冲击载荷下岩石压胀对其性质的影响

采用落锤动态加载岩石实验系统,通过调节落锤质量、下落距离及活塞杆垫板材料,记录岩石瞬间形成冲击压力脉冲,研究压胀对不同岩石性质影响的规律.实验结果表明,压胀产生后岩石的性质发生了改变,岩石的渗透率有不同程度的增加,且岩石越致密,渗透率增加倍数越大；岩石的弹性模量和弹性极限随岩石体积的增加而降低；压胀产生后纵波和横波在岩...     

纳米W粉冲击烧结的分子动力学模拟

粉末冲击烧结是制备高品质W的一种有效方法，而分子动力学方法在尺度极小、过程迅速的数值模拟上有着独特的优势。因此运用分子动力学方法，结合W的嵌入原子势，对常温下的纳米W粉末的冲击烧结过程进行模拟，得到颗粒微观压实过程图、体系速度分布云图、p-U_p、T-U_p、T-p曲线以及径向分布函数。研究了不同颗粒速度及产生的射流对纳米W粉末冲击烧结影响，分析了微观冲击烧结机理。结果表明，低速冲击条件下（500 m/s以下），纳米颗粒无法压实。高速条件下（1 000 m/s及以上），颗粒能获得致密化很高的压实。颗粒间的相互挤压造成的高应力使颗粒表面的原子发生流动变形，原子向颗粒间空隙流动，形成压实。颗粒间产生的射流以及高速冲击导致的颗粒熔化，均促进烧结获得致密度更高的烧结体。     

三峡工程中的若干力学问题

简要介绍了三峡水利枢纽工程概况，工程建设中主要技术难点，以及几个主要工程力学问题，包括流体力学、固体力学、二相流及爆破力学等问题．结合三峡工程侧重叙述岩石（体）力学应考虑的新问题．大型岩土工程是庞大的复杂系统，岩石力学涉及众多学科．建议应用系统工程的理论和方法研究岩石（体）力学，使其在国民经济中发挥更大作用，在岩石（体）力学研究中还需针对不同的目标、任务考虑各种非线性问题．因此，岩石（体）力学应与工程问题更紧密地结合．     

断层内破碎岩石渗透性的实验研究

断层破碎带岩石的渗透性是影响地下工程中由渗流失稳而引发灾害事故的重要影响因素之一。利用一种专门的破碎岩石压实渗透仪,在MTS815.02岩石力学伺服试验系统上测试了取自断层内的破碎灰岩、破碎砂岩、破碎泥岩的渗透系数,得到并分析了轴向压力、岩样粒径、水流速度与渗透系数的关系曲线。研究表明:破碎岩石渗透系数与其压实状态密切相关,随着轴压的增加,渗透系数都相应降低;在相同的轴向压力状态下,岩样粒径越小,其渗透系数也越小,因此,挤压程度和充填程度都较低的小断层导水性好,容易导致突水;破碎岩石的渗透系数随着水流速度的增大呈减小趋势,但水流速度对破碎岩石渗透系数的影响程度有限;在相同的压力、粒径情况下,破碎泥岩的渗透系数比破碎灰岩、破碎砂岩的要小1～2个量级,说明当断层上下盘为坚硬岩石时,断层带渗透性好、易导水。研究结果可为采动过程中评价断层的导水性提供参考。     

一种岩石损伤本构模型在地下强爆炸中的应用

为了描述地下爆炸波的传播,建立了一种考虑塑性硬化、剪胀和损伤软化效应的岩石本构模型,并应用于地下强爆炸自由场的数值计算,获得的速度和位移波形以及峰值速度衰减曲线等与国外地下试验测量数据和同类计算相比十分接近,从而验证了本构模型的有效性。     

白云岩受压声学特性及其在裂缝研究中的应用

通过实验手段研究了白云岩在三轴和单轴加载过程中的声波波速、幅度、频谱特性的变化特征. 结果发现:(1)白云岩在受压变形过程中,声波波速的变化较好地反映了岩石内部裂缝的闭合、产生、扩展和贯穿等变化. 总体而言,横波波速比纵波能更好地预测裂缝的产生,而纵波对裂缝的非稳定发展或贯穿有较敏感的反映. (2)随着轴压的增大,纵、横波波形的末端都有散射波的出现,且横波波形末端的"鱼尾"状散射波信号更为明显(此时应力点为极限强度的60%左右),预示着岩石内部裂缝的产生和稳定扩展. (3)频谱曲线也很好地反映了岩石内部结构变形情况. 随着岩石受力的增大,频谱曲线上的振幅都呈现增大趋势,标志着岩石的压实阶段;当频谱曲线上低频段较高频段活跃时,标志着裂缝的产生;更有甚者,低频还会取代高频成为主频. (4)在岩石受压裂缝闭合阶段,首波振幅和频谱主振幅都呈现上升趋势;而在裂缝不稳定扩展阶段,主振幅表现出比首波振幅低的上升趋势;振幅曲线达到峰值后都存在一突降拐点,预示着岩石的贯通破坏. 研究对于地层岩石的动态长期监测和工程岩体的稳定性评价都具有重要的理论参考价值.      

压实粉土非线性应力-应变关系的试验研究

对京九线路基粉土用GDS三轴仪进行固结不排水剪试验,研究不同围压、含水量、压实度下压实粉土样的应力-应变关系。结果表明:压实粉土在低围压下为应变软化,高围压下为应变硬化,存在一个屈服应力;含水量和压实度对粉土强度和应力-应变关系影响显著,随着含水量的减小、压实度的增大,压实粉土样强度增大,应力-应变曲线上升。对围压小于屈服应力的应变软化曲线,用常规的土的软化关系式进行拟和;对围压大于屈服应力的应变硬化曲线,用邓肯-张模型进行拟和;这二者的结合能描述压实粉土的应力-应变关系曲线,效果良好。     

泡沫塑料中冲击波的传播

在现有 Ｓ Ｈ Ｐ Ｂ技术的基础上,将泡沫塑料作为子弹撞击铝杆,利用铝杆上的应变片测得的应力波形及泡沫塑料的应力应变曲线,合理地分析了冲击波在泡沫塑料中的传播特性,并提出了泡沫塑料中的破坏波（压实波）概念。     

爆炸冲击波的动态破岩特性研究

运用爆炸冲击波理论，讨论了炮孔柱状装药爆破时的岩石粉碎区及其形成时间、爆腔半径及其扩胀规律。通过分析表明:影响粉碎区半径和爆腔半径的主要因素是冲击波的强度、岩石的性质和炮孔尺寸等。     

爆炸荷载下青砂岩动态起裂韧度的测试方法

为了研究爆炸荷载下青砂岩I型裂纹动态断裂韧度的测试方法，利用内部中心单裂纹圆盘（internal center single crack disc，ICSCD）试样进行了爆炸试验研究。试样由外径为400 mm、内部加载孔径为40 mm、预制裂纹长为60 mm的青砂岩制成。利用同步触发器实现圆盘中心起爆，并同步触发超动态应变仪，通过径向应变片获取爆炸应变曲线、裂纹尖端的环向应变片获取裂纹起裂时刻。以实测爆炸应变曲线为参量，应用Laplace变换推导出试样加载孔壁应力时程曲线表达式，并用数值反演法得出其数值解。利用ANSYS有限元软件，建立数值计算模型，通过相互作用积分法得出了在爆炸荷载作用下砂岩的I型动态应力强度因子曲线。研究结果表明:（1）ICSCD试件能够很好地用来测试岩石的动态起裂韧度；（2）炮孔周边的应力可以通过拉普拉斯变换的数值反演方法得到；（3）通过试验-数值法能稳定计算出ICSCD砂岩构型的动态起裂韧度，其最大误差仅为7%。     

A phase-field model for quasi-incompressible solid–liquid transitions

According to a unified thermodynamic scheme, we derive the general kinetic equation ruling the phase-field evolution in a binary quasi-incompressible mixture for both transition and separation phenomena. When diffusion effects are negligible in comparison with source and production terms, a solid–liquid phase transition induced by temperature and pressure variations is obtained. In particular, we recover the explicit expression of the liquid–pressure curve separating the solid from the liquid stability regions in the pressure–temperature plane. Consistently with physical evidence, its slope is positive (negative) for substances which compress (expand) during the freezing process.     

Properties of rocks tested in one-dimensional compression

An apparatus has been developed and used to obtain static stress-strain data on rock and soil samples in one-dimensional compression. This paper describes the design and method of use, and reports test results obtained on several types of rock and sand specimens. A 4-in.-diam specimen with height up to 2 in. is contained in a thin-walled steel cylinder. This cylinder is contained in the main pressure vessel which has a pressure cavity surrounding the specimen. Load is applied through a load cell on top of the specimen by a hydraulic press. An operator maintains a constant zero balance on strain gages bonded to the thin, steel cylinder containing the specimen by pumping hydraulic fluid into the pressure cavity, thus nullifying the tendency of the test specimen to expand laterally as it is compressed axially. Axial load and deflection are recorded on anx?y plotter from signals received from the load cell and a deflectometer mounted on the load cell. This apparatus has been successfully used to obtain data on rocks to axial stresses of 75,000 psi and on sand to 30,000 psi. Test data for both rocks and sand are presented in this paper.     

An experimental study of the heat transfer in PS foam insulation

Heat transfer mechanisms in 14 samples of vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) are examined to reveal the influence of porous foam structure on VIP performance. The samples were produced by in-house equipment that was able to vary the foam structure by modulating the process temperature and pressure. Two parameters are proposed to describe the foam structure, namely, the broken cell ratio and the average cell size. Under a specific solid volume fraction, the average cell size shows a linear dependence on the broken cell ratio. Furthermore, the radiation and conduction heat transport data correlate well with these parameters. Radiation heat transfer increases as the broken cell ratio (cell size) increases, but solid conduction decreases as the broken cell ratio (cell size) increases. Consequently, an optimum broken cell ratio (cell size) exists such that the total heat transport is minimum under a specific solid volume fraction. However, the majority of VIP heat transfer is solid conduction. Solid conduction accounts for more than 80% of the total heat transport and is largely affected by the solid volume fraction. A rule of thumb for improving VIP performance is to reduce the solid volume fraction as much as possible to eliminate solid conduction, and maintain the cell size at an optimum value that is dependent on the solid volume fraction.     

破碎岩体非等温渗流的非线性动力学研究

分别从固体及流体导热的能量方程出发,导出破碎岩体非等温渗流的能量本构方程,结合渗流的连续性方程、运动方程、状态方程等建立了破碎岩体非等温渗流的一维非线性动力学方程组;结合Mathcad软件计算得到了系统的无量纲化平衡态,利用逐次亚松弛迭代法分析了对应于不同参数时平衡态的稳定性;指出非等温渗流系统存在鞍结分岔及折叠突变,与等温渗流相比,考虑温度场的破碎岩体渗流动力系统更容易发生渗流突变.     

方形管管阵流固耦合方程中独立参数D的数值解

求解和阵流固耦合方程,必须先求出独立参数Ｄ。本文介绍了一种求解方形截面情况下参数Ｄ的差分方法,首先根据边界条件,得到了求解局部问题的差分模型,在此基础上求出局部函数χ（ｙ１,ｙ２）在流体域内各离散网格点上的值,绘出了局部压力场的等值线图,并由此计算参数Ｄ的值,然后发迹λ值,重复相同的运算,最后绘出Ｄ随λ变化曲线,并和一种渐近解作了比较。结果表明,该数值解法简明、准确。     

Nonlinear One-Dimensional Seismodynamic Model of a Solid with Shock Absorbing Supports

A generalized method for constructing a nonlinear one-dimensional mathematical model of a solid on massive shock-absorbing supports of five different types is justified. The periods of small oscillations of the solid about the equilibrium position are determined. The equations of motion of the solid-support system with broken frictional bond are set up__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 135–144, March 2005.     

Application of a coupled solid/fluids mixture theory: Process of squeezing a sponge

In this paper, we present the details of the solution of one of three problems obtained via the application of a coupled solid/fluids mixture theory developed recently by Chen. The problem is that of the process of squeezing a sponge. A fluid saturated solid is sandwiched between two infinitely stiff plates, one plate is held fixed and the other applies increasing pressure at its interface with the solid. Results concerning the stress of the solid, volume fraction, bulk density, chemical potential and pressures of the fluid, and the characteristics of fluid mass discharge are reported. The results are consistent with our expectations and experiences.     

一种新的岩石非线性损伤蠕变模型

为描述岩石加速蠕变阶段的非线性变形规律,在广义开尔文体基础上串联一个村山体,基于Kachanov损伤率理论,建立了损伤变量D与蠕变时间的函数关系,并根据Lemaitre应变等效原理将村山体中的无损模型参数p用有效模型参数p(1-D)代替,以此来表征岩石加速蠕变阶段的非线性,建立了一种新的非线性损伤蠕变模型;根据广义塑性力学理论给出了该模型的三维蠕变方程;采用Levenberg-Marquardt非线性优化最小二乘法对红砂岩和绿片岩常规三轴压缩蠕变试验数据进行拟合,反演得到这两种岩石的蠕变模型参数。拟合结果表明:拟合曲线与试验曲线的拟合相关系数R2分别为0.999和0.992,说明该蠕变模型能较好地反映这两种岩石各阶段的蠕变曲线特征。     

Rheology of brown coal-water suspensions

Techniques for measuring the fundamental flow properties of as-mined Victorian brown coal suspensions are developed. Flow properties are presented for Morwell, Yallourn and Loy Yang coals as a function of concentration for fixed particle size distribution. Even at the relatively low solids concentration of 20 to 30 percent by weight, the suspensions exhibit complex non-Newtonian characteristics. Generally at high concentration, the suspensions are thixotropic with a shear rate dependent viscosity and exhibit a yield stress. The inherent thixotropy of the coals can be exploited and it is technically but perhaps not economically feasible to transport the as-mined coals in a pipeline. The power requirement to pump the coals in a pipeline is found to be 10 to 30 times that required to pump black coal in the Black Mesa pipeline in the U.S.A. The differences in the rheological properties of the three coals is related to the surface properties of the coal particle — expressed in terms of carboxylate and inorganic cation content, and to differences in the pore volume of the coals. The flow characteristics of one coal can be converted to that of another simply by varying either the carboxylate or ionic content of the suspension.