非饱和土土水特征曲线(SWCC)测试与预测

非饱和土土水特征曲线(SWCC)表示了土中含水量与吸力之间的关系。文章介绍了6种常用方法,各有其适用范围。体积压力板仪可量测最大基质吸力值为1500kPa的干燥曲线和浸湿曲线;超过1500kPa时,可用盐溶液法进行量测;Tem-ple仪可量测基质吸力达100kPa的干燥曲线;滤纸法可用于测量土体的基质吸力与总吸力;Dew-point电位计可用于量测土样总吸力变化,尤其适合渗透吸力的量测;TDR探头适合于量测小于300kPa的基质吸力。用GDS非饱和土三轴仪可以进行SWCC测试,测试范围主要取决于陶土板的进气值。用准确的数学模型对测得的含水量、吸力数据进行拟合,对于预测非饱和土力学性质、渗透系数、抗剪强度及分析边坡稳定性有重要意义。由于准确测试SWCC难度较大,并且测试影响因素较多,所以根据土体孔隙大小分布和颗粒大小分布情况预测SWCC,也是一种较好的方法。     

皖中膨胀土的承载比(CBR)强度特性研究

针对皖中地区高速公路建设中遇到的膨胀土问题,选取合六叶高速公路典型土样开展了系统的承载比（CBR）特性试验研究,并在此基础上探讨了膨胀土作为路基填料的适用性。研究表明:（1）起始含水量对膨胀土CBR值影响显著,CBR最大值对应的含水量高于最佳含水量,且击实功越大,二者差值也越大;（2）CBR膨胀量随起始含水量增大而减小,起始含水量越低,CBR膨胀量就越大,路基的水稳性就越差;（3）当击实功较大时,膨胀土的最佳含水量较小,适合填筑的可变含水量范围较宽,建议现场施工控制采用重型击实标准;（4）在重型击实条件下,将弱膨胀土起始含水量控制在比最优含水量大2%⁴%范围内,能同时满足压实度和CBR值要求以用于填筑下路堤,中膨胀土作为路基填料时必须经过改性处理。研究结果对于在膨胀土地区进行公路建设具有参考意义。     

攀枝花地区冰期膨胀土的工程特性研究

攀枝花地区冰期膨胀土生成于二冰期晚期中更新统冰期,通过室内和现场物理力学试验和分析,揭示攀枝花地区冰期膨胀土的物理力学性质具有很大的离散性,其性质受土体的矿物成分、含水率、裂隙面、埋藏深度、级配、试验条件等因素、条件的影响。试验研究表明:膨胀土中的裂隙面按光滑程度不相同,可分为两种类型,即光滑裂隙面和光滑擦痕裂隙面; 粗粒矿物对胀缩性影响不大,而细粒矿物对胀缩性影响较大; 裸露或近地表,土层风化剧烈,裂隙较发育,膨胀力度就稍大; 同一地区的膨胀土,蒙脱石含量愈高,自由膨胀率愈大,其膨胀等级就愈高; 不同场地内的膨胀土其物理力学性质指标存在一些差异,但差异性较小; 攀枝花冰期膨胀土层的黏粒含量并不大; 不同场地内的膨胀土抗剪强度值变化较大,同一场地内的膨胀土抗剪强度值有起伏; 攀枝花冰期膨胀土多数呈硬塑-坚硬状,自然状态下其抗压变形能力较好,在浸水饱和状态下,膨胀土的承载力几乎成倍数下降。     

基于室内试验与数值模拟的膨胀土裂隙对强度影响规律研究

针对室内试验测试多裂隙发育膨胀土抗剪强度指标的困难,提出以室内试验与数值模拟相结合的研究方法;以不同产状单裂隙面膨胀土三轴试样在200kPa围压下的CD试验结果为样本,基于颗粒流原理,采用PFC3D软件进行仿真试验,获得了与三轴试验结果相一致的PFC3D球颗粒参数和裂隙参数;以此参数为基础,进行不同裂隙产状膨胀土的仿真试验,初步探寻了裂隙发育对广西宁明膨胀土的强度影响规律。研究发现:裂隙发育是膨胀土强度衰减的主要原因;裂隙的空间角度、不同裂隙的组合、裂隙发育程度均对膨胀土抗剪强度指标产生影响,且对黏聚力的影响较大;与无裂隙情况相比,裂隙率达14.06%时,C值降低71.2%。     

干湿循环效应对风化砂改良膨胀土膨胀力影响的研究

本文将0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%的风化砂掺入膨胀土中,分别进行0、1、2、3、4、5次干湿循环,对干湿循环之后的试样进行膨胀力测试;研究了不同掺量风化砂改良膨胀土膨胀力的大小及增长时程随着干湿循环次数的变化规律,分析了干湿循环作用一定次数后,风化砂掺量对试样表面的剥落程度及裂隙发育的影响。实验结果表明:干湿循环效应对风化砂改良膨胀土的膨胀力影响较为显著,且膨胀力与干湿循环次数间的关系可以用三次方函数很好地进行描述;在风化砂掺量一定时,经过2~3次干湿循环时膨胀力降低幅度最大,且随着风化砂掺量的增加,这一降低幅度在逐渐减少,干湿循环4~5后膨胀力趋于稳定;当风化砂掺量相同时,随着干湿循环次数的增加,膨胀力达到稳定所需要的时间逐渐减少,而膨胀力的增长速度先增大后减小;干湿循环5次后,试样表面的裂隙发育已基本达到稳定,裂隙数量随着风化砂掺量的增加而逐渐减少;当风化砂掺量为30%时,试样周边基本上不存在剥落现象。     

大气中非线性波和孤立波——有热源影响的非线性重力惯性内波

本文考虑有外界热源情况下的非线性重力惯性内波,首先我们讨论了波解存在的条件及得到了解析解的表达式。然后我们利用拟能影响函数中的根与系数之间关系,导出一个无量纲的量M,利用M把周期解存在条件转化为M>2/3,当M→2/3时,就得到了区别于KdV方程的孤立波解。最后利用M我们建立了非线性波的波速公式,波速C与振幅,特征散度,M之间的关系,当波速公式向线性化波速公式退化时,我们发现当M≥l时系统呈线性效应;当2/3相似文献   

硬壳层非饱和软基路堤的填土高度研究

硬壳层在软土路堤工程中具有很好的承载传递特性,应充分发挥其有利作用以优化路堤填土高度设计与施工管理.考虑硬壳层的应力扩散作用和自重反压护道作用,基于非饱和土平面应变抗剪强度统一解与吸力角双曲线模型,推导了实际地应力状态下硬壳层非饱和软土地基的临塑/临界载荷计算公式,进而建立了路堤临塑/临界填土高度的解析解,并给出解析公式的适用条件与应用步骤,最后探讨了各因素对路堤临界填土高度的影响规律.所得解析公式能综合反映4种因素的影响,具有很好的可比性,且对比验证了解析公式的正确性及给定公式适用条件的必要性与合理性.研究结果表明:硬壳层的影响具有整体性,应同时考虑其厚度和弹性模量的变化,可忽略路堤等效宽度的影响;侧压力系数的影响明显,侧压力系数为1.0对应的路堤填土高度明显偏大,应原位测试确定地基土的真实侧压力系数;采用不同强度准则的计算结果差异显著,应充分考虑中间主应力对公式适用范围及路堤填土高度的影响;高、低基质吸力的影响特性不同,低吸力时路堤填土高度线性增加且与截距无关,高吸力时路堤填土高度受双重作用相对大小的控制,或先逐渐减小后缓慢增大、或逐渐增大,并与截距密切相关.      

一种计算射弹侵彻混凝土深度的半理论半经验公式

本文通过对大量侵彻试验数据的分析,运用最小二乘法原理,综合考虑了靶体材料和射弹形状对侵彻深度的影响,导出了750～1200m/s弹速范围内,射弹侵彻混凝土深度的半理论半经验公式.并与现有利用空腔膨胀理论所得公式进行了比较,结果表明本文公式比现有公式精度更高,具有重要的实用价值.     

Housner方程解的改正和应用

本文对Housner方程的解进行了改正,提出以Housner方程作为振动管式含沙量测量仪和密度计的基本原理方程。导出了考虑流速影响的流体密度(或浑水密度)公式,使理论计算与实验结果比较一致。阐述了测低含沙量必须考虑流速的影响和临界流速v_c的公式是指导设计振动管的一个重要公式。     

降雨和蒸发对非饱和土土压力的影响

为了探讨降雨和蒸发所引起的渗流对非饱和土土压力的影响,本文将基质吸力与渗流的关系式引入到基于统一强度理论的非饱和土抗剪强度公式中,得到了降雨和蒸发条件下考虑中主应力影响的非饱和土抗剪强度公式;结合土体的极限平衡理论,推导出了受降雨和蒸发影响的主动土压力、被动土压力、静止土压力系数公式;最后通过数值算例进行了分析。结果表明:在降雨和蒸发条件下,非饱和土主动土压力最小值为-145kPa,被动土压力最小值为139kPa;而常规方法计算的主动土压力最小值为-13.85kPa,被动土压力最小值为41.57kPa;在降雨和蒸发条件下,非饱和土主动土压力小于饱和土主动土压力,而被动土压力则相反;在非饱和土中,降雨和蒸发所引起的渗流使得静止土压力系数随着与地下水位距离的增加而减小,在地表附近将会达到-1;而在饱和土中,本算例中各计算点的静止土压力系数总是常数(K0=0.5)。     

非饱和膨胀土的土-水特征曲线研究

在干旱和半干旱地区 ,土体中含水量的变化常会引发各种工程问题。研究表明 ,非饱和土的工程性质不仅取决于土的组成、结构和应力状态 ,还与土中的吸力密切相关。非饱和土的土 -水特征曲线表达了土体中含水量与吸力的关系 ,是非饱和土研究的重要内容之一。     

STRUCTURAL DAMAGE MODEL OF UNSATURATED EXPANSIVE SOIL AND ITS APPLICATION IN MULTI-FIELD COUPLE ANALYSIS ON EXPANSIVE SOIL SLOPE

Focused on the sensitivity to climate change and the special mechanical characteristics of undisturbed expansive soil, an elastc-plastic damage constitutive model was proposed based on the mechanics of unsaturated soil and the mechanics of damage. Undisturbed expansive soil was considered as a compound of non-damaged part and damaged part. The behavior of the non-damaged part was described using non-linear constitutive model of unsaturated soil. The property of the damaged part was described using a damage evolution equation and two yield surfaces, i.e., loading yield (LY) and shear yield (SY). Furthermore, a consolidation model for unsaturated undisturbed expansive soil was established and a FEM program named UESEPDC was designed. Numerical analysis on solid-liquid-gas tri-phases and multi-field couple problem was conducted for four stages and fields of stress, displacement, pore water pressure, pore air pressure, water content, suction, and the damage region as well as plastic region in an expansive soil slope were obtained.     

Characteristic loading of light mouldboard ploughs at slow speeds

A study on four mouldboard ploughs, that are commonly used with animal traction in Kenya, was conducted. Draught, suction and torsion loads were measured and specific draught evaluated in field tests on four sites with typical agricultural soil conditions. Draught and suction are the horizontal and vertical components of the reaction to soil force, respectively, while torsion is the resisting moment about the plough shank. The objective was to quantify these parameters and to study their characteristics under variable conditions at operation, at speeds up to 1.12 m/s and tillage depths between 0 and 150 mm in an attempt to optimize the design, selection and utilization of mouldboard ploughs for animal traction in Kenya. It was found that depth of tillage is the most critical factor, and draught and suction increased significantly with depth while specific draught increased or decreased depending on the soil type. Draught and specific draught increased significantly with speed. The increase in suction with depth probably implies an increased stability in the ploughing operation, while its reduction with speed indicates a potential instability of plough control with varying speeds. Consequently, aiming for steady motion in the utilization of animal traction may aid in the optimization. It was also found that ploughs with a high specific draught (kN/m) are expected to experience higher torsional loads on the shanks. The characteristic draught, specific draught and suction loads of the ploughs were described by quadratic functions in speed and depth of tillage with coefficients of determination (R₂) ranging from 0.55 to 0.99. A significant difference in the coefficient of variation of draught loads in the three soil types probably implies that optimal duration for use of animal traction in tillage should be dependent on soil type.     

Physical and hydraulic characteristics in compacted clay soils

To determine and compare the differences in soil water suction between uncropped and cropped plots, a 52-plot experiment was used. Three average tyre to soil contact pressures of 31, 41 and 62 kPa as well as four numbers of machines passes (1, 5, 10 and 15) and control plots of zero traffic were used as pre-seeding machinery compaction treatments for the investigation. Soil dry bulk density, soil moisture content, soil suction, rainfall, water table depth and corn yield were all measured. The results showed that, with increasing tyre contact pressure, there was a corresponding increase in soil suction during the growing season in both uncropped and cropped plots. A family of curves was drawn for soil suction versus tyre contact pressure for different numbers of days and also for soil suction versus volumetric water content at varying contact pressures and times of the season. Growth performance of corn plants was best in moderately compacted plots. Dry bulk density and penetrometer resistance were related to traffic treatments.     

Limited permeable crack in an interlayer between piezoelectric materials with different zones of electrical saturation and mechanical yielding

A plane problem for two identical piezoelectric semi-infinite spaces adhered by means of a thin isotropic interlayer is considered. It is assumed that a crack of a limited electric permeability occurs in the interlayer parallel to its faces. Combined electromechanical loading is prescribed at infinity. It is assumed that the interlayer is softer than the adherent materials. To avoid the singularities, which are typical for the Griffith crack model, two distinct zones – a zone of mechanical yielding and a zone of electrical saturation – of unknown lengths are introduced as crack continuations. These lengths can be essentially different, with the zone of mechanical yielding significantly longer or shorter than the zone of electrical saturation. Assuming that the interlayer thickness tends to zero, a constant normal stress is prescribed in the zone of mechanical yielding and a saturated electrical displacement is prescribed in the zone of electrical saturation. Outside of these zones, the semi-infinite spaces are assumed to be perfectly bonded. This formulation results in a linear fracture mechanics problem with unknown pre-fracture zone lengths. The problem, formulated mathematically by a system of two equations of linear relationship, is solved exactly. The unknown yield and saturated zones lengths are found from the conditions of finiteness of stress and electrical displacement at the ends of these zones for the both cases when the electrical saturated zone is longer and shorter than the zone of mechanical yielding. It is shown that the same equation as for the Griffith crack model can be used for the determination of the electrical displacement in the crack region. The main results of the paper are obtained in the form of simple analytical equations which are convenient for engineering applications. Some numerical illustrations in graphical and tabular form show dependencies of the pre-fracture zone lengths, the energy release rate, the mechanical displacement and electrical potential jumps on the electromechanical loading and the electrical permeability of the crack medium.     

A closed crack tip model for interface cracks inthermopiezoelectric materials

The interface crack problem of a bimaterial thermopiezoelectric solid was treated byapplying the extended version of Strohs formalism and singular integral equation approach. Theinterface crack considered is subjected to combined thermal, mechanical and electric loads.Under the applied loading, the interface crack is assumed to be partially opened. Formulation ofthe problem results in a set of singular integral equations which are solved numerically. Thestudy shows that the contact zone is extremely small in comparison with the crack length. Basedon the formulation, some physically meaningful quantities of interest such as stress intensityfactors and size of contact zone for a particular material group are analyzed.     

爆炸加载下混凝土表面的裂纹扩展

为深入研究内爆加载下岩土类材料的破坏机理，提出了一种新的爆炸裂纹检测算法，采用数字图像相关方法测量表面位移场和应变场，建立了裂纹扩展和扩张模型，并通过混凝土内爆试验观测裂纹扩展过程，研究了裂纹长度扩展与宽度扩张规律。结果表明，裂纹长度扩展是应力波和爆生气体共同作用的结果，裂纹最大扩展速度为225.95 m/s，平均速度为122.27 m/s，裂纹总长159.92 mm，长度扩展止于1.75 ms；裂纹的张开由气体主导，最大宽度1.59 mm，作用时间长达4.5 ms；拉应变集中区先于裂纹出现，其形状决定了裂纹的走向和趋势，爆炸加载下断裂过程区长度为骨料粒径的8～9倍。     

Elastodynamic analysis of a crack at an arbitrary angle to the graded interfacial zone in bonded half-planes under antiplane shear impact

A solution is provided for the elastodynamic problem of a crack at an arbitrary angle to the graded interfacial zone in bonded media under the action of antiplane shear impact. The interfacial zone is modeled by a nonhomogeneous interlayer with the spatially varying shear modulus and mass density in terms of power functions between the two dissimilar, homogeneous half-planes. Based on the use of Laplace and Fourier integral transforms and the coordinate transformations of basic field variables, formulation of the transient crack problem is reduced to solving a Cauchy-type singular integral equation in the Laplace transform domain. The crack-tip response in the physical domain is recovered via the inverse Laplace transform and the values of dynamic mode III stress intensity factors are obtained as a function of time. A comprehensive parametric study is then presented of the effects of crack obliquity on the overshoot behavior of the transient crack-tip response, by plotting the peak values of the dynamic stress intensity factors versus the crack orientation angle for various material and geometric combinations of the bonded system.     

Regular Perturbation Methods for a Region with a Crack

The paper considers a model problem for Poisson's equation for a region containing a crack or a set of cracks under arbitrary linear perturbation. Variational formulation of the problem using smooth mapping of regions yields a complete asymptotic expansion of the solution in the perturbation parameter, which is a generalized shape derivative. This global asymptotic expansion of the solution was used to derive representations of arbitraryorder derivatives for the potential energy function, stress intensity factors, and invariant energy integrals in general form and for basis perturbations of the region (shear, tension, and rotation). The problem of the local growth of a branching crack for the Griffith fracture criterion and the linearized problem of optimal location of a rectilinear crack in a body with the energy function as a cost functional were formulated.