Low-energy impact response of composite and sandwich composite plates with piezoelectric sensory layers

An efficient model reduction based methodology is presented for predicting the global (impact force, plate deflection and electric potential) and through-thickness local (interfacial strains and stresses) dynamic response of pristine simply-supported cross-ply composite and sandwich composite plates with piezoelectric sensory layers subjected to low-energy impact. The through-thickness response of the laminate is modelled using coupled higher-order layerwise displacement-based piezoelectric laminate theories. Linearized contact laws are implemented for simulating the impactor–target interaction during impact. The stiffness, mass, piezoelectric and permittivity matrices of the plate are formulated from ply to structural level and reduced by applying a Guyan reduction technique to yield the structural system in state space. This reduction technique enables the formulation of a plate–impactor structural system of minimum size (1 term per vibration mode for composite plates – 2 terms for sandwich plates) and reduces computational cost, thus facilitating applicability for real-time impact and vibration control.     

Coupled refined layerwise theory for dynamic free and forced response of piezoelectric laminated composite and sandwich beams

This work extends a previously presented coupled refined layerwise theory to dynamic analysis of piezoelectric laminated composite and sandwich beams. Contrary to most of the available theories, all the kinematic and stress boundary conditions are satisfied at the interfaces of the piezoelectric layers with the non-zero longitudinal electric field. Moreover, both electrical transverse normal strains and transverse flexibility are taken into account for the first time in the present theory. In the presented formulation a high-order polynomial, an exponential expression and a layerwise term containing the electric field are included in the describing expression of the in-plane displacement of the beam. For the transverse displacement, the coupled refined model uses a combination of continuous piecewise fourth-order polynomials with a layerwise representation of electrical unknowns. The electric field is also approximated as linear across the thickness direction of piezoelectric layers. One of advantages of the present theory is that the mechanical number of the unknown parameters is very small and is independent of the number of the layers. For validation of the proposed model, various free and forced vibration tests for thin and thick laminated/sandwich piezoelectric beams are carried out. For various electrical and mechanical boundary conditions, excellent correlation has been found between the results obtained from the proposed formulation with those resulted from the three-dimensional theory of piezoelasticity.     

Analytical and numerical approaches to piezoelectric bimorph

We propose an efficient and accurate approach to piezoelectric bimorph based on a refined expansion of the elastic displacement and electric potential. The field approximation of the through-the-thickness variation accounts for a shear correction and a layerwise modelling for the electric potential. A particular attention is devoted to the boundary conditions on the bottom and top faces of the plate as well as to the interface continuity conditions for the electromechanical variables. The continuity condition on the electric potential imposes some restrictions on the approximation of the electric potential. Moreover, the continuity condition on the normal component of the electric induction at the bimorph interface is ensured by a Lagrange multiplier. The equations of the piezoelectric bimorph are obtained by using variational formulation involving the appropriate boundary and continuity conditions.A selection of numerical illustrations is presented for the series and parallel piezoelectric bimorphs simply supported under cylindrical bending conditions. Two types of electromechanical load are considered (i) a surface density of force applied on the top face and (ii) an electric potential applied on the bottom and top faces of the bimorph. The results thus obtained are compared to those provided by finite element computations performed for the full 3D model and by a simplified model without shear effect. At last, the problem of piezoelectric bimorph vibration is also examined for both closed and open circuit conditions. Excellent predictions with low error estimates of the local (profile) and global responses as well as resonant frequencies are observed. The comparisons assess of the effectiveness of the present approach to piezoelectric bimorph.     

压电复合材料层板柱面弯曲的精化理论

本研究旨在建立精确的压电复合材料层板理论。位移场和电势场采用近似表达，其沿板厚的分布通过构造高精度的位移分布函数和电势分布函数来描述。这两个函数由三雏弹性平衡方程和静电平衡方程的特解来导出，从而满足复杂的力电耦合关系和各类连续条件，保证了本文理论的高精度。本文理论仅涉及4个位移和电势变量，且不随层数的增加而增多，较之变量随层数而增多的分层理论简单得多，平衡方程形式简单；也便于发展成有限元等数值模型。通过与三维精确解比较，算例显示了本文理论的高精度和有效性。     

Three-dimensional thermoelastic analysis of finite length laminated cylindrical panels with functionally graded layers

Based on the 3D thermoelasticity theory, the thermoelastic analysis of laminated cylindrical panels with finite length and functionally graded (FG) layers subjected to three-dimensional (3D) thermal loading are presented. The material properties are assumed to be temperature-dependent and graded in the thickness direction. The variations of the field variables across the panel thickness are accurately modeled by using a layerwise differential quadrature (DQ) approach. After validating the approach, as an important application, two common types of FG sandwich cylindrical panels, namely, the sandwich panels with FG face sheets and homogeneous core and the sandwich panels with homogeneous face sheets and FG core are analyzed. The effect of micromechanical modeling of the material properties on the thermoelastic behavior of the panels is studied by comparing the results obtained using the rule of mixture and Mori–Tanaka scheme. The comparison studies reveal that the difference between the results of the two micromechanical models is very small and can be neglected. Then, the effects of different geometrical parameters, material graded index and also the temperature dependence of the material properties on the thermoelastic behavior of the FG sandwich cylindrical panels are carried out.     

Optimum design of laminated composite foam-filled sandwich plates subjected to strength constraint

Optimum design of laminated composite sandwich plates with both continuous (core thickness) and discrete (layer group fiber angles and thicknesses) design variables subjected to strength constraint is studied via a two-level optimization technique. The strength of a sandwich plate is determined in a failure analysis using the Tsai–Wu failure criterion and the finite element method which is formulated on the basis of the layerwise linear displacement theory. In the first level optimization of the design process, the discrete design variables are temporarily treated as continuous variables and the corresponding minimum weight of the sandwich plate is evaluated subject to the strength constraint using a constrained multi-start global optimization method. In the second level optimization, the optimal solution obtained in the first level optimization is used in the branch and bound method for solving a discrete optimization problem to determine the optimal design parameters and the final weight of the plate. Failure test of laminated composite foam-filled sandwich plates with different lamination arrangements are performed to validate the proposed optimal design method. A number of examples of the design of laminated composite foam-filled sandwich plates are given to demonstrate the feasibility and applications of the proposed method.     

A layerwise C0-type higher order shear deformation theory for laminated composite and sandwich plates

A novel layerwise C⁰-type higher order shear deformation theory (layerwise C⁰-type HSDT) for the analysis of laminated composite and sandwich plates is proposed. A C⁰-type HSDT is used in each lamina layer and the continuity of in-plane displacements and transverse shear stresses at inner-laminar layer is consolidated. The present layerwise theory retains only seven variables without increasing the number of variables when the number of lamina layers are intensified. The shear stresses through the plate thickness derived from the constitutive equation of the present theory have the same shape as those calculated from the equilibrium equation. In addition, the artificial constraints are added in the principle of virtual displacements (PVD) and are certainly fulfilled through a penalty approach. In this paper, two C⁰-continuity numerical methods, such as the Finite Element Method (FEM) and Bézier isogeometric element (BIEM) are utilized to solve a discrete system of equations derived from the PVD. Several numerical examples with various geometries, aspect ratios, stiffness ratios, and boundary conditions are investigated and compared with the 3D elasticity solution, the analytical, as well as, numerical solutions based on various plate theories.     

Static deformation of a multilayered one-dimensional hexagonal quasicrystal plate with piezoelectric effect

Quasicrystals (QCs) are sensitive to the piezoelectric (PE) effect. This paper studies static deformation of a multilayered one-dimensional (1D) hexagonal QC plate with the PE effect. The exact closed-form solutions of the extended displacement and traction for a homogeneous piezoelectric quasicrystal (PQC) plate are derived from an eigensystem. The general solutions for multilayered PQC plates are then obtained using the propagator matrix method when mechanical and electrical loads are applied on the top surface of the plate. Numerical examples for several sandwich plates made up of PQC, PE, and QC materials are provided to show the effect of stacking sequence on phonon, phason, and electric fields under mechanical and electrical loads, which is useful in designing new composites for engineering structures.     

High-order layerwise mechanics and finite element for the damped dynamic characteristics of sandwich composite beams

A high-order discrete-layer theory and a finite element are presented for predicting the damping of laminated composite sandwich beams. The new layerwise laminate theory involves quadratic and cubic terms for approximation of the in-plane displacement in each discrete layer, while interlaminar shear stress continuity is imposed through the thickness. Integrated damping mechanics are formulated and both laminate and structural stiffness, mass and damping matrices are formed. A finite element method and a beam element are further developed for predicting the free vibration response, including modal frequencies, modal loss factors and through-thickness mode shapes. Numerical results and evaluations of the present model are shown. Modal frequencies and damping of sandwich composite beams are measured and correlated with predicted values. Finally, parametric studies illustrate the effect of core thickness and face lamination on modal damping and frequency values.     

考虑几何与压电非线性行为压电层合轴对称圆板的精确解

研究可移简支及夹支边界条件下,轴对称压电层合圆板在强电场和机械荷载联合作用下的非线性变形.考虑电致伸缩的非线性压电效应及几何非线性的影响,导出轴对称压电层合圆板的控制方程.通过调整坐标轴的位置对控制方程进行简化,得到关于挠度和径向力的4阶非线性控制方程.再通过简单的积分并引入无量刚变量将控制方程等价地化为2阶非线性耦合微分方程组.利用幂级数法得到可移简支及夹支边界条件下强电场和均布荷载共同作用时的挠度、径向力及径向位移的幂级数精确解.通过对双、单压电晶片执行器的数值计算及分析,得到电场、外载对于位移、径向力的影响关系.     

撞击载荷下泡沫铝夹层板的动力响应

应用泡沫金属子弹撞击加载的方式研究了固支方形夹层板和等质量实体板的动力响应,分别应用激光测速装置和位移传感器测量了泡沫子弹的撞击速度和后面板中心点的位移历史,给出了夹层板的变形与失效模式,研究了子弹冲量、面板厚度、泡沫芯层厚度及芯层密度对夹层板抗撞击性能的影响。结果表明,后面板中心点挠度最大,周边最小,整体变形为穹形,且伴有花瓣形的变形。参数研究表明,通过增加面板厚度或芯层厚度均能有效控制后面板的挠度,改善夹层板的能量吸收能力,结构响应对子弹冲量和芯层密度比较敏感。实验结果对多孔金属夹层结构的优化设计具有一定的参考价值。 更多还原     

A coupled refined high-order global-local theory and finite element model for static electromechanical response of smart multilayered/sandwich beams

In the present study, a coupled refined high-order global-local theory is developed for predicting fully coupled behavior of smart multilayered/sandwich beams under electromechanical conditions. The proposed theory considers effects of transverse normal stress and transverse flexibility which is important for beams including soft cores or beams with drastic material properties changes through depth. Effects of induced transverse normal strains through the piezoelectric layers are also included in this study. In the presence of non-zero in-plane electric field component, all the kinematic and stress continuity conditions are satisfied at layer interfaces. In addition, for the first time, conditions of non-zero shear and normal tractions are satisfied even while the bottom or the top layer of the beam is piezoelectric. A combination of polynomial and exponential expressions with a layerwise term containing first order differentiation of electrical unknowns is used to introduce the in-plane displacement field. Also, the transverse displacement field is formulated utilizing a combination of continuous piecewise fourth-order polynomial with a layerwise representation of electrical unknowns. Finally, a quadratic electric potential is used across the thickness of each piezoelectric layer. It is worthy to note that in the proposed shear locking-free finite element formulation, the number of mechanical unknowns is independent of the number of layers. Excellent correlation has been found between the results obtained from the proposed formulation for thin and thick piezoelectric beams with those resulted from the three-dimensional theory of piezoelasticity. Moreover, the proposed finite element model is computationally economic.     

Single-frequency vibrations and vibrational heating of a piezoelectric circular sandwich plate under monoharmonic electromechanical loading

The forced monoharmonic bending vibrations and dissipative heating of a piezoelectric circular sandwich plate under monoharmonic mechanical and electrical loading are studied. The core layer is passive and viscoelastic. The face layers (actuators) are piezoelectric and oppositely polarized over the thickness. The plate is subjected to harmonic pressure and electrical potential. The viscoelastic behavior of the materials is described by complex moduli dependent on the temperature of heating. The coupled nonlinear problem is solved numerically. A numerical analysis demonstrates that the natural frequency, amplitude of vibrations, mechanical stresses, and temperature of dissipative heating can be controlled by changing the area and thickness of the actuator. It is shown that the temperature dependence of the complex moduli do not affect the electric potential applied to the actuator to compensate for the mechanical stress __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 79–89, January 2008.     

Elastoplastic buckling and post-buckling analysis of sandwich columns

Sandwich structures are widely used in many industrial applications thanks to their interesting compromise between lightweight and high mechanical properties. This compromise is realized thanks to the presence of different parts in the composite material, namely the skins which are particularly thin and stiff relative to the homogeneous core material and possibly core reinforcements. Owing to these geometric and material features, sandwich structures are subject to global but also local buckling phenomena which are mainly responsible for their collapse. The buckling analysis of sandwich materials is therefore an important issue for their mechanical design. In this respect, this paper is devoted to the theoretical study of the local/global buckling and post-buckling behavior of sandwich columns under axial compression. Only symmetric sandwich materials are considered with homogeneous and isotropic core/skin layers. First, the buckling problem is analytically addressed, by solving the so-called bifurcation equation in a 3D framework. The bifurcation analysis is performed using an hybrid model (the two faces are represented by Euler–Bernoulli beams, whereas the core material is considered as a 2D continuous solid), considering both an elastic and elastoplastic core material. Closed-form expressions are derived for the critical loadings and the associated bifurcation modes. Then, the post-buckling response is numerically investigated using a 2D finite element bespoke program, including finite plasticity, arc-length methods and branch-switching procedures. The numerical computations enable us to validate the previous analytical solutions and describe several kinds of post-critical responses up to advanced states, depending on geometric and material parameters. In most cases, secondary bifurcations occur during the post-critical stage. These secondary modes are mainly due to the modal interaction phenomenon and give rise to unstable post-buckled solutions which lead to final collapse.     

黏弹夹芯板的有限元建模及实验研究

从有限元分析和数值模拟及实验验证的角度研究了黏弹夹芯板的频率依赖振动特性。夹芯板中间层为黏弹性材料，其刚度和阻尼的频率依赖性行为直接影响系统的模态频率和阻尼，并导致振动模式求解的复杂化。采用三阶七参数Biot模型描述黏弹性材料频率相关的黏弹性行为。开发了三层四节点28自由度的夹芯板单元，基于经典板理论和哈密顿原理建立了黏弹夹芯板的有限元动力学方程。通过引入辅助耗散坐标，将Biot模型和黏弹夹芯板的有限元动力学模型结合起来，并将其转化为常规二阶线性系统形式，极大简化了求解非线性振动特性的过程。对一边固定、另三边自由的黏弹夹芯板进行了前三阶固有频率和损耗因子的预测，并与实验结果对比。数值模拟结果和实验结果吻合良好，说明所提有限元方法是正确有效的。     

An analytical investigation on thermomechanical stress analysis of adhesively bonded joints undergoing heat conduction

Thermomechanical loading, in the same way that mechanical loading can cause significant stress violations, may give rise to significant stress variations and concentrations and in some circumstances can result in structural destruction or even failure. This clearly shows the importance of accurate stress analysis of thermal-loaded structures. This paper presents three-dimensional thermomechanical stress analysis of heterogeneous adhesively bonded joints undergoing steady-state one-dimensional heat conduction using the full layerwise theory. In this approach, the fully coupled three-dimensional governing equilibrium equations are derived generally for an orthotropic joint based on the use of variational calculus and the principle of minimum total potential energy. The through-thickness temperature distribution is determined using the equivalent thermal-resistant model and is rewritten in the layerwise form. The governing equations of equilibrium then are analytically solved using the state space approach. The accurate results presented in this study are compared and verified via analytical as well as numerical investigations, and the study shows rapid converging solutions.     

Assessment of improved zigzag and smeared theories for smart cross-ply composite cylindrical shells including transverse normal extensibility under thermoelectric loading

The improved zigzag theory recently developed by the authors for smart, piezoelectric, and laminated cylindrical shells is assessed for the response of finite-length cross-ply shells and shell panels under mechanical, potential, and thermal loading, in direct comparison with the exact three-dimensional (3D) piezothermoelasticity solution. This theory has the unique features of including the transverse normal strain due to thermoelectric loading without introducing additional deflection variables, capturing the nonlinear potential field and actual temperature profile across laminate thickness, accounting for the layerwise (zigzag) variation of inplane displacements, and satisfying the conditions on transverse shear stresses at the layer interfaces and at the inner and outer surfaces. For the assessment, new results are obtained for the 3D exact solution for smart cylindrical shells having a test laminate with widely different material properties across layers, a piezo-composite laminate and a piezo-sandwich laminate. To ascertain the contribution of the layerwise terms in the inplane displacements, the theory is compared with its smeared counterpart with the same number of primary variables. The effect of inclusion of transverse normal extensibility in these theories is established by comparing with their conventional counterparts that assume constant deflection across the thickness. The effect of span angle (for shell panels), length, and thickness parameters on the error of the 2D theories is illustrated.     

Accurate modelling of piezoelectric plates: single-layered plate

Summary  The paper presents an efficient two-dimensional approach to piezoelectric plates in the framework of linear theory of piezoelectricity. The approximation of the through-the-thickness variations accounts for the shear effects and a refinement of the electric potential. Using a variational formalism, electromechanically coupled plate equations are obtained for the generalized stress resultants as well as for the generalized electric inductions. The latter are deduced from the conservative electric charge equation, which plays a crucial role in the present model. Emphasis is placed on the boundary conditions at the plate faces. The model is used to examine some problems for cylindrical bending of a single simply supported plate. Number of situations are examined for a piezoelectric plate subject to (i) an applied electric potential, (ii) a surface density of force, and (iii) a surface density of electric charge. The through-thickness distributions of electromechanical quantities (displacements, stresses, electric potential and displacement) are obtained, and compared with results provided by finite element simulations and by a simplified plate model without shear effects. A good agreement is observed between the results coming from the present plate model and finite element computations, which ascertains the effectiveness of the proposed approach to piezoelectric plates. Received 17 July 2000; accepted for publication 26 September 2000     

压电弹性层合板静力机耦合特性的解析解

应用经典权壳理论和压电理论对层合板结构进行简化。对四边简支压电层合板在不同电学边界条件下,包括四边电学开路和电学短路。上下表面受外电压及无外加电压作用,进行分析,求得了电势和挠度的解析表达式,给出了压电层和基体的挠度、电势分布图。     

A comprehensive analysis of functionally graded sandwich plates: Part 1—Deflection and stresses

A two-dimensional solution is presented for bending analysis of simply supported functionally graded ceramic–metal sandwich plates. The sandwich plate faces are assumed to have isotropic, two-constituent material distribution through the thickness, and the modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of the faces are assumed to vary according to a power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The core layer is still homogeneous and made of an isotropic ceramic material. Several kinds of sandwich plates are used taking into account the symmetry of the plate and the thickness of each layer. We derive field equations for functionally graded sandwich plates whose deformations are governed by either the shear deformation theories or the classical theory. Displacement functions that identically satisfy boundary conditions are used to reduce the governing equations to a set of coupled ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients. Numerical results of the sinusoidal, third-order, first-order and classical theories are presented to show the effect of material distribution on the deflections and stresses.