三维复合型疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究与数值分析

本文在MTS810试验机上进行了不同加载角度的有机玻璃三维Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型疲劳裂纹扩展试验,通过显微镜记录试样的裂纹扩展过程,同时采用扩展有限元计算出有机玻璃三维Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹尖端应力强度因子。结果表明,不同加载角度下的裂纹扩展方向基本与外载荷方向垂直,裂纹扩展路径近似为一条直线,且裂纹扩展角度值随加载角度的增大而增加,试验结果符合最大周向应力准则;在厚度方向上,Ⅰ型应力强度因子呈拱形分布,试样厚度中心Ⅰ型应力强度因子最大,由中心向两端逐渐降低,自由表面处最小,同时发现试验过程中裂纹也是从中心开始起裂的,两者相符。Ⅱ型应力强度因子数值分布与Ⅰ型类似,趋近于自由表面时会发生微小突变,但其值总小于Ⅰ型应力强度因子,整个扩展过程中,Ⅰ型应力强度因子占主导。     

紧凑拉剪试样中Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型穿透裂纹的三维特性分析

进行了Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型载荷作用下航空结构铝合金CTS试样线弹性的全场三维有限元计算,分析了复合型离面应力约束因子Tz和面内约束T应力的分布特性,研究了厚度和载荷条件对应力各分量及应力三轴性水平Rσ、应变能密度U0的影响以及这些量在实验中观察到的裂纹起裂方向上的特点。结果表明：（1）平面内约束T应力在此种试样形式下为零;（2）复合型裂纹的三维效应区与厚度成正比,为0.4-0.5B,与载荷条件基本无关,但是厚度效应随着载荷角的减小逐渐变小,到II型载荷时基本消失;（3）离面约束因子Tz随着径向和厚度尺寸的增加逐渐减小,但在周向基本不发生变化;（4）最小应变能密度U0min的方位能够表征此种材料三维复合型断裂的裂纹起裂方向。研究结果为建立三维复合型断裂准则提供了理论基础。     

三点弯曲型试件Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型断裂的数值与实验研究

三点弯曲试件常被用来研究材料的纯Ⅰ型及Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型断裂性能。使用Abaqus软件通过有限元法获得三点弯曲试件不同跨长比2S/L、相对裂纹长度a和裂纹倾角β下的Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型无量纲应力强度因子。由有限元结果可知,在相对裂纹长度一定时,跨长比越小,裂纹倾角越小,Ⅰ型无量纲应力强度因子可取得0,即越容易得到纯Ⅱ型断裂。当跨长比相同时,相对裂纹长度越大越容易得到纯Ⅱ型断裂。使用6组共24个三点弯曲试件,研究砂岩的纯Ⅰ型、纯Ⅱ型以及复合型加载时的断裂韧度,得到该种砂岩的纯Ⅰ型断裂韧度为0.786MPa·m0.5,纯Ⅱ型断裂韧度为0.344MPa·m0.5。实验结果与最大周向应力(MTS)准则和广义最大周向应力(GMTS)准则的预测结果进行对比,比较结果显示GMTS准则更能准确地预测实验结果。     

正交异性板复合型裂纹相对周向应力断裂准则

采用相对周向应力为断裂参数，提出正交异性板任意方向的Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹的最大相对向应力断裂,准则，应用本准则确定开裂方向角时，能较合理地考虑材料特性的影响。     

紧凑拉剪试样中Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型穿透裂纹的三维特性分析

进行了Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型载荷作用下航空结构铝合金CTS试样线弹性的全场三维有限元计算,分析了复合型离面应力约束因子Tz和面内约束T应力的分布特性,研究了厚度和载荷条件对应力各分量及应力三轴性水平Rσ、应变能密度U0的影响以及这些量在实验中观察到的裂纹起裂方向上的特点。结果表明：（1）平面内约束T应力在此种试样形式下为零;（2...     

单向轴压条件下内置椭圆三维裂纹扩展无网格方法的研究

根据三维裂纹前沿局部坐标系中主法平面内的周向应力计算公式,可以确定主法平面内的最大周向应力σθ,并由最大周向拉应力裂纹破裂准则确定裂隙岩体的破裂载荷和裂纹的破裂方向以及破裂步长。在三维无网格方法的节点的影响域中,选择合适的节点密度,以确保计算精度,并对单向轴压条件下内置三维裂纹扩展进行了数值模拟研究。根据数值计算结果,分析了破裂载荷、裂纹扩展角和扩展步长,揭示了内置三维裂纹的破裂过程,结合插值法清楚地展示了三维裂纹的破裂曲面形态。研究结果表明,针对三维裂纹破裂过程和破裂曲面形态无网格方法数值计算结果与FLAC-3D计算结果和试验结果吻合较好。     

弹塑性Ⅰ型裂纹端三维应力应变场的结构分析

本文从分析弹塑性力学的基本方程人手,探讨了幂硬化材料I型裂纹端三维应力应变场的结构,结果表明,按其应力特征,裂纹端沿厚度方向可划分为三个区域:ZⅠ,ZⅡ和ZⅢ,在区域ZⅠ,垂直于Z轴(厚度方向)的平面内应力分量可首先用平面应变条件下的基本方程求解,在区域ZⅢ,这些分量可首先用平面应力条件下的基本方程求解.本文定义区域ZⅡ为弹塑性Ⅰ型裂纹的过渡层,指出,过渡层是弹塑性Ⅰ型裂纹三维应力应变场的特性所在.对揭示其本质有特殊重要的意义.本文选择裂纹端张开位移(CTOD)作为描述局部解幅值系数的参数,并探讨了三维变形状态下,CTOD的分布规律.     

钢轨表面剥离掉块路径预测研究

轮轨滚动接触下,钢轨表面会产生典型的鱼钩形剥离掉块,其形成机理目前暂未明确.为了探究轮轨滚动接触下钢轨表面裂纹扩展机理,基于最大周向拉应力准则,建立轮轨滚动接触疲劳计算模型,提出裂尖扩展路径预测方法,并对不同初始角度裂纹的扩展路径进行预测.结果表明,钢轨表面微裂纹为Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹,随着裂纹长度增加,KⅠ先增加后减小,...     

三维斜置半圆形表面裂纹扩展数值模拟

以裂纹前沿局部坐标中主法平面内的最大周向拉应力作为控制参数,对第一主应力拉应力裂纹扩展准则进行了补充和修正.修正后的拉应力裂纹扩展准则称为最大周向拉应力裂纹扩展准则.它不仅可以有效地确定裂纹扩展方位、扩展方向和扩展条件,而且可以有效地确定裂纹扩展步长.根据修正的裂纹扩展准则,给出了三维裂纹曲面的数学描述方式,可以有效地模拟扩展曲面的弯折和扭曲.     

Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型尖V形切口脆断准则

基于最大周向应力和Seweryn-Novozhilov准则,用线弹性奇异应力场,给出Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型尖V形切口的脆性断裂准则;并把裂纹作为切口张角为零的V形切口,这样就把V形切口问题与裂纹问题的断裂准则统一起来.为了验证该准则,本文采用有机玻璃板材加工多种V形切口试件进行了拉伸实验;同时,应用该准则对文献[16]中复合载荷下双边切口试件进行了起裂方向和临界载荷预测,并与其实验结果相比较.结果表明,本文所给出的Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型尖V形切口脆性断裂准则与实验是相吻合的,适合于实际工程应用。     

基于三维数字图像相关的三维形貌拼接研究

三维数字图像相关(DIC)方法已在众多工程技术领域中得到了日益广泛的应用.当该方法用来测试表面曲率较大的物体的变形时,受双相机之间夹角的限制,不能实现全场的三维形貌测量.采用在两个(及以上)不同位置拍摄,分别得到被测物的局部形貌,然后用三维DIC算法计算局部坐标系之间的坐标变换关系,将局部形貌转换至同一坐标系下并拼接得到被测物全场三维形貌.实验结果验证了该方法的可行性和可靠性.     

Plane Problem of Three-Dimensional Stability for a Hinged Plate with Two Symmetric End Cracks

The plane stability problem for a rectangular plate with two symmetric end cracks is solved in three-dimensional formulation. The three-dimensional linearized theory of stability and the finite-difference method are used. The effect of the crack parameter on the critical load is examined__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 47–52, April 2005.     

2D and 3D separation of stresses using automated photoelasticity

A procedure for the separation of full-field photoelastic images for use with an automated polariscope is described. Regions of background in the image are identified thus producing the boundary of the model. The shear difference method is used to calculate the components of stress along all raster lines in the image using photoelastic parameters at the boundary points to calculate the initial values of stress. Algorithms were also used to evaluate the stress components along raster lines which did not contain boundary points. A plastic template was used to evaluate the efficiency of the boundary routine. It was found that it was able to identify edges to within approximately one pixel on screen. The complete procedure for stress separation was evaluated using a stress frozen disc in compression and a turbine slot. The values of stress found using the automated polariscope with the stress-separation procedure were found to agree well with theory and with results determined using the method of Tardy compensation and manual analysis. The automated polariscope was also used to analyze three-dimensional stress components along arbitrary lines of a 3D model. A two-model slicing regime was used to analyze a strut subjected to a vertical load. This work was compared to results obtained by Frocht and Guernsey on an identical model machined from Fosterite and subjected to a higher load. Good agreement was found between the results for points away from the region of loading. Significant differences were found near to the load point, however. A finite element analysis of the same problem suggested that this was due to the effects of plasticity.     

带槽平板的三维应力集中效应

本文提供了用电阻应变片方法测量一组不同厚度的带有对称圆槽的拉伸平板在应力集中部位的应力分布情况。实验结果表明,应力集中系数不仅与板平面的几何尺寸有关,而且与板的厚度有关。     

钢-混凝土组合梁桥徐变的三维虚拟层合元分析

采用三参数粘弹性模型,对钢-混凝土组合梁桥在长期荷载作用下的徐变性能进行了研究,并采用三维虚拟层合单元法研究这种效应以及截面由不同材料组成时结构的受力特点。在实验研究的基础上,拟合了粘弹性模型中的参数,并对钢-混凝土组合梁桥在长期荷载作用下的竖向变形和轴向应变进行了研究,通过对计算和试验结果进行对比分析验证了该法的准确性。     

非定常激波三维双楔面反射的数值研究

采用基于MUSCL-Hancock插值的有限体积方法, 在非结构自适应网格上求解三维Euler方程, 研究了非定常激波在三维垂直双楔面上的反射现象. 研究结果表明, 由于三维效应的影响, 通过二维非定常激波反射理论预测的三维马赫反射区域范围存在着一定的局限, 在该区域范围内出现了一种非典型的三维突起结构, 即第二类三维马赫干. 另外, 对于不同的激波马赫数和楔面倾角组合, 非定常激波在三维双楔面上会形成具有四波结构的三维马赫反射或具有三波结构的三维规则反射.     

旋转爆轰的三维结构和侧向稀疏波的影响

基于带化学反应的三维Euler方程,采用氢气-空气的9组分19步基元反应简化模型,对圆环形燃 烧室内的旋转爆轰进行了数值模拟,讨论了旋转爆轰波的三维结构及侧向稀疏波对旋转爆轰波阵面的影响。 数值结果表明,爆轰波能够以旋转方式沿预混气层稳定传播。在侧向稀疏波作用下,爆轰波阵面发生变形。 与理想的C-J爆轰相比,爆轰波强度和爆轰参数都有所下降。     

Influence of Geometrical Parameters on the Critical Load in Three-Dimensional Stability Problems for Rectangular Plates and Beams

Two- and three-dimensional stability problems for a rectangular plate under uniaxial compression are solved by the mesh method. It is shown that the difference between the critical loads obtained in the three- and two-dimensional problems is not greater than 5% for arbitrary fixation conditions and arbitrary length and thickness ratio of the plate     

An Experimental Investigation of Two-Point Correlations in Two- and Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers

Two-point correlation measurements of the wall normal fluctuating velocities were made in two-dimensional (2-D) and pressure-driven three-dimensional (3-D) turbulent boundary layers. These data are needed for characterization and modeling of active-motion length scales, especially for 3-D flows. The fine-probe-volume data were measured using two custom-designed laser-Doppler-velocimeter fiber-optic probes. The data are relatively free of noise, signal broadening, and bias effects. Favorable comparisons with direct-numerical-simulation (DNS) results in the near-wall region of the 2-D flow validate the experimental techniques used here. For a given fixed probe location, non-dimensional correlation values scale best on the probe separation. For both the 2-D and 3-D cases, peak correlations lie along a line inclined away from the wall at 11° and 8°, respectively, which suggests the existence of an outgoing characteristic line affected by only the upstream flow. The decay of the correlation coefficient occurs nearer the wall than away from the wall relative to the fixed probe location. The variations for the 3-D flow correlations are similar to the 2-D variations, but with longer Δ x ⁺and Δ y ⁺ decay distances, probably because of the 3-D flowacceleration. While the spanwise variation of the correlationcoefficients is symmetric about the fixed point for the 2-D case asdictated by reciprocity, the 3-D case shows a large asymmetry for spanwise variations Δ z ⁺ < 68. The profiles at higher Δ z ⁺ are more symmetric. In general, at a given y the maximum correlation is skewed toa non-zero Δ z. It appears that the skewing of the correlation coefficient in the z direction tracks the sign of . This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On the theory of three-dimensional multihump solitons in active-dissipative media

Stable localized nonlinear coherent structures, i.e. solitons, play a key role in the stochastization of the processes occurring in active-dissipative media. In this study, three-dimensional multi-hump solitons are investigated for a model equation which qualitatively describes the wave processes in some physical systems. The existence of 3D multihump solitons is demonstrated numerically and the soliton behavior is studied. The results are generalized to describe multihump solitons in descending viscous-fluid layers [1]. An unusual physical phenomenon observed in experiments [1], namely, stable two-hump coherent structures on the surface of a downflowing viscous-fluid layer, is explained qualitatively.