压电陶瓷片在振动试验中的应用

通过压电陶瓷片在平板上进行激振和拾振试验,实测压电陶瓷片的某些性能及其对试件固有频率和振型的影响,获取压电陶瓷片的有关数据,以便对实际机械构件作分离纯模态时选配合理的激励方案。     

具有动边界的刚-柔耦合系统模态实验研究

系缆和系留的刚体构成了刚-柔耦合系统。本文采用非接触式测量方法,对具有动边界的刚-柔耦合系统模态进行了实验研究,分析了刚体质量和动边界对系缆模态的影响规律。结果表明:动边界条件下系缆的振型趋势改变,与固定边界条件相比,系缆的固有频率减小,阻尼比增大;刚体的存在使系缆第一阶固有频率减小、阻尼比增大,第二阶固有频率和阻尼比都增大,振型改变。     

基于振动台基础激励的叶片工作模态分析

对发动机叶片进行模态分析可以为其高周疲劳设计提供数据支撑,有效避免叶片在实际工作中的共振。本文基于工作模态分析理论,搭建叶片工作模态分析试验系统。采用振动台对叶片进行基础激励,同时测量叶片表面的振动响应,计算测点与参考点之间的互功率谱,然后用最小二乘复频域法进行拟合,得到叶片的模态参数(包括固有频率、振型和阻尼比)。最后讨论了不同参考点对工作模态结果的影响,给出了参考点选取的合理建议。     

S型测力传感器的动态特性与标定

本文对 S 型测力传感器的动态特性进行了研究。采用模态分析测量技术,测定了传感器的固有频率、模态质量、模态刚度、模态阻尼和阻尼比,并以动画形式显示了其主振型.作出激振力与传感器应变片输出信号的传递函数幅频和相频特性曲线,可简便地确定传感器工作频率范围及相应的误差。     

结构系统复模态参数识别及其应用

对于具有非比例阻尼的多自由度线性振动系统的研究需要用到复模态理论.本文根据复模态有关理论,分析了复模态传递函数和频响函数的特性,定义了模态固有频率和模态阻尼比,导出了频响函数与复模态参数的解析关系式。在此基础上,介绍了由频响数据识别复模态参数的导纳圆拟合法.为了进一步提高模态识别精度,还论述了由加速度频响数据识别复模态参数的两种迭代方法:分步迭代法和整体迭代法.文中还以某航天器刚性太阳电池板模态试验为例,介绍了利用导纳圆拟合法联机模态识别枝术,给出了两种方法的模态识别结果,并进行了比较.     

飞机典型金属材料振动疲劳历程中模态阻尼比获取方法研究

结构模态阻尼比是影响振动疲劳特性的主要因素,获取模态阻尼比对于结构振动疲劳的分析和仿真计算有重要作用,对于揭示金属材料振动疲劳损伤形成机理有直接意义。本文选取典型航空金属材料2024-O铝合金,进行了大量的元件级振动疲劳试验及仿真分析计算,并提出了一种基于有限元分析计算的振动疲劳历程中结构模态阻尼比的获取方法,适合于元件级结构振动疲劳过程中模态阻尼比变化规律的获取。研究结果表明:本文方法可以在不中断振动疲劳试验的情况下,得到较精确的振动疲劳历程中的模态阻尼比,从而为进一步揭示金属材料振动疲劳损伤形成机理提供了良好的基础。     

润滑油中含水量对氮化硅陶瓷摩擦学性能的影响

本文对氮化硅陶瓷(Si_3N_4)在含水润滑油中的摩擦学性能进行了试验研究。结果表明,在本试验条件下,润滑油的含水量越大,氮化硅陶瓷的摩擦系数越高,磨损量也越大。     

基于Cosserat理论的四边简支自由振动微平板尺度效应研究

微观下材料内部结构将极大地影响材料的力学性能,对微纳米器件中典型的微平板结构尺度效应进行研究具有十分重要的意义.论文基于Cosserat理论推导出了微平板自由振动的微分方程,并根据四边简支边界条件假设振型函数,给出了固有频率的计算公式,对不同尺寸微平板固有频率的尺度效应进行了仿真分析.结果表明,考虑了尺度效应的微平板自由振动固有频率要高于经典理论中的固有频率.当特征长度与微平板厚度大小相当时,微平板固有频率表现出明显的尺度效应,并随着特征长度的增加而增大.同时,自由振动的尺度效应将随着微平板厚度的减小而逐渐增强,振动模态及长宽比不影响尺度效应.论文的研究将为微结构与系统的应用提供一定的理论基础.     

高阻尼合金胶粘层合板阻尼特性研究

考虑高阻尼合金胶粘层合板中高阻尼合金的阻尼迟滞特性和胶粘剂本构中固化时间影响的关系,进行粘贴阻尼合金板后层合板结构的非线性动力有限元建模。对不同胶粘剂固化时间的高阻尼合金层合板进行数值仿真分析,用有理分式正交多项法结合非线性优化方法对仿真数据进行处理,得到不同胶粘剂固化时间下高阻尼合金层合板的固有频率和模态阻尼比。通过与锤击法模态试验所得高阻尼合金层合板模态参数对比,验证了有限元仿真模型的合理性。通过数值仿真和试验结果分析发现:粘贴阻尼合金板后层合板结构阻尼比有大幅度提高;随着胶粘剂固化时间的增加,层合板阻尼性能增强,瞬态振动也可以得到更快地衰减。表明高阻尼合金层合板的阻尼性能与阻尼合金的应变幅值有关;阻尼合金的应变幅值越大,阻尼合金层合板模态阻尼比越大,对应结构的减振性能越佳。     

土-结构相互作用体系合成模态阻尼比的振动台模型试验研究

本文籍振动台模型试验。研究了SSI体系的合成模态阻尼比问题。文中首先阐明了在SSI体系直接动力分析中应采用合成模态阻尼比的观点。研究了合成模态阻尼纟的实测确定方法。并在不同工况下，通过对模型不同部位测点的传递函数，基本频率，基本合成模态阻尼比等实测数据考虑，验证了SSI体系合成模态的存在性，合成模态阻尼比与相同应变下不考虑相互作用的单纯地基土体或刚性地基结构阻尼比的差异性及其在递增动力作用下的变化规律。     

Si3N4陶瓷电化学研磨特性及机理分析

采用自制的全程方向渐变型恒速平面研磨试验机考察了Si3N4陶瓷球在水基介质润滑下同灰铸铁HT250和45#钢配副时的电化学研磨特性,分析了外加电压对摩擦磨损性能的影响机理;并采用扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜分析了外加电压极性对Si3N4陶瓷球摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明,对金属盘施加正向电压导致Si3N4陶瓷球磨痕明显增大,而摩擦系数基本保持不变;施加反向电压则可使摩擦系数及Si3N4磨痕明显减小;在对比分析基础上筛选得到了兼具较高研磨效率和良好研磨表面质量的优化研磨方案,可用于Si3N4陶瓷高效研磨.     

Virtual testing for modal and damping ratio identification of submerged structures using the PolyMAX algorithm with two-way fluid–structure Interactions

Based on the powerful Computational Structural Dynamics method coupled to a Computational Fluid Dynamics approach, the PolyMAX algorithm is used along with the simulation of two-way fluid–structure interactions, as a new virtual testing method for estimating the structural modal parameters and damping ratios of a vibrating structure in either air or some other fluid. The viscosity and motion of fluid are accounted for, as are the shape of the flow passage and a variety of boundary conditions. The method is shown to be able to simulate the vibration of a structure within a real operating environment in which the structure experiences a specified excitation load while the vibration responses of the structure are obtained through a two-way FSI model. Based on the PolyMAX method for estimating the modal parameters, these vibration responses are processed and analyzed. Finally, the dynamic parameters (i.e., the natural frequencies and the damping ratios) of the vibrating structure are identified. For validation, the natural frequencies and damping ratios of two simple submerged cantilever plates were simulated both in air and water and the simulated results were found to agree closely with experimental data.     

地震反应分析中Caughey阻尼系数的优化解

传统方法建立Caughey阻尼矩阵时,存在选择多个合理参考频率及避免负模态阻尼比的问题。为此,基于地震反应谱分析,以结构的峰值位移误差最小为优化目标,将模态阻尼比大于零为约束条件,提出了优化Caughey阻尼系数的约束二次规划方法。然后,以一个直径90米,高15米的穹顶结构为例,讨论说明当结构的显著贡献模态多且不同动力反应相关显著贡献模态的频率有巨大差异时,采用Caughey阻尼矩阵的必要性。同时,分析比较了传统方法和优化方法对结构地震反应误差的影响。计算结果表明：传统方法选择的参考频率忽略了不同模态对动力反应贡献的差别,动力反应的计算误差无法有效控制;优化方法可使显著贡献模态的阻尼比合理,因此,对于4阶以上Caughey级数,优化方法的计算误差都小于传统方法。     

Measurement of mechanical vibration damping in orthotropic,composite and isotropic plates based on a continuous system analysis

The problem of free and forced transverse vibration of an orthotropic, composite, and isotropic thin square plates with uniformly distributed damping and simply supported boundary conditions has been solved, using a modal expansion technique. A load of the type P₀cosΩt applied at the center of plate has been considered and the phase angle between the forcing function and the vibration response at the center, as a function of the forcing frequency and the damping parameter determined. This theoretical relationship together with the experimentally measured phase angle between the applied mechanical forcing and the resulting vibration response at various forcing frequencies was used to determine an equivalent viscous damping parameter. This technique has been found to be particularly useful for the measurement and comparison of the relative damping in composite or orthotropic materials. Also, a theoretical relation for the energy loss due to viscous damping in vibrating plates has been developed and the theoretical energy loss at various frequencies has been compared with the experimentally measured energy loss at the same frequencies. Typical damping results are presented for aluminum, steel and aluminum/graphite-fiber composite materials.     

Vibration Analysis of Perforated Plates Using Time-Average Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry

Digital Speckle Interferometry is a non invasive full-field coherent optical technique used in mechanical vibration measurement. In this research, it is used for tuning resonant frequencies of vibrating plates in order to investigate the dynamical behavior of perforated plates. The plate was excited to resonant vibration by a sinusoidal acoustic source. Fringe pattern produced during the time-average recording of the vibrating plate, for several resonant frequencies were registered. Results of plates fixed at one edge having internal holes and attached masses are presented. Experimental natural frequencies and modal shapes are compared to those obtained by an analytical approximate solution based on the Rayleigh–Ritz method with the use of orthogonal polynomials as coordinate function. A high degree of correlation between computational analysis and experimental results was observed, proving the potentiality of the optical technique as experimental validation of the numerical simulations.     

Erratum to: Vibration Analysis of Perforated Plates Using Time-Average Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry

Digital Speckle Interferometry is a non invasive full-field coherent optical technique used in mechanical vibration measurement. In this research, it is used for tuning resonant frequencies of vibrating plates in order to investigate the dynamical behavior of perforated plates. The plate was excited to resonant vibration by a sinusoidal acoustic source. Fringe pattern produced during the time-average recording of the vibrating plate, for several resonant frequencies were registered. Results of plates fixed at one edge having internal holes and attached masses are presented. Experimental natural frequencies and modal shapes are compared to those obtained by an analytical approximate solution based on the Rayleigh–Ritz method with the use of orthogonal polynomials as coordinate function. A high degree of correlation between computational analysis and experimental results was observed, proving the potentiality of the optical technique as experimental validation of the numerical simulations.     

Experimental investigation of added mass effects on a Francis turbine runner in still water

The mechanical design of hydraulic turbines is conditioned by the dynamic response of the runner that is usually estimated by a computational model. Nevertheless, the runner has complex boundary conditions that are difficult to include in the computational model. One of these boundary conditions is the water in which the runner is submerged. The effect of the added mass and damping of water can modify considerably the natural frequencies of the runner. An experimental investigation in a reduced scale model of a turbine runner, using modal analysis, was carried out. Several impact tests with the runner freely suspended in air and in water were done. The response was measured with accelerometers located in different positions of the runner. From the modal analysis, the natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode-shapes were determined. The same mode-shapes obtained in air were obtained in water but with lower natural frequencies and higher damping ratios in water. The difference in the natural frequencies is shown to be dependant basically on the added mass effect of the water and not on its added damping. This difference also depends on the geometry of the mode, presenting different values for different mode-shapes. Using nondimensional values, the reduction in the natural frequencies can be extrapolated to other Francis runners presenting similar geometrical characteristics.     

A NEW METHOD TO DETERMINE THE R-CURVE OF CERAMICS-FRACTURE GRATING METHOD

The etching technique of the single-lined zero-thickness specimen grating is applied tothe surface of the SiC fiber toughening Si_3N_4 ceramic composite specimen.The position of the crackand the crack length during the process of crack extension when the load is applied and gradually in-creased can be determined by recording the output voltage value of the Wheatstone bridge in which theceramic specimen with the fracture grating on is located.The crack-growth-resistance(R-curve) of thismaterialis thus obtained.     

直流射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积类金刚石碳薄膜的结构及摩擦学性能研究

利用直流射频等离子增强化学气相沉积技术在单晶硅表面制备了类金刚石碳薄膜．采用Raman光谱、红外光谱、x射线光电子能谱和原子力显微镜等研究了薄膜的微观结构和表面形貌,在UMT-2MT型摩擦磨损试验机上考察了薄膜在不同载荷与滑动速度下的摩擦学性能。结果表明：所制备的类金刚石碳薄膜具有典型的类金刚石结构特征,薄膜均匀、致密,表面粗糙度小,硬度较高;薄膜与Si3N4陶瓷球对摩时显示出良好的抗磨减摩性能;随着试验载荷与滑动速度的提高,薄膜的摩擦系数降低,耐磨寿命降低;薄膜的减摩抗磨性能同其在Si3N4陶瓷球偶件磨损表面形成的转移膜相关。     

Modal parameter prediction for structures with resistive loaded piezoelectric devices

Natural frequencies and damping ratios of a structure, with piezo devices bonded on it and shunted with a resistive load, depend on the electrical load itself. Therefore, several tests (experimental or numerical) ought to be carried out in order to determine the resistor which provides the maximum damping ratio for a mode of interest, and in turn the natural frequency of the whole structure. In this paper we present relationships which allow us to predict the modal parameters mentioned above, by using the natural frequencies of the structure when the external electrical circuit of the piezo device is in short or open conditions. Thus, only two tests would be necessary in order to obtain both the maximum damping ratio, introduced by the piezo device, and the natural frequency of the whole system. Besides, under an acceptable approximation, the resistive load, which should be used to obtain the maximum damping, can be obtained from the natural angular frequencies previously derived.