基于巴西盘试验的海冰拉伸强度研究

海冰拉伸强度是其基本力学性能之一, 同时也是冰区船舶与海洋工程结构设计所需的重要参数. 对于脆性材料的拉伸强度测试, 巴西盘劈裂试验相比单轴拉伸试验在试样制备与加载上具有明显的优势. 为研究海冰的拉伸强度特征, 对渤海辽东湾沿岸的粒状冰开展了系统的巴西盘劈裂试验研究. 在加载过程中与试样破坏后, 分别对加载横梁的位移与加载力以及试样最终破坏模式进行了记录. 同时, 对试样的冰晶结构、盐度、温度以及密度进行了测量. 通过改变加载速率、试样厚度与试样温度以研究不同参数对试验结果的影响. 针对传统试验中试样的刚体假设, 考虑了试样变形对应力状态的影响并将其引入了理论模型. 试验过程中所有海冰试样均以劈裂模式破坏. 试验结果表明, 加载速率与试样厚度对拉伸强度的影响并不显著, 但孔隙率的影响较为明显. 当孔隙率由75‰降低至10‰时,拉伸强度由1.0 MPa升高至2.8 MPa. 与单轴拉伸试验所测得数据对比, 巴西盘劈裂试验所得到的拉伸强度随孔隙率的变化趋势相一致. 但该方法所得到的粒状冰拉伸强度要高于预期结果. 试验表明巴西盘劈裂试验中海冰试样的破坏模式与试验结果均较为合理, 可成为海冰拉伸强度的有效测试方法.      

基于巴西盘试验的海冰拉伸强度研究

海冰拉伸强度是其基本力学性能之一,同时也是冰区船舶与海洋工程结构设计所需的重要参数.对于脆性材料的拉伸强度测试,巴西盘劈裂试验相比单轴拉伸试验在试样制备与加载上具有明显的优势.为研究海冰的拉伸强度特征,对渤海辽东湾沿岸的粒状冰开展了系统的巴西盘劈裂试验研究.在加载过程中与试样破坏后,分别对加载横梁的位移与加载力以及试样最终破坏模式进行了记录.同时,对试样的冰晶结构、盐度、温度以及密度进行了测量.通过改变加载速率、试样厚度与试样温度以研究不同参数对试验结果的影响.针对传统试验中试样的刚体假设,考虑了试样变形对应力状态的影响并将其引入了理论模型.试验过程中所有海冰试样均以劈裂模式破坏.试验结果表明,加载速率与试样厚度对拉伸强度的影响并不显著,但孔隙率的影响较为明显.当孔隙率由75‰降低至10‰时,拉伸强度由1.0 MPa升高至2.8 MPa.与单轴拉伸试验所测得数据对比,巴西盘劈裂试验所得到的拉伸强度随孔隙率的变化趋势相一致.但该方法所得到的粒状冰拉伸强度要高于预期结果.试验表明巴西盘劈裂试验中海冰试样的破坏模式与试验结果均较为合理,可成为海冰拉伸强度的有效测试方法.     

水岩耦合变形破坏过程及机理研究进展

坝址水力劈裂、煤矿和隧道突水以及水力压裂工程都是岩体损伤演化积累诱发破坏 (灾变) 的过程,然而能否正确认识和评价这些过程取决于人们对水岩耦合变形破坏过程和机理的研究程度. 阐述了岩石渗流 --变形 --破坏特性及机理研究的进程, 侧重于物理实验成果. 综述了水岩耦合变形破坏过程分析模型和数值计算, 特别是有限单元法处理裂纹的思路, 并介绍了作者课题组近年来所取得的一些代表性成果. 给出了当前理论 (数值) 研究中所面临的几个具体问题和挑战, 并对今后研究工作进行了力所能及的展望.     

基于聚能射流的岩石定向劈裂机制

基于岩石材料脆性断裂模型分析，从提高炸药能量向岩石断裂表面能转换效率的角度，提出采用预切槽和多点聚能射流冲击岩石进行裂纹引导与扩展，实现岩石定向劈裂。设计了一种可用于岩石劈裂的聚能装药，利用数值计算方法研究了岩石类脆性材料在聚能射流冲击作用下的定向劈裂机制，并计算比较了不同形状金属杆射流对岩体的冲击劈裂效果。分析计算该聚能装药射流形成与岩石的侵彻断裂过程，得出用于岩石劈裂的最佳聚能装药结构与炸高。实验成功用2枚聚能装药将岩石试块按预制方向劈裂，测试获得的岩石表面应力峰值约0.5～0.8 MPa。结果表明，采用该聚能装药在25 mm炸高下能够形成长径比约1∶3的楔形金属杆射流，沿着控界面预先设计的切槽方向，多点设置聚能装药，同时起爆后形成楔形金属杆射流冲击岩石，产生了较好的定向劈裂效果。该方法将爆炸能量精准导入控界面并有效地转换成岩石断裂表面能，从而提升了岩石定向劈裂的效果及炸药的能量利用率，研究结果可为大范围岩体开挖精确控界爆破切割装置设计及降低工程爆破危害提供参考。     

混凝土高温动态劈拉行为细观数值分析

为研究高温作用下混凝土的动态劈裂拉伸破坏行为，考虑了力学性能的高温退化与应变率增强效应的联合作用，结合混凝土材料内部非均质性，建立了细观尺度数值分析模型与方法。将该数值方法分为两个步骤:首先对混凝土进行热传导行为模拟，进而将输出结果作为初始条件对混凝土动态劈裂拉伸行为进行细观模拟。在模拟结果与已有试验现象良好吻合的基础上，分析了高温下混凝土动态劈裂拉伸行为及其细观破坏机制，对比了不同应变率及加热温度下混凝土的劈裂拉伸应力-应变关系，揭示了混凝土应变率效应与温度退化效应的相互影响规律。研究结果表明:(1) 高温作用后，试件损伤区域较常温下更集中；(2) 名义应变率较大时，破坏过程急促，常温下骨料发生破坏，而经历高温后骨料基本没有破坏；(3) 由于混凝土试件细观结构的非均质性，其内部应力呈枣核状不连续分布；(4) 相比于应变率效应，混凝土劈裂拉伸强度受温度退化作用的影响更显著。     

岩体水力劈裂的应力-渗流-损伤耦合模型研究

利用无单元法追踪裂纹扩展的优势研究模拟岩体水力劈裂的数值分析模型。定义损伤变量以描述岩体的损伤程度对岩体渗透性和强度的影响,建立了岩体水力劈裂的应力-渗流-损伤耦合分析模型,并编制了基于无单元法的计算程序。综合考虑应力、渗流及损伤之间的相互作用影响,分析了具有初始裂纹的岩体平面应力模型的裂纹扩展过程,指出考虑渗流作用时的裂纹扩展角大于不考虑渗流作用时的裂纹扩展角。同时,裂纹内水压力和渗流的作用对于裂纹的扩展方向和扩展长度具有较大的影响。     

海洋系泊链钢22MnCrNiMo腐蚀磨损试验与数值分析研究

建立了锚链在海洋环境中腐蚀磨损(简称"磨蚀")累积损伤数值分析方法,该方法采用非线性有限元分析,能够同时考虑锚链链环间接触面在海水中的腐蚀和磨损耦合损伤。针对22MnCrNiMo低碳低合金钢材料,进行了力学性能、海水侵蚀以及磨蚀性能等多方面的试验研究,确定了基于该材料的锚链链环间接触面在海水中磨蚀损伤数值分析中的相关参数。通过对计算结果与试验结果的比较分析,验证了锚链链环间接触面磨蚀累积损伤数值分析方法的可行性与准确性。     

岩石试样弹塑性破裂过程的数值模拟分析

依据岩土类材料的非匀质性特性，并采用对材料参数进行随机赋值的方法研制了弹塑性破裂过程数值分析程序，并用实例证明了程序的可靠性。应用该程序对岩石试样弹塑性破裂过程进行数值模拟研究．分析表明：数值模拟结果与试验研究结果是吻合的。从而为工程岩体断裂分析提出了一种可能的方法与途径。     

SHPB试验中粘弹性材料的应力均匀性分析

采用特征线解法，对满足ZWT方程的粘弹性材料在高应变率SHPB试验中的应力均匀性进行了数值研究。着重分析了不同的材料本构粘性(松弛时间)、瞬态波阻抗比和入射波升时对于试样中应力均匀性、应变均匀性和平均应变率等的影响。为今后动态试验的试样设计提供了一定的理论依据。     

井下多股淹没射流水力清岩能力分析

研究石油钻井井下射流的水力清岩能力对钻井业有重要意义。本文借助于预处理方法和多块网格对接技术由计算机数值模拟了形状复杂的钻井PDC钻头井底下的多股淹没射流流场。为体现井底有岩屑时射流场对其的清洗作用。文中借助河流泥沙运动理论，分析了岩屑在井下的受力与运动以考虑固相的作用。因岩屑主要为推移运动。在井底除环空外的大部分地方可简化视为二维运动。提出了钻头井底水力清岩能力的体现参数-水力挟岩力。并通过数值模拟显示了井下流场，描述了转速，射流流量，喷嘴面积，射流雷诺数及井下过流空间等流场控制参数对井底水力清岩能力的不同影响，指出相关水力参数在射流时的优化方向。为复杂的井底流场控制和钻头的合理设计做探索基础。     

页岩气高效开采的力学问题与挑战

页岩气是指赋存于富含有机质泥页岩中以吸附和游离状态为主要存在方式的天然气,中国资源量丰富,地域分布广泛.页岩气开采能缓解我国常规油气产量不足、煤化石燃料引起环境污染等问题,已成为中国绿色能源开发的重要领域.尽管北美页岩气"革命"取得了成功,目前也仅有预期产量5%～15%的采收率.与北美地区相比,中国页岩气埋藏深,赋存条件差,自然丰度低,因此,高效开采面临更多的困难和挑战.近年来,围绕国家重大能源战略需求,瞄准技术发展前沿,学术界和工业界联合对页岩气高效开采的关键科学和技术问题展开研究.本文结合近三年四川、重庆地区的页岩气试验区块遇到的新问题,针对中国未来3 500 m以下深部开采的新挑战,如地质沉积、裂缝发育构造不同、上覆压力增加、水平应力场变化等新问题,介绍和总结了目前中国页岩气高效开采面临的力学科学问题,主要包括多重耦合下的安全优质钻完井力学理论和方法、水力压裂体积改造和多尺度缝网形成机制、多尺度渗流力学特性与解吸附机理等."深部页岩气高效开采"的研究面向国家重大能源需求,科学意义重大,工程背景明确,需要工程力学、石油工程、地球物理、化学工程和环境工程等多学科专家合作,开展理论研究、物理模拟、数值模拟及现场试验等综合应用基础研究,取得高效开采页岩油气理论与技术的突破.学科交叉是研究页岩气高效开采问题、突破技术瓶颈的桥梁,只有力学与石油工程、地球科学等学科实现深度交叉融合,才能更加有效地推动页岩油气等非常规油气资源的开发.     

功能梯度材料断裂行为实验研究

功能梯度材料作为一种新型材料在众多领域中有着重要的应用价值,其断裂问题是固体力学与材料科学共同关注的课题. 目前,功能梯度材料断裂力学研究工作主要集中在理论分析和数值模拟两方面,实验研究相对较少,其中的大部分实验工作只关注功能梯度材料的宏观断裂性能,而缺乏对其微观断裂机理的研究.本文对近10年来功能梯度材料断裂行为的实验研究的进展予以介绍和评述.首先介绍了可应用于功能梯度材料断裂行为研究的实验方法,然后介绍了相关实验工作的进展和取得的成果,最后分析了实验工作的不足之处,从实验研究角度提出了下一阶段功能梯度材料断裂行为的研究重点.     

脆塑性岩石破坏后区应力跌落效应数值模拟

采用三轴试验和数值模拟研究了岩石类脆塑性材料的应力跌落效应,并用塑性流动因子λ来描述应力跌落效应。为简化计算,给出了一种应力陡降过程中伴随的非零应变增量的工程近似处理方法,基于此针对性地编制了处理脆塑性材料应力跌落的有限元分析程序代码。数值模拟结果验证了塑性流动因子λ以及该近似处理方法的有效性。     

Hydraulic impact of “exponential” and nonlinearly viscoplastic media in pipes made of a viscoplastic material

Differential equations are derived and the hydraulic impact process for “exponential” and nonlinearly viscoplastic media in pipes made of a viscoelastic material is analyzed. Hydraulic impact problems for actual media in pipes has been repeatedly treated in the literature [1–4]. The hydraulic impact of a viscous and linearly viscoplastic media in pipes made of an elastic and viscoelastic material was studied in this work. It is well known [5] that many media in the region of low and moderate shear rates reveal a nonlinearity of the flow curve (oil, drilling fluids, polymer solutions and melts, loaded fuels, fuel mixtures, blood, etc.). It should be noted that flexible pipes made of natural materials (pipe boreholes made of polymer materials, membranes of blood vessels, etc.) are described by complicated rheological equations of state for viscoelastic media. Thus a calculation of the influence of nonlinearity of these media and of the viscoelastic properties of the pipe material on the hydraulic impact process is of theoretical and practical interest in many engineering problems.     

APPLICATION OF HIGH RESOLUTION GEOMETRIC MOIRÉ METHOD TO FRACTURE PROBLEMS

A high density geometric moiré technique has been developed and successfully applied to determine fracture parameters, namely the opening mode stress intensity factor, in both transparent and opaque engineering materials. With the development of this technique the displacement resolution capability of geometric moiré has been increased at least twofold, from 0.025 mm to 0.0125 mm. Further development of gratings with line densities higher than 80 line pairs/mm will further bridge the gap which currently exists between the displacement measuring capabilities of geometric and interferometric moiré.     

Fracture mechanics at work in a steelmaking and engineering environment

An overview of fracture mechanics within the Research Division of a large international steel and engineering company is given. Fracture mechanics principles have been utilized to assess materials performance, structural integrity and component design. Examples are given of the applicability of these principles to steel making support activities and product usage in order to demonstrate the range and value of applications for fracture mechanics.     

Equivalent thickness conception for corner cracks

Thickness dependence of the one-parameter-based fracture toughness has been well recognized and widely studied. However, it is still a challenge to predict the fracture of structures with curved cracks from the fracture toughness data obtained from the standard through-the-thickness cracked specimens. The complicated three-dimensional (3D) stress fields near the crack front play a vital role in the fracture strength of materials. Based on a systematical numerical study of the 3D stress fields near the crack tip of quarter elliptic corner cracks and comparison with that of ideal through-the-thickness cracks, an equivalent thickness conception for curved cracks is proposed from the viewpoint of out-of-plane constraint, and a semi-analytical solution for the equivalent thickness of corner cracks is obtained. With the evaluated equivalent thickness, the fracture toughness of corner cracked specimens is predicted efficiently by the plane-strain toughness value of the material obtained from the standard through-the-thickness specimen.     

结构元件疲劳断裂可靠性估算方法

对近年来国内外在元件疲劳断裂可靠性估算方法方面所做的研究作了系统的回顾和讨论,按安全裕量方程将其分为三类：裂纹长度模型、疲劳寿命模型和断裂强度模型,并对这三种模型的特点及局限性作了分析论述,对元件疲劳可靠性分析的发展趋势作了讨论．     

Radial Flow of Non-Newtonian Power-Law Fluid in a Rough-Walled Fracture: Effect of Fluid Rheology

Fluid flow in a single rough-walled rock fracture has been extensively studied over the last three decades. All but few of these studies, however, have been done with Newtonian fluids and unidirectional flow in rectangular fractures. Notwithstanding the importance of such setups for theoretical understanding of fundamental issues in fracture flow, practical applications in drilling and petroleum engineering often involve radial flow of a non-Newtonian fluid. An example is a borehole intersecting a natural fracture during drilling in a fractured rock. In this study, steady-state incompressible radial flow from a circular well into a self-affine rough-walled fracture was simulated numerically using the lubrication theory approximation. The fluid rheology was power law. The flow behavior index was equal to 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 (Newtonian), 1.2, or 1.4. Asperities diverted the flow from an axisymmetric radial pattern that would be observed in a smooth-walled fracture. The extent of the deviation from radial flow was found to increase as the fluid became more shear-thickening. To reveal finer details of the flow, a tracer was introduced at the borehole wall and was transported by the flow. The front of the tracer propagating into the fracture was found to become slightly smoother with a more shear-thickening fluid. In the vicinity of contacts between fracture faces a more shear-thickening fluid could deliver the tracer closer to the contact spots.     

Structural integrity assessment in the transportation sector

Pressures for increased transportation efficiency often lead to structural weight reduction campaigns; some designers reduce weight by selecting high strength materials and increasing allowable stresses. However, material strength improvements are not generally accompanied by better fracture toughness or better resistance to fatigue crack growth. Pressures for increased transportation economy sometimes cause operators to extend vehicle life rather than to incur major capital costs for new equipment. However, aging structures may experience widespread cracking, a situation that has not been fully considered even for some structures that were designed in accordance with a damage tolerance philosophy. Design for high performance or extension of service life thus have the potential to put the integrity of the affected structure at risk.One deals with such situations either by reducing fracture mechanics principles to practice or by assessing a service failure after the fact. Both reactions require methods of engineering calculation that are well defined, easy to apply, and reasonably conservative. These criteria often conflict with the standards of accuracy demanded for basic research in the mechanics of fracture. A sacrifice of such standards can be worthwhile, however, provided that the engineering method captures the service environment's principal effects on crack growth and that the method is ultimately based on good research results.How the results of fracture research are reduced to practice depends on material properties, attachment details, the mission of the structure, and its service environment. Three examples are presented to illustrate how the foregoing factors affect the reduction of research to practice. The damage tolerance concept originally developed for airframes is first discussed. The concept can be generalized, but its application implicity relies on the methods used to design, manufacture, and inspect airframes. The other examples cover structures which differ from airframes in one or more basic respects.