基于数字图像相关的转速测量方法

针对转动机构运动学参量测量问题,基于数字图像相关技术,本文提出了转角、转速、速度瞬心等运动学参量的测量方法。利用模拟散斑图进行方法可靠性分析,结果表明,若取多个区域测试结果的平均值作为可靠测试结果,则转角测试精度可达0.01°,瞬心位置测试精度可达亚像素量级。搭建转速图像测试系统,并测试了电机转轴的转速与速度瞬心。实验结果进一步表明,基于数字图像相关的转速测量方法在实际工程测量中具有较高的精度与稳定性。     

数字图像相关方法在桥梁裂缝变形监测中的应用

本文结合工程实际背景分析了数字图像相关方法应用在桥梁裂缝变形监测中的可行性及优越性。根据桥梁裂缝变形的特点采用数字图像处理技术中的位移梯度法进行所选区域的相关匹配搜索并对相关系数的计算公式加以改进。使实验过程得以简化。计算结果全场化、直观化。本文对数字图像处理软件的测量精度和在实际测量中的测试误差进行了分析和研究。证明该软件能够更加精确地测定裂缝在各种荷载作用下的变形量值．实际的桥梁测试也验证了该方法的可行性和优越性。若图像记录设备的分辨率是12．47pixel／mm(0．0802ram／pixel)。本文所涉及到的桥梁裂缝边缘的位移测试精度为0．000802mm。     

超声散斑数字相关法应用于刚体面内转动测量的研究

在激光数字散斑相关法测量理论的基础上,阐述了超声散斑相关法测量的基本原理,并建立了相应的超声散斑数字相关实验分析系统。在实验分析时,首先应用模拟测量的方法对刚体面内转动对散斑场相关性的影响进行了分析;然后应用实验测量的方法再对此进行了分析;最后对刚体未知面内转角进行了实测。实验结果表明,刚体面内转动可测量的最大转角为9°,当转动角度为10°时,误差大于9%。实验中分别应用了爬山搜索法和相关系数拟合法来分别搜索整像素的位移和亚像素的位移。     

超声散斑数字相关法应用于体面内转动测量的研究

在激光数字散斑相关法测量理论的基础上,阐述了超声散斑相关法测量的基本原理,并建立了相应的超声散斑数字相关实验分析系统。在实验分析时,首先应用模拟测量的方法对刚体面内转动对散斑场相关性的影响进行了分析;然后应用实验测量的方法再对此进行了分析;最后对刚体未知面内转角进行了实测。实验结果表明,刚体面内转动可测量的最大转角为9°,当转动角度为10°时,误差大于9%。实验中分别应用了爬山搜索法和相关系数拟合法来分别搜索整像素的位移和亚像素的位移。     

数字图像相关中的亚像素位移定位算法进展

数字图像相关方法 (DIC) 已经作为一种常用的光学计量有效手段应用于实验力学及其它科学研究和工程应用领域中. 经过 20 多年的发展, 该方法日渐成熟和完善. 作为提高测量精度的亚像素位移定位算法被认为是该方法的关键技术之一. 本文对二维数字图像相关的基本原理及其中为提高测量精度而提出的各种亚像素位移定位算法做了概括性的介绍. 在总结已有研究成果的基础上, 分析了各种方法优缺点. 并对数字图像相关方法的最新进展作了简要介绍, 随着算法精度、效率以及硬件设备性能的提高, 该方法必将会获得更广泛的应用.      

新型汽车结构胶剪切实验研究

利用数字图像相关方法(DICM),分别测定了准静态单向剪切拉伸试验条件下,新型汽车结构胶粘接试件和传统点焊连接试件粘接部分的剪切力学性能。实验采用了非接触测量物体应变的方法,运用CCD及其计算机图像处理系统,实时获取变形前后试件表面图像。利用数字相关软件对变形前后的图像进行分析,从而获得试件该时刻的应变。最后确定了试件拉伸过程中的力-位移曲线及应力-应变关系曲线。测试结果及分析表明:采用新型结构胶粘接试件的力学性能与点焊结构相比有明显的优势。这为该结构胶进一步改进提供了一定的实验依据。测试中的数字图像相关法是非接触测量物体应变的方法,在实际应用中有很大的意义。     

基于双线性位移模式数字图像相关方法的误差分析及应用

探讨数字图像相关方法测试结果的误差分布规律对提高该方法的测试精度具有重要意义。本文从理论上分析了基于双线性位移模式数字图像相关方法的子区变形场测试误差分布规律,结果表明,当试件的真实变形可由双线性位移模式描述时,变形场最大测试误差通常出现在子区的边界或节点处。因此,若试件发生均匀拉伸等常应变变形,可利用相关系数选取一个最优子区,认为测得最优子区中心应变为试件真实应变。零变形实验验证了该测试方法的可靠性。最后对手机导光板试件在单轴拉伸载荷下的数字图像进行分析,并利用本文方法测试了其弹性常数。     

三维DIC在铸铁拉伸试验中的应变测量精度研究

基于三维数字图像相关方法(3D-DIC)的拉伸实验研究了铸铁的拉伸力学性能,分别得到了应力-应变曲线、弹性模量、抗拉强度、延伸率等拉伸力学性能参数．将3D-DIC应力-应变的测试结果与目前实验中使用广泛的接触式引伸计方法的实验结果作了对比,得到两者的应力-应变曲线基本重合,弹性模量相差不超过4%．此外,还对3D-DIC和机械引伸计的应变绝对误差和相对误差作了详细比较,实验表明3D-DIC在铸铁拉伸力学性能测试中具有足够的应变测量精度,完全可以取代传统引伸计成为一种有效的非接触式变形测量手段．     

二维数字图像相关法在准静态拉伸实验中的应用

对二维数字图像相关法在准静态拉伸实验中的应用进行了研究。二维数字图像相关法采用Newton-Raphson方法和逆匹配结合的算法,首先对Newton-Raphson迭代式中的相关函数的一阶偏导和二阶偏导进行了简化,对于Newton-Raphson法的初值估计采用仿射变换方法和RG-DIC结合的方法;然后在计算域全场采用双三次插值,保证计算精度的同时降低了计算量。散斑仿真实验和准静态拉伸实验显示,二维数字图像相关法获得的分析值与应变片测量值相对误差约小于10%,表明二维DIC算法具有较高的准确性,能够用于实际工程测量。     

数字图像相关分析法增量位移场测试技术

利用位移场的连续性,对亚像素位移场的算法进行了一些改进,设计了一套分步计算位移场、应变场的测量计算方法,较好地解决了数字图像相关分析法计算精度和效率.采用增量位移场叠加的方法计算大应变位移场,采用局部平面拟合的方法计算应变场.通过对高分子材料拉伸试验位移场的测量和结果标定,说明该方法具有较强的实用性和计算精度.同时,由于避免了对亚像素点的搜索,大大提高了计算效率.     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.