水泥聚苯模壳格构式混凝土墙体的抗侧性能试验及分析

论文介绍6片不同高宽比的水泥聚苯模壳格构式混凝土墙体在轴压力和水平往复侧推力作用下的试验,分析这种墙体的抗侧强度、刚度和延性等力学性能.试验表明,高宽比大于1的墙体破坏时表现为墙体跟部的单一水平裂缝,其他部位完好;高宽比3∶4的墙体破坏时存在多条通过格构梁柱的斜向裂缝,墙体裂缝分布密集,变形能力好.     

Failure loads of spot welds under combined opening and shear static loading conditions

Failure loads of spot welds are investigated under combined opening and shear static loading conditions. Square-cup specimens were used to obtain the failure loads of mild steel spot welds under a range of combined opening and shear loads. Optical micrographs of the cross-sections of spot welds before and after failure were examined to understand the failure processes under different combinations of loads. The experimental results indicate that under nearly pure opening loads, shear failure occurs in the heat affected zone along the nugget circumferential boundary. Under combined opening and shear loading conditions, necking/shear failure starts near the nugget in the stretching side of the base metal sheet. According to the experimental observations, a simple lower bound limit load analysis is conducted. The results of the lower bound limit load analysis quantitatively agree with those of the experiments. A simple closed-form equation is proposed to characterize the failure loads of spot welds under combined opening and shear static loading conditions. The failure load is expressed as a function of the tensile strength of the base metal, the nugget size, the sheet thickness, the loading angle for characterization of combined loads, and an empirical coefficient for the given welding schedule.     

模拟酸雨腐蚀下预应力混凝土梁的抗弯性能研究

为了探讨酸雨腐蚀环境对预应力混凝土梁抗弯性能的影响，制作了8根预应力混凝土梁，从混凝土强度等级、预应力度和钢绞线腐蚀率等方面，进行8根预应力混凝土梁的三分点静载试验。试验结果及分析表明，混凝土强度对屈服后试验梁的抗弯性能影响较大，对弹性阶段的刚度影响较小；随着预应力度的增加，试验梁的开裂荷载逐渐增大，进入裂缝阶段后，刚度下降速度逐渐加快；钢绞线腐蚀率越大，试验梁的极限抗弯承载力越低；腐蚀率在一定范围内（>3.22%），随着腐蚀率的增大，预应力混凝土梁试件的开裂弯矩、屈服弯矩和极限弯矩明显降低。根据试验结果，提出了模拟酸雨环境下预应力混凝土梁试件抗弯承载力的计算方法，同时采用ANSYS软件对预应力混凝土梁进行非线性有限元分析，将试验梁的计算值和模拟值与试验值进行比较，均吻合较好。     

Stiffness and hysteretic energy loss of a reinforced-concrete shear wall

A static, cyclic test of one of the largest reinforced concrete shear walls to be investigated in a laboratory is reported. The test was performed to study the dynamic characteristics (stiffness and hysteretic energy loss) of the shear wall. Very sensitive displacement gages are needed to measure the small deformations. The large forces required to load the structure make the test results susceptible to deformation of the support fixture. With these concerns in mind, instrumentation and data-reduction methods were developed that could separate model deformations from displacements caused by support motion. Also, model displacements were separated into shear and bending components. Results showed that prior to cracking, overall stiffness as well as the individual components of stiffness are accurately predicted by mechanics of materials beam theory that accounts for shear deformation. Equivalent viscous damping ratios that were determined from the hysteretic energy before and after cracking were similar.     

带接头在役混凝土电杆受力性能试验研究

为了揭示在役混凝土电杆连接接头的破坏机理和承载性能,进行了6根两类不同杆长、跨中带钢圈接头的混凝土电杆的抗弯承载力试验,通过试验观察了各试件的受力全过程和破坏形态,获取了弯矩-挠度曲线、裂缝宽度-弯矩曲线、刚度退化规律曲线以及极限弯矩等重要指标.对比分析了两种杆长试件的承载力和刚度变化规律,并通过试验拟合,提出了相关刚度退化规律公式.研究结果表明,试件所具有的破坏形态大多为混凝土拉裂、接头钢圈不屈服,破坏具有明显的脆性;截面的平均应变符合平截面假定;杆长较短试件的极限承载力显著大于较长杆长的试件;裂缝宽度-弯矩曲线大致经历了4个阶段:即未开裂阶段、逐渐增长阶段、稳定发展阶段、快速开裂阶段;杆长较短试件的初始弹性刚度以及弹塑性刚度都比较长杆长试件的大;电杆连接接头的相对刚域范围对杆身受力性能具有极大的影响.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECTION STEEL-STEEL PLATE CONCRETE COMPOSITE WALL1)

提出一种型钢-钢板混凝土组合墙,为了研究其抗震性能,设计制作该形式的型钢-钢板混凝土组合墙进行拟静力试验。通过改变试件的轴压比、剪跨比,研究其在低周往复载荷作用下的受力机理、滞回性能、刚度退化及耗能能力等。试验结果表明：试件的破坏形态为压弯破坏,组合墙两端方钢管正面及侧面发生撕裂,两侧底部钢板屈曲严重,混凝土压溃;随着轴压比减小,试件具有更好的塑性变形能力和耗能能力,剪跨比对组合墙的抗震性能影响较小。     

复合材料层板基于剩余刚度比的剩余强度模型

本文从唯裂 学的观点提出了一个复合材料疲劳剩余刚度衰退模型,根据该模型导出了基于疲劳乘余刚度比的复合材料层合板疲劳剩余强度概率分布模型,给出了确定该模型中各参数的计算方法,根据该模型可预报复合材料层合板在某一应力水平的疲劳载荷作用下疲劳剩余刚度比为某一确定值时的疲劳剩余强度概率分布。为验证该模型的合理性,用典型复合材料层合板做了几组疲劳实验,并用实验数据对模型中的参数进行了估计,计算结果证明,该模型预报的疲劳剩余强度概率理论分布与实验结果符合较好。     

基于贝叶斯理论的恢复力模型参数识别方法

提出了基于贝叶斯理论的恢复力模型参数识别方法,该方法考虑了模型误差的影响,结合实测滞回曲线数据,不仅可以得到模型参数的最有可能值,而且可以得到模型参数的定量的不确定性。以密肋复合墙体在低周反复荷载作用下所得滞回曲线为例,提出了可考虑刚度降低、捏拢滑移及极限荷载后强度降低现象的恢复力模型,建立了基于贝叶斯理论的恢复力模型参数识别计算框架,推导得到了模型参数的负对数似然函数,据此可得到模型参数的最有可能值及协方差矩阵。对标准密肋复合墙体预制试件和现浇试件的恢复力模型参数进行了识别,将根据模型参数最有可能值得到的滞回曲线及根据模型参数最有可能值及协方差矩阵得到的骨架曲线,与相应的实测值进行了对比,验证了所提方法的可行性及识别结果的合理性,更新的模型参数概率分布可用于后续的抗震风险评估。     

带剪刀撑木框架墙体抗剪性能试验研究

彩图制作了5组10片木框架剪力墙分别进行单向和反复荷载试验,研究了剪刀撑及不同覆面板对剪力墙的抗剪强度、弹性抗侧刚度、极限位移、耗能的影响。试验数据说明:增加剪刀撑的墙体最大墙骨柱上拔量仅为未加剪刀撑的对照墙体墙的22.7%,剪刀撑对于抑制墙骨柱上拔的现象有显著作用,能控制墙体面板钉连接破坏先于墙骨柱连接破坏;而且剪刀撑还能增大墙体刚度,约束墙体位移。此外,试验各项参数表明:采用国产胶合板作为覆面板的墙体的抗剪性能良好,说明国产胶合板可以替代OSB板应用于剪力墙制作;而采用国产花旗龙板作为面板的墙体抗剪强度远远低于GB50005-2003《木结构设计规范》中采用木基结构板材的剪力墙抗剪强度设计值(fvd为4.7kN/m)的指标要求,建议在实践中仅作为强度储备。     

Failure loads of spot weld specimens under impact opening and shear loading conditions

Failure loads of spot weld specimens are investigated under impact combined loading conditions. A set of test fixtures was designed and used to obtain failure loads of mild steel spot weld specimens under combined opening and shear loading conditions. Three different impact speeds were applied to examine the effects of separation speed on failure loads. Micrographs of the cross-sections of failed spot welds were obtained to understand the failure processes in mild steel specimens under different impact combined loads. The experimental results indicate that the failure mechanisms of spot welds are very similar for mild steel specimens at various impact speeds. These micrographs show that the sheet thickness can affect the failure mechanisms. For 1.0 mm specimens, the failure occurs near the base metal in a necking/shear failure mode. For 1.5 mm specimens, the failure occurs near the heat-affected zone in a shear failure mode. Based on the experimental results, the effects of the inertia force, the separation speed, and the loading angle on the failure loads of spot welds are investigated. Failure criteria are proposed to characterize the failure loads of spot welds under impact combined opening and shear loads for engineering applications. The failure load can be expressed as a function of the tensile strength of the base metal, the nugget size, the sheet thickness, the maximum separation speed, the loading angle, and empirical coefficients for a given welding schedule.     

Delamination of an elastic film from an elastic–plastic substrate during adhesive contact loading and unloading

Adhesive contact between a rigid sphere and an elastic film on an elastic–perfectly plastic substrate was examined in the context of finite element simulation results. Surface adhesion was modeled by nonlinear springs obeying a force-displacement relationship governed by the Lennard–Jones potential. A bilinear cohesive zone law with prescribed cohesive strength and work of adhesion was used to simulate crack initiation and growth at the film/substrate interface. It is shown that the unloading response consists of five sequential stages: elastic recovery, interface damage (crack) initiation, damage evolution (delamination), film elastic bending, and abrupt surface separation (jump-out), with plastic deformation in the substrate occurring only during damage initiation. Substrate plasticity produces partial closure of the cohesive zone upon full unloading (jump-out), residual tensile stresses at the front of the crack tip, and irreversible downward bending of the elastic film. Finite element simulations illustrate the effects of minimum surface separation (i.e., maximum compressive surface force), work of adhesion and cohesive strength of the film/substrate interface, substrate yield strength, and initial crack size on the evolution of the surface force, residual deflection of the elastic film, film-substrate separation (debonding), crack-tip opening displacement, and contact instabilities (jump-in and jump-out) during a full load–unload cycle. The results of this study provide insight into the interdependence of contact instabilities and interfacial damage (cracking) encountered in layered media during adhesive contact loading and unloading.     

Large eddy simulation of a confined square cavity with natural convection based on compressible flow equations

Large eddy simulation of natural convection in a confined square cavity is described. The use of a complex compressible code with an artificial acoustic stiffness correction method, allows the use of higher time steps for a faster time and statistical convergence. We consider a broadly studied experimental case, consisting of a natural convective flow in a confined square cavity, with vertical walls heated at different rates (active walls), set at Ra = 1.58 × 10⁹. Turbulent boundary layers developing on the active walls and a vertical stable stratification characterize the mean flow. It is shown here that the results of this study match the experimental results reported in literature; for instance, mean velocity results. Although results for rms velocity fluctuations are barely over-predicted, the peak region is properly represented, while the greatest disagreements are found in the turbulent heat flow rate (velocity–temperature correlations). Turbulent structures were identified using different visualization methods and statistical studies. The authors found that the boundary layers on the active walls almost reach the fully turbulent regime, tending toward the laminar regime along the horizontal walls.     

考虑节点损伤的钢框架结构分析模型

钢框架结构在强震作用下将进入非线性状态,结构的刚度和强度等力学性能随之降低,从而影响到结构以后的抗震性能.本文利用断裂力学的基本原理,通过对栓焊节点存在焊缝裂纹的钢框架刚性连接节点的分析,推导了裂纹的有效长度和有效深度,获得了有损伤刚性连接节点的M-θ关系;并推导了节点有损伤的梁单元刚度矩阵.在数值计算的基础上分析了节点刚度变化对框架结构内力的影响,结果表明节点损伤对结构内力分析影响显著,对有损伤钢框架结构进行承载力评估时必须考虑节点损伤的影响.     

含圆孔复合材料层板在拉伸载荷下损伤破坏过程的模拟

本文应用有限元法模拟受拉含孔夏合材料层板损伤起始、累积直至破坏的过程。在模拟中引入了作者早些时建立的包含基体开裂层非对称约束影响的损伤本构关系，以及裂纹密度与损伤区应力关系函数等。本文给出损伤累积模拟方法并编制了程序，用该程序可以获得层板加载过程中各层的损伤状态、计算其刚度衰减和应力重分布以及最终破坏载荷。给出了数值模拟算例并与现有研究结果进行了比较。     

Influence of Surface Scratches on the Flexure Strength of Soda-Lime Silicate and Borosilicate Glass

Borosilicate (BS) and soda-lime silicate (SLS) glasses are being considered for use as the strike-face in transparent armor systems. This effort examined the effect of surface scratches generated with 1, 5, 10, and 30 N scratching loads on the equibiaxial flexure strength of both glasses including versions of each that had been thermally-tempered. At lower scratch loads there is more lateral cracking associated with the scratches in the BS while the scratches in the SLS predominantly exhibit plastic deformation. At the highest scratch load the damage is dominated by chips and lateral cracking within and along the scratch length. The tempered versions of the SLS appear to have less lateral cracking than the tempered version of the BS glass. In all instances the flexure strength decreases significantly when a 1 N scratch is introduced on the tin surface but when the scratch load increases any additional strength loss is minimal.     

层板复合材料的疲劳剩余刚度统计分布模型

在分析现有关于层板复合材料疲劳剩余刚度衰退模型的基础上，根据层板复合材料在疲劳载荷作用下刚度衰退变化的现象，研究了疲劳载荷对层板复合材料刚度衰退的影响，建立了一个新的、更为合理的用于描述层板复合材料在常幅疲劳载荷作用下的刚度衰退模型，导出了剩余刚度统计分布的表达式，给出了确定模型参数的方法。为验证该模型，设计了几组测试实验，并利用试验结果对模型参数进行了估计。利用该统计分布模型，可以预报层板复合材料在给定应力水平的疲劳载荷作用下循环指定周次时剩余刚度的统计分布。实验数据表明，理论预报和实验结果符合得是很好的。     

有腹筋混凝土梁的剪切刚度分析模型

钢筋混凝土梁的挠度计算通常不计入剪切变形的贡献,然而对于斜向开裂的有腹筋混凝土梁,斜裂缝会显著降低梁体的有效剪切刚度,导致剪切变形值显著增大,因此在验算评估时应予以考虑.为评价钢筋混凝土梁斜向开裂后的有效剪切刚度,首先,基于变角桁架模型推导了钢筋混凝土梁在箍筋屈服状态下的有效剪切刚度;与弹性剪切刚度比较发现,剪切刚度退化系数的主要影响因素为材料弹模比、配箍率和斜压杆倾角.其次,基于试验剪切变形曲线表现出的刚度退化规律,提出了可用于不同开裂程度下剪切刚度计算的恒定切线刚度退化模式,并采用开裂后的剪力增量作为反映开裂程度的定量指标.最后,根据最小能量原理得到了剪切刚度退化中两个关键参数:斜压杆倾角和剪切刚度退化系数的解析公式.通过2根薄腹混凝土梁剪切变形试验以及收集的15个受剪梁段的剪切变形数据对模型有效性进行了验证,验证结果表明:有腹筋混凝土梁剪切刚度分析模型能较为准确地预测箍筋屈服状态的剪切刚度,并能反映不同开裂程度下的剪切刚度退化规律.     

Effects of Environmental Degradation on Flexural Failure Strength of Fiber Reinforced Composites

Fiber-reinforced composite laminates are often used in harsh environments that may affect their long-term durability as well as residual strength. In general, environmental degradation is observed as matrix cracking and erosion that leads to deterioration of matrix-dominated properties. In this work, cross-ply laminates of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy were subjected to environmental degradation using controlled ultraviolet radiation (UV) and moisture condensation and the post-exposure mechanical properties were evaluated through elastic modulus and failure strength measurements. Additionally, both degraded and undegraded were subjected to cyclic fatigue loading to investigate possible synergistic effects between environmental degradation and mechanical fatigue. Experimental results show that the degradation results in reduced failure strength. Greater effects of degradation are observed when the materials are tested under flexural as opposed to uniaxial loading. Based on strength measurements and scanning electron microscopy, we identified various damage modes resulting from exposure to UV radiation and moisture condensation, and cyclic loading. The principal mechanisms that lead to reduction in mechanical properties are the loss of fiber confinement due to matrix erosion, due to UV radiation and moisture condensation, and weakened/cracked ply interfaces due to mechanical fatigue. An empirical relationship was established to quantify the specific influence of different damage mechanisms and to clarify the effects of various degradation conditions.     

PVC-CFRP管钢筋混凝土柱抗震性能非线性有限元分析

在试验研究基础上,借助有限元分析软件,选取合理材料本构关系,建立PVC-CFRP管钢筋混凝土柱有限元分析模型,验证分析模型的正确性。对试验进行延拓分析,探讨混凝土强度等级、纵筋配筋率、CFRP条带层数及剪跨比等对试件骨架曲线、刚度退化影响规律,分析低周往复荷载作用下PVC-CFRP管钢筋混凝土柱的受力性能,揭示低周往复荷载作用下PVC-CFRP管钢筋混凝土柱的受力工作机理。     

混凝土率型内时损伤本构模型

混凝土是一种典型的率敏感材料,为了更好地描述混凝土结构在动力、冲击荷载作用下的强度和变形特征,本文结合内时理论和损伤理论建立了一种考虑混凝土率效应的内时损伤本构模型。该模型的特点:将混凝土材料的受力软化效应分解为密实状态的塑性效应和由微裂缝扩展引起的刚度退化效应。前者由内时理论来描述,这使该模型摆脱了一般弹塑性模型中屈服面的概念,从而更符合混凝土的变形特性,并且简化了非线性计算过程;后者由损伤理论来描述,根据混凝土的动力试验结果建立了增量型的损伤演变方程,从而使该模型能够较好地反映混凝土的动力特性。最后,应用本文建议的模型对一钢筋混凝土简支梁进行了非线性分析,结果表明:当结构承受快速荷载作用时,应变率对结构的受力性能影响较大,在进行结构分析时必须予以考虑。