高速铁路CFG桩复合地基柔性载荷试验研究

高速铁路建设的迅速发展及高速铁路对路基沉降的严格要求,CFG桩在高速铁路路基的处理上得到大量运用。但铁路工程对路基的作用原理与工民建工程对地基的作用原理有本质的区别,工民建房屋建筑荷载通过基础对地基施加刚性荷载,而铁路路基直接承受上部路堤的自重和列车运行产生的柔性荷载。高速铁路CFG桩复合地基的设计都是根据工民建行业的设计理论进行,其试验结果必然与实际情况存在偏差。本文着手研究适合于高速铁路复合地基的柔性载荷试验方法,模拟高速铁路柔性加载的特性,通过数值分析对比了刚性荷载和柔性载荷作用下CFG桩复合地基的桩、土应力、位移分布情况;通过现场载荷试验对设计方案进行了验证,研究了高速铁路CFG桩复合地基的承载力特性,结果证明柔性载荷试验是可行的,能合理的模拟高速铁路CFG桩复合地基承载特性,可为柔性基础下CFG桩复合地基的设计提供基础。     

填土荷载下复合地基加固区压缩量的简化算法

在假设的位移模式下考虑桩土相互作用，通过力学推导，得到了填土荷载下复合地基桩侧摩阻力、加固区桩间土压缩量和桩土应力比的解析解．考虑到桩侧摩阻力的发挥水平，给出了假设位移模式下的简化算法．     

长短桩组合型复合地基优化设计方法研究

在软土地基上建造建(构)筑物需要进行地基处理,复合地基是一种行之有效的地基处理方式。工程上一般对地基浅层土的承载力要求较高,而深层只需满足下卧层强度要求即可。长短桩复合地基可做到浅层置换率高,深部置换率低,这样就合理地满足了软弱地基不同深度对承载力的要求。同时长短桩复合地基浅部置换率高,加固区复合地基模量大,深部置换率低,复合地基模量较低,正好适应浅部附加应力大,深部附加应力小的应力场,这样对减少软弱地基总沉降有利。本文探讨了长短桩复合地基优化设计方法,提出了长短桩复合地基优化设计数学模型,并利用复合形法求解优化设计数学模型,同时给出了优化设计计算算例,计算结果表明,此优化设计方法不仅可有效地保证长短桩复合地基设计方案技术上可靠,还可获得最佳的经济效益。     

碎石桩复合地基若干问题的理论分析

由桩-土侧向变形及竖向变形协调条件，基于弹性理论导出了桩及桩周土的应力-应变关系、桩体材料屈服时桩-土应力比的计算式．推出了桩周土处于极限平衡状态下，碎石桩极限承载力计算式．指出了用碎石桩加固软土地基效果比较明显．但用碎石桩来加固土的变形模量大于8MPa的地基，加固效果十分有限．最后，通过工程实例，将计算结果与实验结果作了对比．     

桩网二元组合在加固软基中的应用研究

工程实践表明对软土地基工后沉降和不均匀沉降有特殊要求的构筑物,采用桩网加固地基是一种经济有效的处理方法。由于其作用机理、荷载传递方式是一个复杂的相互作用问题,本文运用应力扩散原理估算筋材承受的荷载,并由此计算筋材的拉力和割线模量,为桩网法设计提供理论依据。     

碎石桩复合地基三维地震响应分析

将饱和砂土视为土—水两相介质,以Biot动力固结方程为基础,编制了完全耦合的三维排水有效应力动力反应分析程序。利用该程序对碎石桩复合地基进行了动力反应分析。结果表明:在地震荷载作用下,碎石桩具有明显的减震效应,碎石桩复合地基表层的最大水平振动加速度与天然地基相比明显减小,并且碎石桩对地基的沉降变形有明显的抑制作用;碎石桩的排水效应十分显著,随着输入地震加速度的减弱,在孔压达到峰值以后,由下到上出现了明显的孔压消散现象,碎石桩排水效应的影响范围为上窄下宽的圆台形;碎石桩的加密效应显著;考虑碎石桩各效应的耦合作用比仅考虑其单一效应,计算得到的孔压比要小,因此在进行碎石桩复合地基抗液化判别时,应该综合考虑碎石桩各效应的相互耦合作用。     

水泥土搅拌桩复合地基承载力公式中折减系数β取值的分析

水泥土搅拌桩复合地基承载力设计公式中的桩间土承载力折减系数 β值需根据经验确定,且取值范围较大。因此,要准确计算出复合地基承载力有一定难度。本文根据桩土共同作用机理,探讨了折减系数 β的各种影响因素。在比较研究了一些典型工程静载试验的实测资料之后,对系数 β的取值作了具体分析并给出了合理的建议值。     

垂直受荷群桩在半空间饱和土中的稳态反应

研究了均质半空间饱和土中群桩在垂直稳态荷载作用下的动力反应问题。半空间饱和土采用Biot提出的三维波动原理。将桩看作是一维的弹性杆单元。利用圆形简谐载荷作用下的Biot固结方程的基本解和桩土之间的变形协调条件得到饱和土中群桩的第二类Fredholm积分方程,群桩的动力阻抗采用动力相互作用因子的方法。分析桩距等参数对群桩阻抗、轴力和孔压等的影响。本文的方法可以用于计算层状饱和土中群桩的动力反应问题。     

基于正交试验的复合地基沉降影响因素分析

结合苏北滨海平原连云港地区海相沉积的软土粘粒含量大、海侵海退、多夹层等特点及某高速公路沉降观测资料,考虑复合地基段沉降效果良好、固结显著, 对水泥搅拌桩处理海相软土地基实测累计沉降的影响因素进行单因素和多因素分析。在正交设计理论的基础上, 提出似正交设计方法并重点对软土厚度、预压方式、填土高度、桩长和桩间距进行多因素分析, 计算证明了预压方式和填土高度对水泥土桩复合地基加固软土地基的实测累计沉降的显著影响, 建议在该工程软土厚度范围变化不大的地段, 应优先调整预压方式并控制填土高度。     

堆载下被动桩与土体相互作用的FLAC三维分析

被动桩问题是近年来岩土工程领域的一个研究热点,但是对于堆载下桩、土之间复杂的相互作用一直缺乏系统的三维分析。本文采用FLAC3D建立了有限差分模型,对单排桩三维工作性状进行分析,重点研究堆载条件、桩身刚度及土层分布对桩身位移和桩侧土压力的影响情况,并籍此对软土地基的桩、土共同作用机理加以阐述,得出一些有益结论。分析表明,软土地基中桩侧土压力的分布可简化为线性模式,本文对此进行了线性拟合。     

加筋土地基模型试验边界效应与承载性能分析

为进一步探讨边界效应对加筋土地基的影响,基于室内方形基础下加筋土地基大模型试验,采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立加筋土地基数值模型,主要分析了模型宽度L和加载板宽度B对加筋土地基承载性能、地基内部土体应力应变及筋材变形的影响。结果表明:无筋地基与加筋土地基极限承载力均随L/B的减小而增大,当L/B>5时,可忽略边界效应对加筋土地基的影响;当L/B<2.67时,边界效应对加筋土地基的影响最大;当L/B>4时,边界效应对无筋地基的影响可忽略不计;加筋能够显著改善地基土体的不均匀沉降和减小基础两侧土体隆起高度;竖向应力分布区域随着B的增大而增大,加筋土地基受竖向荷载的影响宽度为5B,影响深度为2.57B~4B;当L/B>5时,不同L/B工况下土体变形、应力分布及格栅变形曲线基本重合,此时加筋土地基受边界效应的影响可忽略不计。     

Residual strength of a fiber reinforced metal matrix composite with a crack

The residual strength of a cracked unidirectional fiver reinforced metal matrix composite is studied. We propose a bridging model based on the Dugdale strip yielding zones in the matrix ahead of the crack tips that accounts for ductile deformations of the matrix and fiber debonding and pull-out in the strip yielding zone. The bridging model is used to study the fracture of an anisotropic material and its residual strength is calculated numerically. The predicted results for a SiC/titanium composite agree well with the existing experimental data. It is found that a higher fiber bridging stress and a larger fiber pull-out length significantly contribute to the composite's residual strength. The composite's strength may be more notch-insensitive than the corresponding matrix material's strength depending on several factors such as fiber-matrix interface properties and the ratio of the matrix modulus to an ‘effective modulus’ of the composite.     

反复荷载下圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱恢复力模型研究

为建立圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱的恢复力模型,对11根圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱试件进行了低周反复荷载试验研究,考虑了再生骨料取代率、配钢率及钢管径厚比等不同设计参数的影响,分析了组合柱的地震破坏形态及滞回性能。基于组合柱的力学特征及曲线形状,提出了圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱骨架曲线的三折线参数模型,采用理论推导与数据拟合的方法确定了组合柱骨架曲线的模型参数。在此基础上,给出了组合柱的滞回规则和卸载规律,构建了组合柱的恢复力模型,计算滞回曲线与试验滞回曲线吻合良好,表明该恢复力模型较好地反映了反复荷载下组合柱的受力特征点及滞回性能,可为此类组合柱的推广提供技术参考。     

几种高性能纤维束的冲击动力学性能实验研究

利用直拉式Hopkinson装置研究了碳纤维、无碱E玻璃纤维、Kevlar 4 9/96 4 /96 4c、Twaron2 0 0 0、DyneemaSk6 6等纤维的动态拉伸性能。与准静态加载条件下相比 ,纤维束的拉伸强度基本与应变速率无关(玻璃纤维除外 ) ,而纤维束的弹性模量和失效应变随应变率的升高而明显变大。从高分子物理以及两种无机纤维的内部微观结构特征对纤维的力学性能与加载速率的关系进行了初步的物理阐释。讨论了实验数据的发散原因。     

方钢管混凝土短柱轴心受压承载力的神经网络模拟

由于方钢管混凝土的侧向约束机构复杂,对方钢管混凝土柱强度承载力的计算至今仍没有一种统一的方法。本文拟采用神经网络方法对轴心受压方钢管混凝土短柱的承载力进行模拟。以混凝土抗压强度、钢管的屈服强度、套箍指标、截面尺寸和宽厚比等五个参数为网络输入,以构件的极限承载力为网络输出,构建多层前馈神经网络来描述它们之间的非线性关系。利用55组试验数据对网络进行训练和测试,并将其预测值与三种承载力计算模型的预测值进行比较。对比结果表明本文建立的神经网络模型对55组试验数据给出了最好的模拟精度,可作为预测方钢管混凝土柱承载能力的一种新方法。     

Effects of Environmental Degradation on Flexural Failure Strength of Fiber Reinforced Composites

Fiber-reinforced composite laminates are often used in harsh environments that may affect their long-term durability as well as residual strength. In general, environmental degradation is observed as matrix cracking and erosion that leads to deterioration of matrix-dominated properties. In this work, cross-ply laminates of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy were subjected to environmental degradation using controlled ultraviolet radiation (UV) and moisture condensation and the post-exposure mechanical properties were evaluated through elastic modulus and failure strength measurements. Additionally, both degraded and undegraded were subjected to cyclic fatigue loading to investigate possible synergistic effects between environmental degradation and mechanical fatigue. Experimental results show that the degradation results in reduced failure strength. Greater effects of degradation are observed when the materials are tested under flexural as opposed to uniaxial loading. Based on strength measurements and scanning electron microscopy, we identified various damage modes resulting from exposure to UV radiation and moisture condensation, and cyclic loading. The principal mechanisms that lead to reduction in mechanical properties are the loss of fiber confinement due to matrix erosion, due to UV radiation and moisture condensation, and weakened/cracked ply interfaces due to mechanical fatigue. An empirical relationship was established to quantify the specific influence of different damage mechanisms and to clarify the effects of various degradation conditions.     

Analytical solutions for the time-dependent behaviour of composite beams with partial interaction

This paper presents a generic modelling for the time-dependent analysis of composite steel–concrete beams with partial shear interaction that occurs due to the deformation of the shear connection. The time effects considered in this modelling are those that arise from shrinkage and creep deformations of the concrete slab, and these effects are modelled using algebraic representations such as those of the age-adjusted effective modulus method (AEMM) and the mean stress method (MS), which are viscoelastic models for concrete deformation that can be stated algebraically. The generic model lends itself to closed form solutions for the analysis of composite beams subjected to a generic applied loading under a variety of end conditions. In this paper, the generic model is applied for the time-dependent analysis of composite beams that are simply supported and encastré, and to a propped cantilever, that are subjected to uniformly distributed loading and shrinkage deformations. Various representations of the structural behaviour of these beams are given in closed form which can also be used to benchmark available modelling techniques, i.e. finite element and finite difference formulations, which require a spatial discretisation to be specified as well as the time discretisation to perform a time analysis.     

An elastoplastic homogenization procedure for predicting the settlement of a foundation on a soil reinforced by columns

This paper presents an elastoplastic homogenization method applied to a soil reinforced by regularly distributed columns. According to this method, the composite reinforced soil is regarded, from a macroscopic point of view, as a homogeneous anisotropic continuous medium, the elastic as well as plastic properties of which can be obtained from the solution to an auxiliary problem attached to the reinforced soil representative cell. Based upon an approximate solution to this problem, in which piecewise constant stress fields are used, the homogenized behavior of the reinforced soil subject to vertical oedometric conditions is investigated. A first application to the evaluation of the settlement of a reinforced soil foundation is then presented, taking into account the initial stress field generated by the reinforced soil own weight. A particular emphasis is put on the situation of a purely cohesive soft clay reinforced by purely frictional inclusions (“stone column” reinforcement technique), for which a simplified calculation procedure, in which the soil remains elastic, is proposed, leading to an analytical closed-form expression for the load–settlement curve.     

Thermoelastic buckling of steel columns with load-dependent supports

The in-plane elastic buckling of a steel column with load-dependent supports under thermal loading is investigated. Two elastic rotational springs at the column ends are used to model the restraints which are provided by adjacent structural members or elastic foundations. The temperature is assumed to be linearly distributed across the section. Based on a nonlinear strain–displacement relationship, both the equilibrium and buckling equations are obtained by using the energy method. Then the limits for different buckling modes and the critical temperature of columns with different cases are studied. The results show that the proposed analytical solution can be used to predict the critical temperature for elastic buckling. The effect of thermal loading on the buckling of steel columns is significant. Furthermore, the thermal gradient plays a positive role in improving the stability of columns, and the effect of thermal gradients decreases while decreasing the modified slenderness ratios of columns. It can also be found that rotational restraints can significantly affect the column elastic buckling loads. Increasing the initial stiffness coefficient α or the stiffening rate β of thermal restraints will increase the critical temperature.     

型钢再生混凝土组合柱水平承载力试验及计算方法研究

基于17个型钢再生混凝土组合柱低周反复荷载试验,分析了再生粗骨料取代率、轴压比、体积配箍率以及剪跨比对组合柱水平承载力的影响规律。通过实测型钢腹板与翼缘,箍筋及纵筋的荷载-应变曲线,并结合组合柱的破坏形态特征,分析了型钢再生混凝土组合柱在水平荷载作用下的破坏机理。在此基础上,分别推导了型钢再生混凝土组合柱发生剪切斜压破坏和弯曲破坏时的理论计算公式。为了便于计算,本文提出了型钢再生混凝土组合柱水平承载力实用计算公式。结果表明,组合柱的计算水平承载力与试验值吻合较好,满足计算要求。上述研究结论可为型钢再生混凝土组合柱的抗震设计提供参考。