微裂纹损伤对复合材料层板分层的影响

本文将双标量损伤模型推广,考虑层内及层间微裂纹损伤相互作用,建立了层合复合材料的多标量损伤本构关系,并将该本构关系应用于含贯穿分层层板的后屈曲分析,采用准三维有限元法研究了分层尖端场与极限损伤区演变的特点,结果表明：损伤导致裂尖区层间应力奇异性消失,引起层间应力重新分布;损伤区的发展方向取决于分层上下表面层的铺设角,能量释放率不能反映损伤和分层扩展特征,因而有必要建立基于损伤演化的分层扩展准则。     

基于同步辐射原位CT的聚氨酯泡沫微观变形机理研究

为揭示聚氨酯泡沫的微观结构性能关系,本文依靠自主研发的微型材料试验机,在美国APS光源2BM线站上搭建了原位CT系统,对闭孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫在准静态压缩加载下的变形损伤行为进行了三维实时表征,分辨率可达0.87μm。通过原位CT试验获取了硬质聚氨酯泡沫的应力应变关系,以及三个变形阶段(弹性、平台、压实)的三维结构演化过程。三维图像显示,在平台段会观察到局部压缩带从样品两端向中间传播的过程,且压缩带传播速度会超过压头速度。同时,利用数字体图像相关技术精确计算了聚氨酯泡沫的三维变形场,表明压缩变形主要集中在变形带内部。通过追踪胞元变形过程并利用表面曲率场来量化胞壁变形,发现胞元坍塌主要源于包壁屈曲形成的褶皱。     

三轴压缩岩石细观损伤扩展特性CT实时检测

利用作者最新研制的与CT（computerized tomography)机配套的专用加载设备,完成了三轴压缩荷载作用下岩石破坏全过程的细观损伤扩展规律的实时CT检测试验。得到了在不同荷载作用下岩石中微孔洞被压密、微裂纹萌生、分叉、发展、断裂、破坏、卸载等各个阶段清晰的CT图像。对得到的CT数、CT图像等数据进行了分析,引入了初始损伤影响因子和闭合影响系数,定义了一个基于CT数的损伤变量,基于岩石细观损伤演化CT试验的结果,给出了岩石应力损伤门槛值,将岩石应力应变全过程曲线分为5段,得到了岩石损伤扩展的初步规律。     

热障涂层材料性能和失效机理研究进展

热障涂层材料破坏由大尺度屈曲和层离机制产生, 而这些机制又是微裂纹形核、扩展及相互连通结果的积累.由于特殊制备工艺和使用环境, 材料性能涉及到许多特殊机制.近半个世纪的研究,人们对其性能有了充分认识.综述 近几年的研究结果,内容包括:热生长氧化现象及其热力学描述;热生长应力与材料失效的联系;材料破坏机理与性能 控制参数和材料微组织的联系;微缺陷演化产生的材料屈曲和层离所需的能量释放率;破坏 准则、服役寿命预计模型和评价标准等.     

基于数字图像处理的含缺陷混凝土破裂过程研究

混凝土破坏规律受其缺陷的影响,为了从细观尺度研究含缺陷混凝土破坏规律,基于数字图像处理技术表征混凝土骨料形状、大小及空间分布,运用RFPA2D-DIP软件构建混凝土真实细观模型并进行单轴压缩试验,研究了含不同缺陷混凝土的破坏规律。试验结果表明:相比完整试件,含缺陷试件强度更低,破坏过程应力跌落次数更多,其初始裂纹在预制裂隙及孔洞两端萌生,缺陷与新裂纹的贯通最终导致试件破坏;混凝土中同时存在孔洞和裂隙时,孔洞与裂隙相互影响并形成应力集中的岩桥区域,当孔洞直径不变时,随着裂隙长度增加,试件峰值强度下降,在同一裂隙长度下,随着孔洞直径增大,混凝土峰值强度降低。     

不同晶粒度无氧铜管在爆轰加载下的膨胀及断裂特性

采用平均晶粒尺寸分别为100～300μm和20～30μm的两种软态无氧铜加工成?25 mm圆筒试验用标准铜管,通过高速扫描摄影法对比了JO-159加载下两种铜管膨胀位移、比动能曲线的差异;通过分幅摄影法获取了JO-159、TNT加载下铜管的断裂过程,并对比了断裂时间、裂纹扩展方向、破片形状等方面的差异。结果表明:JO-159加载下,细晶铜管虽然延展性较好,但内部少量缺陷会形成明显的孤立增长的孔洞,使得铜管的有效膨胀位移仅略大于粗晶铜管,且两种铜管比动能的相对偏差小于1%;粗晶铜管断裂时首先出现较多随机分布的孔洞,随着炸药猛度的增大,其孔洞的数量增多,裂纹由母线方向变为复杂交错状,破片由条形变为碎散形,但两种工况下的断裂直径均达到初始直径的3倍,满足圆筒试验的基本要求。     

一种微裂纹型拉伸损伤模型在混凝土材料中的应用

将包含众多不同规则微裂纹的混凝土材料视为等效微裂纹系统,结合细观微裂纹动力律与波动理论,确定了裂纹演化与应力波传播的内在关系;根据有核长大思想和能量耗散理论,建立了一种便于工程应用的混凝土类准脆性材料拉伸损伤演化方程,并由混凝土单轴拉伸实验确定了相关材料参数;进行了混凝土平板撞击和内爆炸所引起的波传播和层裂问题的数值计算。结果表明:混凝土靶板的自由面速度时程曲线呈现明显周期性震荡,震荡周期与应力波在裂片中往返一次的时间基本相同;混凝土靶板损伤空间分布和损伤云纹图与已有实验结果一致,验证了本文所建立的微裂纹型拉伸损伤模型的科学实用性。     

Al2O3陶瓷动静态压缩下碎片形貌与破坏机理分析

为探究Al₂O₃陶瓷的宏观力学响应与破坏机理，分别利用材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆对其进行准静态和动态压缩实验，同时通过原位光学成像观测试样的破坏过程，并利用同步辐射CT和扫描电镜（SEM）对回收碎片的尺寸和形状以及微观破坏模式进行表征分析。宏观强度数据表明，Al₂O₃陶瓷的抗压强度符合Weibull分布，且与加载应变率呈现指数增长关系。原位光学成像和SEM回收分析共同揭示了动静态加载下裂纹成核与扩展模式存在明显差异。准静态加载时材料微观上更易发生沿晶断裂，宏观表现为劈裂裂纹较少，且倾向于沿加载方向传播并贯穿整个试样；而动态加载时穿晶断裂占主导地位，劈裂裂纹明显增加并发生相互作用，因此在传播过程中容易分叉而形成大量次生裂纹，提高了试样内裂纹密度。这与碎片的CT表征结果一致，即碎片平均球形度和伸长、扁平指数等均随应变率对数线性增加。破坏模式的改变最终导致高应变率下陶瓷材料应变率敏感性显著增强。     

高强铝合金的动态拉伸断裂行为实验研究

在分离式霍普金森拉杆、三点弯曲和平板撞击加载下对棒材铝合金（2024-T4、7075-T6）进行动态拉伸断裂实验研究。实验结果表明：1）一维应力动态加载下 7075-T6铝合金的初始屈服应力与断裂应变明显高于2024-T4铝合金,但三点弯曲和平板撞击层裂实验中发现2024-T4铝合金相比于7075-T6铝合金具有更好的抗裂纹扩展与层裂失效能力,这表明应力状态对两种铝合金拉伸断裂行为有明显的影响; 2）断口的光学与扫描电镜分析发现：2024-T4铝合金主要表现出脆性断裂行为,起因于孔洞或裂纹主要成核于晶内强化相形成穿晶断裂;而7075-T6铝合金则展现出韧性和脆性混合断裂特征,原因是部分孔洞或裂纹在晶界成核增长发生沿晶断裂,部分在晶内强化相周围形成孔洞从而造成穿晶断裂。, 在分离式霍普金森拉杆、三点弯曲和平板撞击加载下对棒材铝合金（2024-T4、7075-T6）进行动态拉伸断裂实验研究。实验结果表明：1）一维应力动态加载下 7075-T6铝合金的初始屈服应力与断裂应变明显高于2024-T4铝合金,但三点弯曲和平板撞击层裂实验中发现2024-T4铝合金相比于7075-T6铝合金具有更好的抗裂纹扩展与层裂失效能力,这表明应力状态对两种铝合金拉伸断裂行为有明显的影响; 2）断口的光学与扫描电镜分析发现：2024-T4铝合金主要表现出脆性断裂行为,起因于孔洞或裂纹主要成核于晶内强化相形成穿晶断裂;而7075-T6铝合金则展现出韧性和脆性混合断裂特征,原因是部分孔洞或裂纹在晶界成核增长发生沿晶断裂,部分在晶内强化相周围形成孔洞从而造成穿晶断裂。     

开裂孔隙材料渗透率的细观力学模型研究

采用细观力学方法对含随机裂纹网络的孔隙材料渗透性进行研究.开裂孔隙材料渗透性的影响因素包括裂纹网络的密度、连通度、裂纹的开度以及孔隙材料基体渗透性.对于不连通的裂纹网络,该文采用已有的相互作用直推法(interaction direct derivative,IDD)的理论框架,引入裂纹的密度$\rho$和裂纹开度比$b$,提出了裂纹夹杂$\!$-$\!$-$\!$基体两相复合材料渗透率的IDD理论解.对于部分连通裂纹网络,考虑局部裂纹团内部各个裂纹对有效渗透率的相互放大作用,引入裂纹网络的连通度$f$,定义与连通度相关的水平裂纹密度$\rho^{h}$,按照增量法将表征连通特征的水平裂纹嵌入有效基体中,以此方式来考虑裂纹夹杂间的相互搭接,提出了考虑裂纹连通特征的扩展IDD理论解,分别考虑了基体材料渗透率$K_{m}$、裂纹密度$\rho $、裂纹开度比$b$以及与连通度$f$相关的$\rho ^{\rm h}$.最后通过对有限区域内含随机裂纹网络孔隙材料渗透过程的有限元模拟分别验证了不连通和部分连通裂纹网络扩展IDD模型的适用性:(1)当裂纹不连通时,由于基体对流体渗透的阻隔作用,裂纹的开度对有效渗透率影响不大;(2)当裂纹部分连通时,裂纹密度分别小于1.1(无关联裂纹网络,分形维数为2.0)、1.2(关联裂纹网络,分形维数为1.75)时,扩展IDD模型能够很好地估计开裂孔隙材料的有效渗透率,但是随着裂纹进一步扩展,最大裂纹团主导作用凸显,扩展IDD模型不再适用.      

Consecutive matrix cracking in contiguous plies of composite laminates

Propagation behaviors of obliquely-crossed microcracks induced by matrix cracks in adjacent plies of composite laminates were numerically analyzed using finite element modeling. Oblique coordinate system along obliquely-crossed cracks was defined and applied to the finite element formulation, which enabled geometrically parametric analysis for arbitrary oblique angles using a single discrete model. Three-dimensional stress analyses of [S/θ_n/90]s laminate with microcracks in θ-ply and fully developed matrix cracks in 90-ply were performed under various conditions of angle θ, θ-ply crack length, θ-ply thickness, etc. Energy release rates associated with θ-ply crack propagation in the θ-ply fiber direction were calculated in order to assess θ-ply cracking conformations. The results suggested that presence of 90-ply cracks affects θ-ply crack propagation, especially mode-I energy release rates, depending on angle θ. Furthermore, effects of angle θ, θ-ply thickness and S layer configuration on the interaction between matrix cracks in θ- and 90-plies were clarified. Finally, crack accumulation behaviors in [0/θ₂/90]s laminates were experimentally investigated and compared with the analytical results.     

The microbuckling failure of Dyneema~? composites under compression

Two grades of Dyneema~?composite laminates with the commercial designations of HB26 and HB50 were cut into blocks with or without an edge crack and compressed in the longitudinal fiber direction. The cracked and uncracked specimens show similar compressive responses including failure pattern and failure load. The two grades of Dyneema~? composites exhibits different failure modes: a diffuse, sinusoidal buckling pattern for Dyneema~? HB50 due to its weak matrix constituent and a kink band for Dyneema~? HB26 due to its relatively stronger matrix constituent. An effective finite element model is used to simulate the collapse of Dyneema~? composites, and the sensitivity of laminate compressive responses to the overall effective shear modulus, interlaminar shear strength, thickness and imperfection angle are investigated. The change of failure mode from kink band to sinusoidal buckling pattern by decreasing the interlaminar shear strength is validated by the finite element analyses.     

Microscopic analysis of crack propagation for multiple cracks, inclusions and voids

The elastic crack interaction with internal defects, such as microcracks, voids and rigid inclusions, is investigated in this study for the purpose of analyzing crack propagation. The elastic stress field is obtained using linear theory of elasticity for isotropic materials. The cracks are modeled as pile-ups of edge dislocations resulting into a coupled set of integral equations, whose kernels are those of a dislocation in a medium with or without an inclusion or void. The numerical solution of these equations gives the stress intensity factors and the complete stress field in the given domain. The solution is valid for a general solid, however the propagation analysis is valid mostly for brittle materials. Among different propagation models the ones based on maximum circumferential stress and minimum strain energy density theories, are employed. A special emphasis is given to the estimation of the crack propagation direction that defines the direction of crack branching or kinking. Once a propagation direction is determined, an improved model dealing with kinked cracks must be employed to follow the propagation behavior.     

Numerical simulation of interlaminar damage propagation in CFRP cross-ply laminates under transverse loading

This paper proposes a numerical simulation of interlaminar damage propagation in FRP laminates under transverse loading, using the finite element method. First, we conducted drop-weight impact tests on CFRP cross-ply laminates. A ply crack was generated at the center of the lowermost ply, and then a butterfly-shaped interlaminar delamination was propagated at the 90/0 ply interface. Based on these experimental observations, we present a numerical simulation of interlaminar damage propagation, using a cohesive zone model to address the energy-based criterion for damage propagation. This simulation can address the interlaminar delamination with high accuracy by locating a fine mesh near the damage process zone, while maintaining computational efficiency with the use of automatic mesh generation. The simulated results of interlaminar delamination agreed well with the experiment results. Moreover, we demonstrated that the proposed method reduces the computational cost of the simulation.     

纳米晶体铝在单轴拉伸下的位错堆积对微裂纹扩展的影响

摘要：针对纳米晶体材料,研究了单轴拉伸载荷作用下纳米晶体铝中的裂纹与裂纹尖端发射的位错所形成的滑移面之间的相互作用。通过分布位错法,将裂纹和滑移面等效为均匀分布的连续位错,获得了裂纹面上应力场。并引入裂纹尖端的无位错区,研究了裂纹尖端无位错区对微裂纹的萌生和主裂扩展之间的影响。结果表明,不考虑裂纹尖端无位错区时,裂纹长度较短,会先在晶界处形成微裂纹,主裂纹较长时,主裂纹会直接穿晶扩展。滑移面与裂纹尖端夹角较大时,会增加裂纹尖端发射的位错个数,从而抑制主裂纹的扩展。考虑裂纹尖端无位错区时,无位错区先于晶界处出现微裂纹,通过主裂纹与微裂纹之间位错的相互发射,导致裂纹与尖端处微裂纹汇合,有效加速了主裂纹的扩展。     

爆炸荷载作用下两平行裂纹对扩展中裂纹的影响规律

用实验和数值模拟方法，研究在爆炸载荷下岩体内部一对平行裂纹对扩展主裂纹的影响规律。实验中，采用带有中心装药孔及预制裂纹的砂岩圆盘试件，利用由示波器、超动态应变仪及裂纹扩展计所组成的测试系统，监测主裂纹扩展速度和扩展距离；数值模拟中，采用了AUTODYN软件进行，模拟了主裂纹及两平行裂纹的扩展规律，对岩石材料，采用线性状态方程及最大拉应力失效准则，并在两平行裂纹间设置相应的观测点记录应力曲线。通过实验与数值模拟分析，得到:爆炸载荷下，紧随冲击波后的稀疏波经过两平行裂纹面反射后变成压缩波，并在两平行裂纹间产生垂直于主裂纹扩展方向的压应力，对裂纹的扩展有压制、止裂作用；而且，这种压应力的大小与两平行裂纹的间距有关，进而导致了不同的止裂效果，影响裂纹的扩展速度及最终扩展长度。     

Wavy-edged fractures in axially split aluminium tubes

This paper is motivated by the somewhat unusual need to gain insight into the phenomenology of the mechanism by which a wavy edge is formed on the wreckage of some aircraft fuselage skins associated with aircraft destroyed in flight by on-board explosion.In order to explore the role of the plastic zone adjacent to the crack tip whilst avoiding the practical complications of generating the fractures explosively, simple quasi-static experiments have been carried out on aluminium tubes. Oversized rigid dies were pushed inside the tubes along their axes to generate fractures in Mode I and Mode III. It is conjectured that wavy edges are associated with fractures resulting from internal expansion of the tube by a travelling, internal, radial ring pressure region. The pressurised region behind the crack tip would be produced by explosively generated internal pressure being vented at the crack and, for the purpose of this study, is considered to be equivalent to that generated by the die. The production of such cracks is clearly demonstrated experimentally and contrasted with the plain-edge fractures produces during Mode III tearing fracture.A damage-model-based finite element analysis has been conducted to simulate the propagation of the crack and provide further insight into the strain and stress fields along the fractured edges. Both the experimental and numerical results show that this particular type of ring loading has to be applied to the tube to produce the wavy edge. Such a load expands the fractured flaps in the radial direction, stretching the material in the circumferential direction and, crucially, in the axial direction. The latter generates a relatively wide plastic wake close to and parallel to the fracture edge as the tube fails within which axial plastic strain predominates. Constrained by the remaining part of the tube that has not undergone plastic deformation, sufficient axial residual compressive stress can be produced in the plastic wake to produce a wavy edge which results from local buckling in the plastic wake. This mechanism suggests that ripples observed on the edges of fuselage skin wreckage are possible signatures of an internal explosion. The work described herein is also relevant to the deformation in a failed high-pressure gas pipe following the propagation of a ductile crack as noted previously in the literature.     

含分层损伤的变角度纤维层合板后屈曲力学行为研究

变角度（Variable angle tow,简称VAT）纤维复合材料层合板的纤维方向能够连续变化．相较于传统的直线纤维层合板,此类层合板通过刚度变化,整体的屈曲性能可以得到很大的提升．本文利用ABAQUS 自带的粘结单元(Cohesive Element)对预制圆形分层的变角度纤维复合材料层合板进行了后屈曲力学行为研究,得出载荷位移曲线,以及分层裂纹萌生和扩展的情况．然后本文分析了预制分层尺寸对板的刚度、前后屈曲阶段和裂纹萌生及扩展的影响．最后通过变角度纤维层合板和直线纤维层合板的后屈曲力学行为进行对比,深入探索了变角度复合材料层合板在抵抗分层裂纹萌生和扩展方面的优势．     

玄武岩中裂隙分布形式对声波传播的影响

复杂岩体含有大量的裂隙,这些裂隙尺寸及其分布形式等对弹性波传播都有很大的影响.本文加工了含单个裂隙、双裂隙和三个裂隙的玄武岩岩样单元对其进行组合,进行了25kHz、 50kHz、 400kHz、 600kHz和1000kHz 等5种频率的声波测试.通过考虑垂直或平行波传播方向的裂隙长度,来探索裂隙分布形式和不同裂隙长度对弹性波传播的影响,研究玄武岩的频散效应和波的衰减.结果表明:裂隙方向与波传播方向夹角对弹性波传播有很大的影响.当裂隙方向与波传播方向垂直时,散射效应最大;而当裂隙方向与波传播方向平行时,影响最小.上述结果可为理论模型和数值分析提供依据.     

A fracture damage model for Jointed rock masses and its application to the stability analysis of dam abutments

Based on continuum damage mechanics, for jointed rock masses, a fracture damage model is presented in this paper. First, the damage tensors are defined through the elastic-flexibility of intact rock and the equivalent elastic-damage flexibility for rock mass. Then, by the self-consistent principle of solid mechanics, the equivalent elastic-damage flexibility tensors involving the interaction between multicracks are deduced. The damage evolution law is proposed involving the mechanism of crack propagation process: frictional sliding, crack kinking, growing of branched tension cracks, interlinking of the microcracks near branched crack tips leading to the breakthrough of macro-cracks and finally the failure of rock mass. Thus the evolution of damage variables reasonably unified with the process of crack propagation is given. Finally, a plastic-brittle damage constitutive relation including brittle coupled strain rate, developed and applied to the stability analysis of complicated rock foundation of a dam in China, is described in this paper.