首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 118 毫秒
1.
微机化的纵横波螺栓轴向应力检测仪研制   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
介绍了一种既可测安装过程中的螺栓应力又可测已紧固螺栓轴向应力的一种仪器 ,该仪器是以单片机和计算机为核心 ,用超声纵横波声时进行在线检测 ;利用超声波沿轴向传播的波速同轴向应力以及三阶弹性常数的关系导出了应力同纵横波声时比值及温度的关系 ,考虑了受应力作用时温度对声速的影响 ,简化了测量及计算过程 .仪器采用了声时、声幅衰减及数字处理技术联合排除偶合错误及噪声干扰等方法 ,增加了仪器的稳定性 ;仪器采用了高精度测声时方法 ,提高了应力测量精度 ;计算机提供了数字及图形显示并提供了数据查询及图形还原等功能 ,极大地方便了用户操作及管理 .实验结果表明应力低于 2 5 0MPa ,夹紧距离大于 30mm时 ,应力超声测量的绝对误差小于± 8MPa .  相似文献   

2.
通过对汽车用挡风玻璃进行不同温度、不同应力水平下的单轴拉伸蠕变实验,揭示了其非线性蠕变变形特性.实验发现,不同温度和载荷下的蠕变曲线形状类似,高温(550℃~590℃)下该材料的减速蠕变变形不很明显,主要表现为稳态和加速蠕变变形,且其断裂数据符合Monkman-Grant关系,应力和温度对其影响不显著.基于实验结果,本文建立了非线性高温蠕变本构方程.理论预测与实验数据进行了比较,结果表明所提出的本构方程能较好地描述汽车玻璃高温蠕变变形的全过程.  相似文献   

3.
层合板预紧螺栓搭接孔边应力分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
针对复合材料层合板预紧螺栓单板搭接和双板搭接结构,分别建立了全尺寸三维有限元模型,应用非线性接触算法模拟螺栓连接,采用Prets179预紧力单元施加螺栓预紧力.通过分析两种搭接形式在不同预紧力下的孔边应力分布,得到了预紧力与孔边拉应力以及预紧力与孔边层间应力的关系曲线.分析表明:随着螺栓预紧力增加,层合板孔边拉应力水平不断降低;双板搭接的孔边应力明显低于单板搭接的孔边应力.  相似文献   

4.
用超声波方法测量螺栓应力   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
1.引言近年来有很多资料介绍了测定作用应力和残余应力的超声方法.由于实际构件应力分布的复杂性和材料组织结构对声速测量的影响,超声波应力分析方法的实际应用受到了限制,发展比较缓慢.然而,对于像螺栓、立柱等主要承受轴向应力的构件,用超声波方法测量其应力具有很大实际意义,它具有快速、简便和无损测量的特  相似文献   

5.
用贴片光弹法研究螺栓预紧力   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
陆鹏  俞乐  刘骅  周唯 《力学季刊》2013,34(2):275-278
贴片光弹法是一种通过精确测量表面应变来获得应力的光测实验方法。为了有效且快速的评价螺栓预紧力,采用贴片光弹的方法,在螺栓头部表面粘贴一片环氧树脂材料,对螺栓施加一定的预紧力时,在反射光弹仪的偏振光场下直接可以观测到螺栓头部贴片中的光弹条纹。随着螺栓预紧力的变化,条纹相应发生改变,从而获得螺栓预紧力与光弹贴片中条纹级数的关系。由于该方法具有灵敏度高、直观、全场、简单等诸多优点,适合现场测量和检测,从而便于推广。  相似文献   

6.
范刚  张宏宇  王捷冰  薛铮  刘晓华 《力学学报》2022,54(5):1303-1321
针对典型连接结构中, 高强螺栓在受拉工况下因产生附加弯矩而极大削弱其承载能力的问题, 开展了螺栓附加弯矩产生的机理研究, 并提出了一种有效降低螺栓附加弯矩的结构优化设计方法. 首先, 建立典型连接结构的等效力学模型, 推导出螺栓附加弯矩的解析解, 进一步开展数值仿真分析, 验证了解析方法的正确性. 考虑螺栓同时承受拉弯耦合载荷工况, 引入梁塑性弯曲理论, 研究了不同拉弯组合下的螺栓截面各类应力分布的交互关系, 并给出了考虑轴力影响的弯矩塑性折减系数. 基于最大应力破坏准则, 开展了考虑附加弯矩和弯曲塑性影响的螺栓载荷失效判据研究, 该判据更加具有工程应用价值. 从机理出发, 开展典型连接结构优化设计以降低螺栓的附加弯矩进而提高其承载能力, 进一步采用解析方法, 阐述了铰支球头的工作机理. 采用数值仿真方法, 开展了螺栓附加弯矩灵敏度分析, 验证了优化设计方法的有效性. 进一步开展试验研究, 获得不同连接状态下螺栓的附加弯矩, 验证了优化设计方法的正确性和可行性. 该方法能够极大降低高强螺栓的附加弯矩, 最大程度发挥螺栓的承载能力, 提高连接结构的可靠性.   相似文献   

7.
方岱宁  冯雪  万永平 《实验力学》2002,17(Z1):19-25
磁性材料已经在新技术中起着重要的作用,研究这些磁性材料的力学规律对于磁性材料的应用和发展至关重要.软磁材料在工作状态时,一般受到机械应力场和电磁场双重耦合场的作用,其本构关系本质上是非线性的.这给理论模拟带来了很大困难.目前无论是从实验方面或者是理论模型方面,对软磁材料的力磁耦合本构关系的研究都很不成熟.本文用实验方法,研究了高纯度镍和锰锌复合铁氧体这两种传统软磁材料的力磁耦合本构关系.研制了力磁耦合加载设备,测量设备和监控设备.采用铁氧体粉末烧结方法,烧制了实验所需的圆柱状实验试件.实验结果表明,外加应力对镍和锰锌铁氧体材料的磁致应变具有重要影响,较大预加应力对镍的磁化强度产生较明显的影响.而外应力对锰锌铁氧体材料的磁化曲线影响很小.  相似文献   

8.
扭转剪应力对螺栓紧固应力声弹性测量的影响研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
1 引言螺栓作为一种紧固件,广泛应用于桥梁、重型机械、大型密封装置、输电塔等各种结构中.结构的整体性,可靠性,在很大程度上取决于螺栓紧固应力的大小是否合适.因此,确定和监测螺栓的紧固应力就显得至关重要.传统的测量方法是采用专用扭力板手,经扭矩推算出螺栓轴力.但由于螺纹面之间及螺母与工件之间摩擦系数这个不定因素,其测量精度受到限制.且这种方法不适用于后期监测.超声法—利用声弹性原理直接测量轴力,精度较高,且便于现场应用和长期监测.但这种新方法在现场应用尚有些问题需要研究.其中包括扭转剪应力对声弹性应力测量的影响.已紧固的螺栓,除了受轴力外,还受  相似文献   

9.
本文应用弹塑性理论研究了被测试样的屈服强度、应力场对钻孔法测量残余应力过程中钻孔附加应变的影响,使用简化的理论模型推导了低速旋转钻头钻孔产生附加应变的一般表达式.结果表明钻孔引入的附加应变与被测试样的原始残余应力状态有关,随应力水平增加而增大,在压应力减小到某一临界值σ时,钻孔附加应变为零。在 Ly12铝合金上的实验测量结果与理论结果一致。  相似文献   

10.
杆中嵌入薄板的应力波传播行为   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
采用一维理论分析和二维有限元模拟,研究了杆中嵌入薄板的应力波传播行为.首先根据一维弹性应力波理论,推导了反射波,透射波以及板中应力的表达式.结合算例,分析了薄板厚度对应力波传播的影响,然后采用有限元方法,验证了一维理论分析结果,同时也研究了不同界面处理方式对结果的影响.结果表明板越薄,对应力波传播的影响越小,薄板中应力越能真实地反映杆中的应力状态;在SHPB实验中,嵌入薄片/薄膜传感器测量微弱应力信号是可行的.  相似文献   

11.
This paper presents a nondestructive stress evaluation technique using the ultrasonic interference spectrum of leaky Lamb waves. By using a specific pitch-catch ultrasonic setup, the symmetric and antisymmetric modes of Lamb waves in a finite plate are decoupled, leading to simple relationships between the modal frequency spacing of two adjacent modes in the interference spectrum and the acoustic wave velocities that are functions of stress. As a result, the stress in the plate can be determined by measuring the modal frequency spacing instead of the relative flight times to calculate the acoustic wave velocity. Extensive experiments were carried out to verify the viability and robustness of the new technique using a simple testing system. It has been demonstrated that the new technique is about 25 times more accurate than existing flight-time approaches using the same testing system. The experimental results agree well with the results obtained by other ultrasonic methods using expensive equipment.  相似文献   

12.
An ultrasonic pulse/echo technique is used to measure preload in bolts used in structural joints. In this paper, the same instrument is used in a different way to measure change in the ultrasonic measurements due to bending in the bolts. A theory that explains the ultrasonic measurements is developed. The bending loads result in a rotation and a translation of the ultrasonic pulse reflecting face. It also creates a stress gradient in the bolt. This results in a phase variation (or gradient) in the received ultrasonic beam across the face of the transducer. It also results in a physical shift in the received beam relative to the ultrasonic transducer. The phase gradient and the shift in the beam results in change in the pulse travel time. A number of experiments were performed on the bolt to study the effect of the bending on the ultrasonic measurements. The experiments and the theory validate a sensitive new method for measuring the bending loads in the bolts.  相似文献   

13.
超声波对金属材料性能影响实验研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
郑金鑫  万志敏 《实验力学》1998,13(4):492-496
通过对紫铜和低碳钢在超声波作用下材料特性的实验研究,探讨此类材料的一些特殊表现诸如屈服点降低,硬化率降低和延伸率降低等.建立了一套超声波材料拉伸实验系统,给出材料特性变化的实验数据并对这些特殊现象的形成机理进行初步探讨.给出了韧性金属材料在超声波作用下的本构方程,并与实验结果相比较,结果表明理论分析与实验结果一致  相似文献   

14.
朱潋  何为  吴军 《实验力学》2014,29(1):26-32
弹性介质在受到外力的情况下会发生弹性形变。在弹性介质质量一定的情况下,此弹性形变会使弹性介质的体积和密度伴随着改变。对于超声波而言,在除了弹性介质本身的其他因素不变的情况下,弹性介质体积和密度的改变将会影响到超声波的传播特性。通过理论分析得出超声波幅值和相位随弹性琼脂应力变化的关系。以琼脂作为实验模型,检测琼脂在形变时超声波的信号参数,并且通过实验数据,最终得到二者的曲线和标定公式。此结果有利于今后在介质应力检测及超声波检测技术等方面的深入研究。  相似文献   

15.
This paper reports on a procedure for photoviscoelastic analysis where the axes of principal stress, principal strain and polarization of light coincide in the presence of a large temperature change. More specially, the transient-thermal stress and strain due to stress in an epoxy beam subjected to quenching from both the upper and lower surfaces, are determined using the time-temperature-equivalent law for stress, strain and birefringence. The transient-thermal stress and strain in the beam were determined experimentally using hereditary integrations from the measurement of the transient temperature and birefringence due to the quenching of the beam. The transient thermal stress and strain were also calculated theoretically using the linear-viscoelastic theory. The experimentally determined thermal stress agrees closely with the theoretical results. The experimentally determined strain agrees qualitatively with the theoretical values. Thus, it is concluded that the photoviscoelastic technique is useful in analyzing the proposed problem.Paper was presented at 1982 SESA/JSME Spring Meeting held in Maui and Oahu, HI on May 23–28, 1982.  相似文献   

16.
Stress applied to a material can be evaluated using ultrasonic waves. This practice is based on acoustoelastic theory, which relates the stress to the velocity of a wave traveling through the body. How the stress affects the wave velocity is determined by the material’s acoustoelastic constant. This constant can be experimentally measured or calculated from the material’s elastic constants. However, ultrasonic techniques have yet to be adopted as an inspection tool in the field. A factor contributing to this fact is the non-uniformity of materials, mostly associated with grain alignment or texture. As researchers consider this factor, they should take into account the anisotropy generated by rolling. The common practice, however, when relating strain and wave velocity is to ignore anisotropy and to simply utilize isotropic models. No studies have been performed to evaluate the effect of anisotropy on the stress measurement by ultrasound, especially for methods using critically refracted longitudinal waves. The aim of this study is to evaluate how the anisotropy generated by rolling affects the acoustoelastic effect for 7050 T7451 aluminum alloy. We compare the value of the acoustoelastic constant obtained experimentally for rolled samples to the constant calculated with measured elastic constants when the material is assumed to be isotropic. The results show that the methods yield different results, suggesting that the simplified isotropic model should be applied with caution. Since no true known value for elastic constants exists, the results can be used to approach the uncertainty when employing the isotropic model to evaluate stresses in aluminum alloys.  相似文献   

17.
The ‘plane vs. plane’ contact involving flat punches has been the subject of many investigations, even in recent years, mainly due to the crucial role that such components play in phenomena, such as fretting fatigue and indentation tests. While the problem has been deeply approached from a theoretical point of view, there is a noteworthy lack of experimental verifications due to the limited number of laboratory techniques capable of supplying detailed information about contact parameters. In order to make a partial contribution towards gaining an understanding of such problems, this study proposes the investigation of flat rounded punch contact with an ultrasound-based technique, which exploits the properties of ultrasonic waves to be differently reflected by a contact interface depending on its stress state. A suitable setup was built in such a way as to ensure a good level of control of contact conditions, and the interface was scanned with a high-frequency ultrasonic transducer so as to acquire the reflection data. While the graphic processing of the ultrasonic coefficient of reflection may easily be displayed as a ‘contact map’, the quantitative accuracy of the method was also investigated by comparing experimental results with those obtained from a Finite Element model of the system. The results show a good level of agreement between the two approaches, thus confirming that the ultrasonic technique can be effectively employed to investigate many contact problems which to date have never (or scarcely) been experimentally validated.  相似文献   

18.
Uniaxial ratcheting and failure behaviors of two steels   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
The strain cyclic characteristics, ratcheting and failure behaviors of 25CDV4.11 steel and SS304 stainless steel were experimentally studied under uniaxial cyclic tests and at room temperature. The cyclic hardening/softening features of the materials were first observed under uniaxial strain cycling; and then the ratcheting and failure behaviors of the materials were researched in detail under cyclic stressing. The effects of stress amplitude and mean stress on the ratcheting and failure were discussed under uniaxial asymmetrical stress cycling. It is concluded that the ratcheting and failure behaviors of the materials depend greatly on the cyclic softening/hardening features of the materials and the stress values of cyclic loading. Some conclusions useful to understand the fatigue failure of the materials presented under asymmetrical cyclic stressing are obtained.  相似文献   

19.
针对结构中微裂纹检测难题,本文对结构中微裂纹与超声波的混频非线性作用进行了数值仿真研究。基于经典非线性理论,得到了两列超声纵波相互作用产生混频效应的理论条件。通过有限元仿真,研究了两列纵波与微裂纹相互作用产生混频的条件,并分析了界面处静应力、摩擦系数和裂纹方向对混频效应的影响。研究发现,超声波与微裂纹相互作用产生混频非线性效应的发生条件仍符合经典非线性理论下的混频产生条件。裂纹界面处施加的静应力对差频横波幅值有明显影响;当施加静应力与无裂纹模型得到的最大应力值接近时,混频非线性效应最强;裂纹界面的摩擦系数对超声波的混频非线性效应影响较小;透射差频横波传播方向与经典非线性理论预测的理论差频分量方向基本一致,且几乎不受裂纹方向变化的影响,而反射差频横波的传播方向随裂纹方向的改变而有所不同。本文研究工作为微裂纹检出及方向识别做了有益探索。  相似文献   

20.
An experimental study of the propagation of high-frequency acoustic waves through grid-generated turbulence by means of an ultrasound technique is discussed. Experimental data were obtained for ultrasonic wave propagation downstream of heated and non-heated grids in a wind tunnel. A semi-analytical acoustic propagation model that allows the determination of the spatial correlation functions of the flow field is developed based on the classical flowmeter equation and the statistics of the travel time of acoustic waves traveling through the kinematic and thermal turbulence. The basic flowmeter equation is reconsidered in order to take into account sound speed fluctuations and turbulent velocity fluctuations. It allows deriving an integral equation that relates the correlation functions of travel time, sound speed fluctuations and turbulent velocity fluctuations. Experimentally measured travel time statistics of data with and without grid heating are approximated by an exponential function and used to analytically solve the integral equation. The reconstructed correlation functions of the turbulent velocity and sound speed fluctuations are presented. The power spectral density of the turbulent velocity and sound speed fluctuations are calculated.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号