微通道人工泡状流的Lattice Boltzmann数值模拟

采用高频电控热激发汽泡的方式构造微通道人工泡状流,可以有效抑制微通道沸腾流动的不稳定性和强化传热。本文基于Lattice Boltzmann大密度比多相流复合模型,数值研究了通道内人工泡状流的流动和传热,通过比较分析不同发泡频率的泡状流,量化分析了汽泡运动和增长对微通道流动与传热的相互影响。一方面着重分析了汽泡运动对微通道运动边界层以及汽泡相变增长对热边界层的影响,另一方面也研究了边界层对汽泡动力行为的影响,所得结论对研究抑制微通道沸腾流动不稳定性和强化传热有参考意义。     

热弹性马氏体相变连续介质热力学研究

介绍形状记忆合金热弹性马氏体相变连续介质热力学研究方法和最新进展, 着重分析 了在推广的非线性弹性力学的框架下, 应用变分方法研究热弹性马氏体相变的理论和方法、 存在的问题及发展趋势. 首先介绍如何计算马氏体相变24种变体的变形梯度, 然后拓展非 线性弹性力学, 引入描述相变的多阱非凸弹性势能, 进而讨论了界面能和非局部能对相变微 结构和相变过程的影响的相关研究理论方法和进展.     

含弧形微裂纹相变复合陶瓷增韧分析

弧形微裂纹是复合陶瓷内的常见现象,含少量弧形微裂纹复合陶瓷比无裂纹复合陶瓷的韧性更好,而粒子相变能够提高陶瓷的断裂韧性已经得到普遍承认.本文考虑粒子相变与弧形微裂纹的联合效应,建立含弧形微裂纹相变复合陶瓷的混合型裂纹增韧模型.首先应用压力敏感准则和应变能释放率断裂准则,对含弧形微裂纹复合陶瓷的增韧效应进行了理论预测;然后采用权函数法推导出混合型裂纹的增韧结果,分别给出了静止裂纹和稳态扩展裂纹相变塑性屏蔽的理论表达式;最后根据相变区域与弧形微裂纹相之间的关系,分析增韧结果的尺度效应.结果表明:相变对静止裂纹无增韧作用;相变对稳态扩展裂纹的增韧结果除与材料弹性模量、相变尾区高度和相变粒子的体积分数有关外,还与复合陶瓷的颗粒直径和弧形微裂纹的体积分数有关.     

国际传热研究前沿──微细尺度传热

微细尺度传热问题的工程背景来自于８０年代高密度微电子器件的冷却和９０年代出现的微电子机械系统中的流动和传热问题．它的特点是,当空间和时间尺度微细化后,出现了很多与常规尺度下不同的物理现象,其原因可以分为两大类：一类是连续介质的假定不再适用,另一类则是各种作用力的相对重要性发生了变化．所需研究的挑战性问题有,导热系数的尺度效应、导热的波动现象,微小通道中流动和传热,流动压缩性和界面效应等的影响,微细尺度下的辐射和相变等．     

考虑相变的近场动力学热?力耦合模型及多孔介质冻结破坏模拟

多孔介质的传热传质现象广泛存在于自然界和工业领域中. 低温条件可能导致多孔介质中的组分发生相变, 并由此诱发材料损伤, 甚至导致结构失效破坏. 对这类破坏现象的预测需要精细化建模, 以能够反映物质的相变过程和材料的破坏特征. 本文采用热焓法改写经典的热传导方程, 在近场动力学框架下, 建立了一种考虑物质相变的热?力耦合模型, 发展了交错显式求解的数值计算方法, 进行了方板角冻结、热致变形和多孔介质冻结破坏等问题的模拟, 得到了方板的冻结特征、温度场和变形场的分布规律以及多孔介质的冻结破坏过程, 与试验和其他数值方法的结果具有较好的一致性. 研究表明, 本文所建立的考虑物质相变的近场动力学热?力耦合模型能够反映材料的非局部效应和物质相变潜热的影响, 准确捕捉相变过程中液固界面的演化特征, 再现多孔介质中材料相变、基质热致变形和冻结破坏过程, 突破了传统连续性模型求解这类破坏问题时面临的瓶颈, 为深入研究多孔介质冻融破坏过程和破坏机理提供了有效途径.      

THERMOELASTIC VIBRATION OF FLUID-CONVEYING MICROTUBES EMBEDDED IN ELASTIC MEDIUMS

研究热环境中被弹性介质包围的微米输流管道的横向振动问题. 根据Hamilton 原理及非线性热弹性理论建立管道横向振动控制方程,并利用复模态法对其进行求解,得到了系统的固有频率和屈曲失稳临界流速,讨论了环境温度和一些重要系统参数对管道振动特性的影响. 研究结果表明:环境温度变化、管道和流体的微尺度效应、管道外径及弹性介质刚度对输流微管道固有频率和临界流速都有很大影响.     

高强度钢板热成形本构理论与实验分析

热成形(热冲压)过程中硼钢的热、力、相变耦合关系是研究热成形理论的基础, 同 时也是决定热成形工艺及数值模拟准确性的关键因素. 对热成形硼钢进行高温拉伸及淬火实 验: 硼钢板材试样在奥氏体化(950℃)后保温一定时间, 然后在连续冷却的同时施 加拉伸力, 记录此过程中力、位移、膨胀量及温度的变化. 通过对不同冷却速率及不同拉伸 力情况下上述物理量的变化规律及微观组织性能的分析, 研究硼钢相变过程中的热、力、相 变耦合关系. 建立了硼钢相变过程中的热、力、相变耦合模型. 通过引入混合定律对热成形 过程中的多相材料热力学参数和力学性能进行等效分析; 对热成形应变组成及其形成机理 进行了分析, 引入了相变体积应力及相变塑性应力等新概念. 硼钢高温流动应力采用修改的 Norton-Hoff形式, 并通过实验确定了流动应力的材料常数. 在此基础上将热、力、相变耦 合关系引入热成形本构方程中, 分别建立了高强度钢板热成形的全量形式及增量形式本构方 程. 对U形零部件热成形过程进行了数值模拟, 并与实验结果进行比较, 结果证明建 立的本构理论的有效性.     

基于Cosserat理论的四边简支自由振动微平板尺度效应研究

微观下材料内部结构将极大地影响材料的力学性能,对微纳米器件中典型的微平板结构尺度效应进行研究具有十分重要的意义.论文基于Cosserat理论推导出了微平板自由振动的微分方程,并根据四边简支边界条件假设振型函数,给出了固有频率的计算公式,对不同尺寸微平板固有频率的尺度效应进行了仿真分析.结果表明,考虑了尺度效应的微平板自由振动固有频率要高于经典理论中的固有频率.当特征长度与微平板厚度大小相当时,微平板固有频率表现出明显的尺度效应,并随着特征长度的增加而增大.同时,自由振动的尺度效应将随着微平板厚度的减小而逐渐增强,振动模态及长宽比不影响尺度效应.论文的研究将为微结构与系统的应用提供一定的理论基础.     

相变传热问题的灵敏度分析与优化设计方法

研究了相变传热问题的优化设计及其灵敏度分析方法. 在有限元-时间差分和等效热容 法求解相变温度场的基础上，提出了相变温度场对设计变量一阶灵敏度的计算方法，给出直 接法和伴随法两种计算格式并分析了它们的特点，建立了相变温度场优化的模型和算法，在有限元分析与优化设计软件JIFEX中实现了该方法. 数值算例表明了灵敏度计算的精度和优 化方法的有效性.     

深海天然气水合物机械?热联合开采方法研究综述

天然气水合物由于储量大、污染低等优点, 已成为我国非常重要的战略能源, 世界各国也加快了天然气水合物的勘探和开发工作. 经济高效的开采方法以及相关的灾害控制和环境保护是对天然气水合物进行商业化开采必须要解决好的两个关键问题. 目前, 注热法和降压法的联合使用被认为是最为有效的天然气水合物开采方法. 在降压法和注热法中, 天然气水合物开采涉及传热、相变、渗流和变形等物理过程和效应, 而传热最慢且相变会消耗大量的热量, 无法直接采用常规的单纯依靠渗流原理的油气开采方案来开采天然气水合物. 我国南海的天然气水合物主要赋存于粉砂质黏土和粉细砂等类型的沉积物中, 胶结性差且埋深较浅. 常规的开采方法还不适合我国南海的水合物开采, 需要考虑新型的开采方式, 这其中提高沉积层中的热传导效率是天然气水合物开采的关键. 郑哲敏提出了机械?热联合开采的新概念方法, 利用无穷无尽表层海水的热量, 基于对流传热的原理和管道输送技术, 并兼顾类似采煤挖掘可能导致的深海浅软地层安全问题. 天然气水合物机械?热联合开采法是一种新的概念模式, 具有开采可控、高效且能有效降低地层安全性风险的优点. 本文针对该新方法的能量、装备、经济可行性进行综合评估, 阐述了针对核心问题管道含相变气液固多相流动、地层安全方面的研究进展, 展望了未来推广应用的空间.      

An experimental investigation of flow boiling in an asymmetrically heated rectangular microchannel

By using unique experimental techniques and carefully constructed experimental apparatus, the characteristics of flow boiling of water in microscale were investigated using a single horizontal rectangular microchannel. A polydimethylsiloxane rectangular microchannel (D_h = 103.5 and 133 μm) was fabricated by using the replica molding technique, a kind of soft lithography. A piecewise serpentine platinum microheater array on a Pyrex substrate was fabricated with the surface micromachining MEMS technique. Real time flow visualization of the phase change phenomena inside the microchannel was performed using a high speed CCD camera with microscope. The experimental local boiling heat transfer coefficients were studied, and single bubble inception, growth, and departure, as well as elongated bubble behavior were analyzed to elucidate the microscale heat transfer mechanisms. Tests were performed for mass fluxes of 77.5, 154.9, and 309.8 kg/m² s and heat fluxes of 180–500 kW/m². The effects of mass flux, heat flux, and vapor qualities on flow boiling heat transfer in a microchannel were studied.     

A new approach in modeling of constant temperature boundary condition in thermal lattice‐Boltzmann method

The lattice‐Boltzmann method is being applied to a diversity of fluid flow and heat transfer problems nowadays. Because of its microscale nature, strict attention should be paid when introducing macroscopic inputs to the model. One of the challenging issues dealing with macroscale and microscale treatment is the implementation of boundary conditions. In this regard constant‐temperature boundaries are frequently used in energy transfer problems. Such boundaries are simply modeled in Navier–Stokes based solvers, but they are not so harnessed in lattice‐Boltzmann models. One of the problems is that the calculated tangential heat flux is not zero along such boundaries in most of the previous models. In the present paper, a model has been developed, which has the capability of controlling tangential heat flux along the constant‐temperature boundaries. It aims to set the heat flux nearly zero along the boundary in midplane grid schemes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Finite element analysis of multicomponent two-phase flows with interphase mass and momentum transport

The application of the finite element method to multiphase flow problems with interphase mass and heat transfer is described. A general forinulation is used that determines the position of the interfacial boundary and allows for multiple solvents, differential volatilities and concentration- and temperature-dependent thermophysical properties. Species phase change and the dramatic volume change that acompanies interphase mass transfer make implementation of the theory challening, since these events lead to discontinuous velocities and concentrations at phase boundaries. These discontinuities are especially large in processes involving rapid evaporation or condensation. As examples we examine the effects of rapid drying on film and fibre formation of sol--gel materials, which are often laden with volatile species.     

Exact solutions of incompressible Couette flow with porous walls for slightly rarefied gases

In this work, the transient incompressible Couette flow and steady-state temperature profiles between two porous parallel plates for slightly rarefied gases are solved exactly. The first-order approximation of slip velocity at the boundaries is used in the formulation. The solution is also applicable for Couette flow in micro-channels under certain circumstances. The influences of mass transfer and a nondimensional slip parameter on slip velocities are discussed. It is also found that the transient slip velocities at the walls are greatly different from the steady-state velocity slips. The influences of velocity slip and temperature slip parameters on the temperature distribution and heat transfer at the walls are analyzed and discussed. It is shown that the slip parameters can greatly change the temperature profiles and heat transfer characteristics at the walls.     

DSMC (direct simulation Monte Carlo) analysis of microchannel flow with gas–liquid boundary

High heat capacity and constant operation temperature make a 2-phase heat remover tool promising for solving high heat dissipation problems in MEMS devices. However, microscale analysis of the flow with the conventional Navier–Stokes equation is inadequate, because the non-continuum effect is important when the characteristic dimension is comparable to the local mean free path. DSMC is a direct, particle-based numerical simulation method that uses no continuum assumption. In this paper, the gas–liquid boundary effects in microchannel flow are studied using this method. Modified DSMC code is used to simulate low-speed flow—under which viscous heating produces no significant temperature change—and MD results are incorporated into the DSMC boundary condition. Steady Couette flow simulation results show that the gas–liquid boundary affects the density distribution and the temperature dependence of the slip velocity. Unsteady simulation results show that mass transfer by diffusion is faster than momentum transfer by collision.     

Effect of variable thermal conductivity and viscosity on single phase convective heat transfer in slip flow

For a variety of fields in which micro-mechanical systems and electronic components are used, fluid flow and heat transfer at the microscale needs to be understood and modeled with an acceptable reliability. In general, models are prepared by making some extensions to the conventional theories by including the scaling effects that become important for microscale. Some of these effects are; axial conduction, viscous dissipation, and rarefaction. In addition to these effects, temperature variable thermal conductivity and viscosity may become important in microscale gas flows due to the high temperature gradients that may exist in the fluid. For this purpose, simultaneously developing, single phase, laminar and incompressible air flow in a microtube and in the micro gap between parallel plates is numerically analyzed. Navier–Stokes and energy equations are solved and the variation of Nusselt number along the channel is presented in tabular and graphical forms as a function of Knudsen, Peclet, and Brinkman numbers, including temperature variable thermal conductivity and viscosity.     

注塑成型充填／后充填过程统一的可压缩流动分析

注塑成型是重要的塑料成型工艺,成型过程中熔体在模腔中的流动和传热对最终制品的性能和质量有重要的影响,因此,精确预测注塑过程的流动及传热历史,并进一步预测注塑制品的收缩、翘曲和机械性能等性能和质量指标具有重要意义。为了精确地描述成型过程中材料的流动及传热行为,本文针对注塑成型过程的工艺特点,将充填后充填过程作为一个统一的过程,考虑材料可压缩性及相变对充填和后充填过程的影响,建立了充填后充填过程的统一数学模型。采用有限元/有限差分/控制体积混合数值方法,实现了注塑成型充填后充填一体化模拟。数值模拟结果与实验结果的对比,验证了本文模型和算法。     

Numerical analysis of swirling turbulent droplet-laden flow and heat transfer in a sudden pipe expansion

The effect of swirling intensity on the structure and heat transfer of a turbulent gas–droplet flow after a sudden pipe expansion has been numerically simulated. Air is used as the carrier phase, and water, ethanol, and acetone are used as the dispersed phase. The Eulerian approach is applied to simulate the dynamics and heat transfer in the dispersed phase. The gas phase is described by a system of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, taking into account the effect of droplets on mean transport and turbulent characteristics in the carrier phase. Gas phase turbulence is predicted using the second-moment closure. A swirling droplet-laden flow is characterized by an increase in the number of small particles on the pipe axis due to their accumulation in the zone of flow recirculation and the action of the turbulent migration (turbophoresis) force. A rapid dispersion of fine droplets over the pipe cross-section is observed without swirling. With an increase in swirling intensity, a significant reduction in the length of the separation region occurs. The swirling of a two-phase flow with liquid droplets leads to an increase in the level of turbulence for all three types of liquid droplets investigated in this work due to their intensive evaporation. It is shown that the addition of droplets leads to a significant increase in heat transfer in comparison with a single-phase swirling flow. The greatest effect of flow swirling on heat transfer intensification in a two-phase gas-droplet flow is obtained for the droplets of ethanol and water and smallest effect is for the acetone droplets.     

Multiscale simulation of flow and heat transfer of nanofluid with lattice Boltzmann method

Based on the lattice Boltzmann (LB) approach, a novel hybrid method has been proposed for getting insight into the microscale characteristics of the multicomponent flow of nanofluid. In this method, the whole computational domain is divided into two regions in which different-sized meshes are involved for simulation (fine mesh and coarse mesh). The multicomponent LB method is adopted in the fine mesh region, and the single-component LB approach is applied to the coarse mesh region where the nanofluid is treated as a mixed single-component fluid. The conservation principles of mass, momentum and energy are used to derive a hybrid scheme across the different scaled regions. Numerical simulation is carried out for the Couette flow and convective heat transfer in a parallel plate channel to validate the hybrid method. The computational results indicate that by means of the present method, not only the microscopic characteristics of the nanofluid flow can be simulated, but also the computational efficiency can be remarkably improved compared with the pure multicomponent LB method.