和超固结黏性土在排水和不排水条件下的真三轴和常规三轴压缩试验特性。对常规三轴压缩条件下土体力学特性作了模拟和试验结果对比。结果表明所提模型能很好地反映不同超固结比下土体的变形、剪胀、孔隙水压力变化特性。     

正常固结饱和黏性土三剪有限变形弹塑性本构模型研究

基于三剪统一强度准则,利用等量代换法和坐标平移法分别推导出正常固结饱和黏性土的三剪破坏应力比,并将其与修正剑桥模型相结合,得到三剪统一屈服面方程。为反映饱和黏性土的变形非线性及大变形特性,基于有限变形理论,建立了正常固结饱和黏性土的三剪统一有限变形等量代换法和坐标平移法2种弹塑性本构模型。为验证模型的适用性,取江西红黏土制备三种不同压实度的试样,在不同围压下进行常规三轴固结不排水和固结排水压缩试验。将试验数据与本文所提2种有限变形模型及相应的2种小变形模型计算结果进行了对比分析,结果表明,随着变形的发展,有限变形模型相对于小变形模型更接近试验结果,能较好地反映黏性土因高孔隙率（低初始压实度、小围压及压缩变形前期）而产生的大变形特性,虽然小变形模型的计算偏差会随着土样初始压实度和所施加围压的增大而减小,但有限变形模型对不同压实度和围压的计算偏差均相对较小,其中,等量代换法有限变形模型在初始压实度较大或者围压较高时所得计算偏差相对最小。对所提本构模型所做真三轴分析表明,中间主应力影响系数b和初始压实度对土体的强度和变形特性具有一定的影响。主应力差、孔隙水压力和体应变与b值呈正相关性,主应力差与初始压实度呈正相关性,孔隙水压力和体应变与初始压实度呈负相关性。     

砂土的应力路径本构模型

将微元应力路径线性逼近，转变成与其充分接近且易于计算应变的等平均应力微元和等应力比微元，计算任意加荷应力路径所产生的塑性应变，建立了双屈服面的砂土应力路径本构模型．模型体现了岩土塑性理论分量屈服和非关联流动法则的要求，在p，q平面内根据双线性的屈服线确定了加卸载准则．结合广义非线性强度理论采用变换应力三维化方法简单、合理地使模型实现三维化．通过试验数据的验证表明，砂土应力路径本构模型可以合理地描述各种应力路径下砂土的变形和强度特性。     

轴、侧向同卸荷下砂岩力学特性影响的试验研究

本文以实际岩体工程为背景,利用WDT-1500 仪器开展了轴向、侧向同时卸荷条件下砂岩的三轴试验. 结果表明:轴、侧向同卸荷这种卸荷路径下,砂岩试样破坏时并没有出现应力峰值,为了定义试样的破坏强度,将最大与最小主应力差随最小主应力的变化关系曲线上应力跌落的拐点处的应力值定义为破坏强度. 砂岩变形初始段发生应力跌落和轴向应变回弹,破坏前无明显的弹性和屈服阶段;试验的过程中,砂岩的侧向变形明显大于轴向变形,其体积应变一直处于膨胀状态;相对于砂岩的常规三轴试验结果,试样破坏时的强度在轴向、侧向同时卸荷条件下有所降低. 初始轴压和初始围压对试样的力学特征有十分显著的影响,但围压的卸荷速率却并不显著. 砂岩的破坏特征主要是以张-拉为主的混合张剪的破坏.      

Inelastic behavior of an AS4/PEEK composite under combined transverse compression and shear. Part I: experiments

The nonlinear behavior in shear and transverse compression of unidirectional AS4/PEEK and their interaction are investigated experimentally. The composite is rate dependent even at room temperature and its rate exponent is similar to that of neat PEEK. The material is tested under pure shear, pure compression and under biaxial loading histories. The biaxial tests are performed in a custom facility on thin strips of the material. The facility allows freedom to choose the loading path in the biaxial stress and strain spaces of interest. Tests are performed for three biaxial loading paths. In the first, the specimen is sheared then compressed while the shear stress is held constant; in the second, the specimen is compressed then sheared while the compressive stress is held constant; and in the third, the specimen is loaded simultaneously by proportional amounts of compression and shear. It was found that the induced deformation is influenced significantly by the loading history followed. Also, initial loading in shear or compression has only a modest effect on subsequent loading of the other type. An unorthodox yielding behavior for the composite results from this lack of interaction. Finally, the stresses at failure are found to trace an elliptical path in the shear–transverse compression plane, but the failure stress state is not significantly affected by the loading path followed.     

主应力轴旋转对压实黄土动变形特性的影响

实际工程中的地基或路基的土体往往处于复杂初始应力状态,在地震或其他动荷载的作用下会出现变形和沉降,而常规的室内土工试验无法真实再现这种固结应力条件下土的动力特性。通过对原有的DTC 199型周期扭转荷载三轴仪进行简单的改造后可进行土体在主应力轴发生旋转时的压实黄土动变形的试验研究。结果表明,在其他固结条件不变的情况下,初始主应力方向角α对压实黄土的动剪切模量有一定的影响,随着α的增加,动剪切模量有减小的趋势,最大动剪应力也逐渐减小,但是α对最大动剪切模量的影响不太显著。初始主应力方向角α对压实黄土的阻尼比基本没有影响,在λ-lgγd的半对数坐标图中,阻尼比随动剪应变的增加有逐渐增大的趋势,并且表现出较好的相关性。     

Experimental investigation of the behavior of extra high strength steel

This paper comprises a study concerning the mechanical behavior of extra high strength steel. This is investigated by means of biaxial testing of flat cross-shaped specimens in the full σ₁-σ₂ plane, a concept developed earlier at Steel Structures, Luleå University of Technology. Furthermore, new specimen designs had to be developed to enable testing of a material with high yield strength and low ultimate over yield strength ratio, such as the extra high strength steel Weldox 1100. The tests are performed in two steps: one initial loading followed by unloading and a subsequent loading in a new direction. The test results, containing data from 15 biaxial tests, are characterized by a slightly anisotropic initial yield criterion where the proof stress in compression is consequently somewhat higher compared to the results in tension. In the subsequent loading the observed phenomena are a Bauschinger effect in the direction opposite the initial loading direction and that the transition from elastic to plastic state in subsequent loadings is gradual and direction-dependent.     

On the experimental determination of yield surfaces and some results of annealed 304 stainless steel

Factors affecting the experimental determination of yield surfaces are discussed. They include the elastic moduli and the zero offset strain, the strain domain used to determine the yield stress, the probing path, and the strain rate of probing. To obtain yield surfaces consistently, it is necessary to account for these factors. The initial and subsequent yield surfaces of annealed AISI type 304 stainless steel have been experimentally determined in the axial-torsional stress space. Three loading paths have been studied. They are a pure axial path, a pure torsional path, and a proportional axial-torsional path. Each path includes loading, unloading, reloading, and the cyclically steady state.     

STRUCTURAL DAMAGE MODEL OF UNSATURATED EXPANSIVE SOIL AND ITS APPLICATION IN MULTI-FIELD COUPLE ANALYSIS ON EXPANSIVE SOIL SLOPE

Focused on the sensitivity to climate change and the special mechanical characteristics of undisturbed expansive soil, an elastc-plastic damage constitutive model was proposed based on the mechanics of unsaturated soil and the mechanics of damage. Undisturbed expansive soil was considered as a compound of non-damaged part and damaged part. The behavior of the non-damaged part was described using non-linear constitutive model of unsaturated soil. The property of the damaged part was described using a damage evolution equation and two yield surfaces, i.e., loading yield (LY) and shear yield (SY). Furthermore, a consolidation model for unsaturated undisturbed expansive soil was established and a FEM program named UESEPDC was designed. Numerical analysis on solid-liquid-gas tri-phases and multi-field couple problem was conducted for four stages and fields of stress, displacement, pore water pressure, pore air pressure, water content, suction, and the damage region as well as plastic region in an expansive soil slope were obtained.     

压应力对压剪裂纹扩展的影响研究

本文针对压剪裂纹的启裂及扩展问题,研究了脆性材料中裂纹面压应力变化对其扩展的影响规律.借助双轴加载试验机可自由调节两个轴位移和力的优势,设计了一种单边对称双裂纹压剪试样.试验中,施加裂纹面压应力至不同的预设值后,使剪应力单调增大直至裂纹启裂及扩展,得到不同预设压应力下压剪裂纹启裂及扩展规律. 随着预设压应力增大,启裂角增大,裂纹扩展路径与初始裂纹的偏角也增大.但随着压应力增大,启裂角增大至一定值后趋于稳定,实验发现,依据裂纹是否闭合,压应力对压剪裂纹扩展的作用大致可分为两个阶段:闭合前,压应力对裂纹启裂载荷及启裂角、扩展路径均有影响,预设压应力增大,裂纹启裂载荷增大、启裂角增大,扩展路径愈来愈偏离初始裂纹方向;闭合后,压应力虽然增大,启裂角和临界压剪应力比始终恒定,压应力对临界剪力和扩展路径存在一定影响.研究表明,裂纹启裂角与启裂时的压剪应力比存在一定的对应关系.启裂时的压剪应力比增大,启裂角增大,启裂时的压剪应力比恒定,启裂角不变.      

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的非比例循环强化性能

对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢进行了各种比例和非比例循环本构实验,其中包括圆路径、正方形、正菱形、蝶形、三角形和两种十字形应变路径。表明其具有明显的非比例循环附加强化。在相同的等效应变幅值上,材料的附加强化与路径密切相关。对于圆路径,其附加强化度最大可达60％。通过对不同应变历史的实验研究表明,先前小的非比例度的加载历史对后继大的非比例度路径的强化没有影响;而先前大非比例度的加载路径对后继小非比例度路径的循环强化有较大影响。     

内爆炸载荷作用下7A55铝合金的动态性能及断裂行为

采用圆筒爆炸实验研究了内爆炸载荷作用下7A55铝合金的动态性能,用扫描电镜和光学显微镜 对破裂样品的断口形貌、金相组织等进行了微观分析。结果表明:在本文实验条件下,7A55铝合金能够承受 360MPa的内部爆炸加载;合金的断裂方式为剪切断裂,裂缝与筒壁的径向近似成45角;靠近圆筒内侧组织 中存在剪切变形带、绝热剪切带和裂纹,沿最大剪切应力面向外扩展。