非线性超声相控阵无损检测系统及实验研究

相控阵超声无损检测技术近年来在无损检测领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。但当前相控阵超声检测基于传统线性超声,对于材料或结构的微缺陷、微裂纹等缺陷不敏感。研究基于超声的非线性效应的非线性超声无损检测技术对于克服线性超声相控阵技术的不足具有积极的意义。本文设计和开发了基于非线性超声相控阵的无损检测系统,并利用超声检测的标准试件对该系统的性能进行了检验。对比测试了常规线性超声方法、基于滤波的非线性超声方法以及基于反相脉冲的非线性超声方法对于钨丝线靶、超声仿体以及碳钢试块的检测效果。测试结果表明,非线性超声相控阵无损检测技术与传统线性超声相控阵无损检测相比具有空间分辨力高、缺陷分辨力强等优点,而基于反相脉冲的非线性相控阵超声无损检测在空间分辨力上比基于滤波的非线性超声检测方法又有比较显著的提高。     

一种用于无损检测的数字剪切散斑干涉系统

剪切电子散斑干涉技术在工业无损检测领域有广阔的应用前景.本研究基于迈克耳逊干涉光路,设计了全动式的干涉剪切镜,研制了便携式的激光无损检测设备.采用相关算法生成剪切电子散斑条纹图,获得了高质量的物面缺陷检测条纹.同时采用了条纹的自适应滤波技术和相移技术,进一步提高了缺陷处条纹的清晰度和对比度.配合热流和负气压两种加载方式,该设备可应用在多种材料的无损检测中.实验表明,对于铝蜂窝夹层板,该设备可检测直径大于3mm的缺陷,且该设备具有使用方便的特点,可替代一些常规的检测方法.本文同时给出了该方法的其他实验例证.     

聚焦换能器在SiCp／Al复合材料超声无损检测中的应用

本文扼要分析了聚焦换能器的声场特性及焦柱的直径和长度，并应用到超声C扫描成像系统中，提供了一种定量研究缺陷的无损检测方法．将聚焦换能器运用到SiCp／Al复合材料的无损检测中，能够判定缺陷的尺寸和形状；并根据缺陷形状和分布判定其性质，同时也分析了缺陷对SiCp／Al复合材料力学性能的影响和缺陷形成的原因．     

厚壁管道周向导波检测技术实验研究

厚壁管道是火电机组四大管道系统的核心部件,将超声导波技术应用于厚壁管道的无损检测显得十分重要.首先确定厚壁管道检测的激励方式,优化选取适合厚壁管道检测的0.5MHz探头和楔形块角度为60°的斜探头组合.通过改变斜探头与外壁轴向缺陷之间周向距离,在一定范围内仍可检测到缺陷回波,且接收到的周向回波幅值变化不大,表明周向导波...     

基于小波变换及Wigner-Ville变换方法的超声导波信号分析

对结构中缺陷的检测和识别是无损检测中的一项重要研究课题,超声导波由于可在短时间内检测很远距离,故它的一个重要应用便是管材的检测。因而对导波检测信号的处理成为一重要研究内容,本文利用时-频分析方法中的小波变换和Wigner-Ville变换对管道和抽油杆缺陷的导波检测信号进行了分析处理。实验结果表明,进行小波变换后,缺陷回波信号的信噪比大大提高,直径仅1mm的小孔缺陷可容易地被识别出来,准确检测出其位置;通过对信号进行Wigner-Ville的相关变换,可同时在时频两域内对缺陷的回波信号进行分析,使缺陷辨别起来简单易行。两种信号处理方法的超声导波应用研究为以后导波信号的处理提供了新的实现依据。     

基于多通道时间反转Lamb波的铝板小缺陷检测

超声Lamb波具有传播距离远、衰减小等特点,广泛应用于板结构的无损检测。将Lamb波检测技术与时间反转理论相结合,能提高铝板中小缺陷的检测能力。采用多通道时间反转板中Lamb波聚焦方法对1mm厚的铝板中直径0.8mm通孔缺陷进行检测,检测结果显示多通道时间反转检测信号中形成了两处明显的聚焦,即直达波和缺陷回波聚焦,证明此方法有效提高了检测分辨铝板小缺陷的能力。最后通过直达波、缺陷回波两处聚焦的时间差和Lamb波S_0模态群速度,准确实现了铝板中小缺陷的定位。多通道时间反转Lamb波聚焦方法不仅得到了缺陷检测回波,而且准确实现了缺陷的定位,达到了提高铝板中小缺陷检测能力的目的。     

电子错位散斑干涉术用于无损检测的探讨

本文叙述应用电子错位散斑干涉仪于各种缺陷的无损检测的装置原理、各种加载方式的特点.文中详细探讨了缺陷检测定量分析的理论依据,提出了对各种不同材料缺陷检测的限制并进行了实验验证;提出了提高条纹清晰度的方法.从而解决了电子错位散斑干涉术在无损检测实际应用中的各项具体问题.     

超声柱面导波技术及其应用研究进展

综述无损检测中的超声柱面导波技术及其应用研究进展。给出 导波的频散及多模式特征,着重评述超声导波的模式和频率选择、导 波的激励和接收方法、导波与缺陷的相互作用、信号处理与特征提取 以及导波技术在无损检测中的应用前景。     

基于红外热成像技术的电子封装缺陷无损检测方法

在电子器件封装制造和服役过程中,工艺及温度载荷容易引起器件内部界面分层等缺陷,严重影响产品良率和可靠性,及时发现这些内部缺陷十分重要.红外热成像检测技术由于非接触、实时记录、检测速度快、定量分析等特点,已逐渐成为无损检测等领域有效的检测手段.本文采用主动双面红外测量方法对塑封料和铜界面间的缺陷进行检测,得到了试样的表面温度分布与缺陷的尺寸和深度的对应关系.通过试验数据对缺陷深度理论计算方法进行了对比研究,实现了试样内部缺陷特征的定量化识别.     

厚壁管道周向超声导波缺陷检测研究

厚壁管道在特种承压设备领域中广泛使用,常规无损检测技术难以实现其快速有效地检测。本文采用数值模拟与实验相结合来研究周向导波快速检测厚壁管道的方法。首先,利用有限差分软件研究了不同角度激励下外径269mm、壁厚32mm的厚壁管道中周向导波的传播特性,优化了探头激励角度范围;然后分别制作了55°和45°的斜楔,并搭建了实验系统,研究了周向导波与厚壁管道壁厚方向不同位置缺陷的相互作用规律。研究结果表明,周向导波适用于厚壁管道快速检测。检测时需选择角度适中的探头。激发角度过小时,厚壁管中形成的周向导波模式较多,使得波包宽度较大,影响检测分辨率;而角度过大时,会使得盲区增大,导致靠近内壁区域缺陷漏检。本文的研究结论为厚壁管道缺陷周向导波的实际检测应用提供了指导。     

疲劳特性的红外热像定量分析方法研究进展

定量红外热像法, 作为一种无损、全场、实时、非接触的测试手段, 不仅能够用于对材料内部缺陷的无损检测, 而且能够对在役结构的疲劳损伤演化状态进行识别. 定量红外热像法还能够快速预测材料的疲劳极限和S-N (stress-number of cycles) 曲线, 实验周期短, 成本低. 文中较为系统地综述了定量红外热像法的发展现状及应用, 讨论了定量红外热像法应用过程中的几个重点问题. 最后总结展望了定量红外热像法的未来发展方向及应用前景.     

Rapid evaluation of the fatigue limit in composites using infrared lock-in thermography and acoustic emission

Fatigue limit determination via the conventional Wöhler-curve method is associated with extended experimental times as it requires testing of a large number of specimens. The current paper introduces a methodology for fast, reliable and experimentally economic determination of the fatigue limit in monolithic and composite materials by means of combined usage of two nondestructive inspection methods, namely infrared (IR) lock-in thermography and acoustic emission (AE). IR thermography, as a real-time and non-contact technique, allowed the detection of heat waves generated due to thermo-mechanical coupling as well as of the energy dissipated intrinsically during dynamic loading of the material. AE, on the other hand, was employed to record the transient waves resulting from crack propagation events. Aluminum grade 1050 H16 and cross-ply SiC/BMAS ceramic matrix composites were subjected to fatigue loading at various stress levels and were monitored by an IR camera and AE sensors. The fatigue limit of the monolithic material, obtained by the lock-in infrared thermography technique and supported by acoustic emission was found to be in agreement with measurements obtained by the conventional S–N curve method. The fatigue limit of the ceramic matrix composite was validated with acoustic emission data.     

An Analytical Model for Defect Depth Estimation Using Pulsed Thermography

The use of pulsed thermography as a non-destructive evaluation tool for damage monitoring of composite materials has dramatically increased in the past decade. Typically, optical flashes are used as external heating sources, which may cause poor defect definition especially for thicker materials or multiple delaminations. SMArt thermography is a new alternative to standard pulsed thermography as it overcomes the limitations on the use of external thermal sources. Such a novel technology enables a built-in, fast and in-depth assessment of both surface and internal material defects by embedding shape memory alloy wires in traditional carbon fibre reinforced composite laminates. However, a theoretical model of thermal wave propagation for SMArt thermography, especially in the presence of internal structural defects, is needed to better interpret the observations/data measured during the experiments. The objective of this paper was to develop an analytical model for SMArt thermography to predict the depth of flaws/damage within composite materials based on experimental data. This model can also be used to predict the temperature contrast on the surface of the laminate, accounting for defect depth, size and opening, thermal properties of material and defect filler, thickness of the component, and intensity of the excitation energy. The results showed that the analytical model gives good predictions compared to experimental data. This paper is one of the first pioneering work showing the use thermography as a quantitative non-destructive tool where defect size and depth could be assessed with good accuracy.     

Impedance-based non-destructive and non-parametric infrastructural performance evaluation

Among various non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, the non-parametric impedance-based method using smart piezoceramic wafers to identify structural damage possesses the advantage of being independent of the detailed structural knowledge such as the geometry and material properties. This paper presents the experimental results showing the feasibility of using impedance-based NDT to identify damage in concrete—the important material used in many infrastructures.     

以能量密度为参量的管中导波无损检测参数选择

一般情况下，检测管状结构时采用位移分布或应力分布来选择超声无损检测的导波模式及其频厚积，这在有些情况下是不合适的。本文用总能量密度来选择检测管状结构的最佳导波模式及其频厚积，并用位移分布进行了比较，最后用混合边界元法进行了数值模拟，对其结果的有效性进行了验证。结果表明，总能量密度能有效的选择检测管材的最佳导波模式及其频厚积范围的检测的最佳位置。     

红外CT模拟在混凝土板内部缺陷探测中的应用

红外成像技术采用非接触式检测方法,对结构内部缺陷进行实时、快速大面积扫描探测,作为无损检测领域一项新的技术在土木工程中得到越来越广泛的应用。但是,这种技术的主要缺点是只能通过成像技术显示缺陷表面状况,却无法获知缺陷深度和厚度。本文以一维有缺陷混凝土板为研究对象,采用有限差分法对混凝土板进行热传导数值模拟分析,获得每一点物体表面温度差与缺陷深度及其厚度的非线性对应关系。在此基础上,采用人工神经网络算法,实现对混凝土板内部缺陷的三维重构,即红外CT模拟。本文提出的方法可以同时获得缺陷深度和厚度,并适用于任意形状的缺陷。     

Simulation and experimental studies of a vibro-impact capsule system driven by an external magnetic field

This paper studies the electromagnetic field used for driving a vibro-impact capsule prototype for small bowel endoscopy. Mathematical models of the electromagnetic field and the capsule system are introduced, and analytical solution of the magnetic force applied on the capsule is derived and verified by experiment. The impact force between the inner mass of the capsule and the capsule body is also compared via numerical simulation and experimental testing. By comparing the capsule’s progressions under different control parameters (e.g. the excitation frequency and duty cycle), the merits of using the vibro-impact propulsion are revealed. Based on the experimental results, the optimised speed of the prototype can achieve up to 3.85 mm/s. It is therefore that the potential feasibility of using the external electromagnetic field for propelling the vibro-impact capsule system is validated.

     

An ultrasonic technique for nondestructive testing of butt-welded steel plate in ship hulls

This paper proposes an ultrasonic nondestructive testing (NDT) method for underwater-diver inspection of shiphull welds. The specimens used were prepared with various induced cracks in the vicinity of the welds. The type of flow considered is a transverse crack in the heat-affected zone in a butt-welded seam. An automated data analysis is developed to scan, locate and characterize cracks using the pulse-echo technique with a single focus transducer. Specimens and probes were submerged in sea water as an additional exercise in simulating operating conditions. Calibration of the NDT characterization was established by first heat tinting to register the size of the induced crack and subsequently to load the specimen to failure so as to examine the crack. The results show that the actual crack length and the maximum load to failure for each cracked specimen were comparable with the test data obtained from the NDT. presently at mechanical Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 9027, Jeddah 21413, Saundi Arabia.     

Thermo-fluid-dynamic analysis of the flow in a rotating channel with a sharp “U” turn

Infrared thermography has been employed to carry out a detailed convective heat transfer measurements at Re?=?20,000 in a two-pass square channel both for the static case (absence of channel rotation) and for the rotating case (Ro?=?0.3). At the same time, the main and secondary flow fields have been measured by means of particle image velocimetry with the aim to investigate how the flow behavior affects the local distributions of the convective heat transfer coefficient for the two cases. The normal-to-wall velocity component (w) and the turbulent kinetic energy, both measured close to the heat exchanging wall, have been used to formulate an empirical heat transfer correlation within an attempt to identify the role performed by these two quantities on the convective heat transfer coefficient distributions. The latter ones have been reported in terms of normalized Nusselt number (Nu/Nu*) maps, where Nu* is the Nusselt number evaluated with the classical Dittus-B?lter correlation.