双模态发动机的模态鉴别方法

双模态冲压发动机的不同燃烧模态具有不同的稳焰机制和流态特征,并且在模态转换时伴随着显著的推力变化. 因此,准确判断燃烧模态,对于捕捉发动机的燃烧区位置/范围、释热分布特征,以及为进一步优化燃烧室的设计(流道结构和供油布局) 具有重要意义. 目前尚无鉴别模态的有效试验方法,本文提出了一种模态鉴别的试验方法,并在超燃直连台上开展验证试验. 试验中使用的测量技术包括:壁面静压、高速阴影/纹影、多通道可调谐二极管吸收光谱和高能态碳氢自由基CH* 自发光成像. 利用多种测量方法的组合,可以同时获得燃烧室中气流静温、速度、马赫数分布,释热分布以及燃烧区位置/范围. 这些试验数据能够用于判别模态,并获得不同模态的流动和火焰特征.      

不同构型和多点喷射对短环型燃烧室燃烧性能的影响

对短环形流燃烧室内有较强回流的湍流旋流流动进行了模拟,并从两个方面(燃烧室构型和多点喷射)对燃烧室性能的影响进行了分析。计算中采用Reynoldes应力湍流模型(RSM)、EBU-Arrheniue湍流燃烧模型和离散坐标辐射模型描述其燃烧流动,液相采用Lagrange法处理,气相采用SIMPLE法求解。研究表明:在燃料和空气总流量不变的情况下,燃烧室构型对燃烧室出口平均温度影响不大,对出口温度分布、燃烧室内空气流场有比较大的影响。喷嘴数目的改变对出口处的平均温度和平均速度影响不大,但是对出口截面处的温度分布影响比较大,在局部范围可能产生温度比较高的热斑。     

当量比对预混燃烧影响的大涡模拟研究

本文对在突扩燃烧室内甲烷和空气的预混燃烧进行了大涡模拟(LES)研究,考虑预混燃料的当量比对燃烧室提供的动力及产生的污染物的影响．利用LES计算了不同当量比条件下燃烧室内湍流预混燃烧反应流场的温度、浓度、涡量和压力分布,最后对当量比0.5时B点和C点的温度和速度进行EMD分解,得到了温度场和速度场的各阶模态的平均周期．结果表明：随着当量比从0.5增加至0.7,燃烧反应趋于剧烈,燃烧室的最高温度提高了350K,平均压力从32.876 Pa增大到34.833Pa,燃烧产生的瞬态径向最高浓度从0.5%增加到0.95%．     

基于液体碳氢燃料的旋转爆轰燃烧特性研究

为了探索液体碳氢燃料参与旋转爆轰所产生的不完全燃烧现象,采用守恒元与求解元方法,开展柱坐标系下的汽油/空气两相旋转爆轰燃烧室三维数值模拟研究,针对燃料喷注压力和反应物当量比对旋转爆轰流场结构及燃烧室性能的影响进行分析。分析结果表明:保持总当量比为1.00,随着燃料喷注压力的上升,燃烧室内燃料不均匀分布增强,产生局部富燃区,燃料在燃烧室未能完全反应,导致燃烧室燃料比冲下降;保持喷注压力不变,减小当量比,在贫燃工况下依然存在局部富燃区,导致燃烧室内出现不完全燃烧现象,降低燃烧室比冲性能。由此可知,反应物喷注方案对气液两相旋转爆轰的不完全燃烧有显著影响。     

湍流强度对预混燃烧影响的大涡模拟研究

本文对甲烷和空气在突扩燃烧室内的预混燃烧进行了大涡模拟(LES)研究,主要关注于预混燃料的湍流强度对甲烷-空气预混燃烧效率的影响.LES数值模拟给出了不同入口湍流强度的条件下燃烧室内湍流预混燃烧反应流场的速度场,温度场和浓度场分布.分析的结果表明:随着预混燃料入口湍流强度的增大,燃烧反应更加剧烈,燃烧效率提高,火焰长度也随之变短,同时,一氧化碳的生成区域明显变小,整体生成量减少.研究的结果对有效地提高燃气轮机的燃烧效率和减少污染物的排放提供一定的参考依据.     

模型超燃冲压发动机内着火过程分析

在燃烧室入口来流为Ma=2.64、T0=1483K、P0＝1.65MPa、T=724K、P=76.3kPa条件下,采用高速摄影和连续激光高速纹影对等截面型开窗燃烧室内氢气射流自燃过程、火花塞点燃氢气过程和引导氢气火焰点燃煤油过程进行了观测,获得了燃烧室内着火过程中火焰和流场波系结构的动态演化过程;观察到了初始火焰区首先起始于燃烧室下游,并逆流传播实现发动机着火的过程;分析表明燃料能否着火、以及着火位置与燃料着火时间、燃烧室流速和火焰稳定器安装情况相关,多火焰稳定区延长了燃料驻留时间,使燃料更容易着火。关键词 超燃冲压发动机,点火过程,火焰传播,火焰稳定器      

地震纵横波时差耦合作用的斜坡崩滑效应研究

在燃烧室入口来流为Ma=2.64、T0=1483K、P0＝1.65MPa、T=724K、P=76.3kPa条件下,采用高速摄影和连续激光高速纹影对等截面型开窗燃烧室内氢气射流自燃过程、火花塞点燃氢气过程和引导氢气火焰点燃煤油过程进行了观测,获得了燃烧室内着火过程中火焰和流场波系结构的动态演化过程;观察到了初始火焰区首先起始于燃烧室下游,并逆流传播实现发动机着火的过程;分析表明燃料能否着火、以及着火位置与燃料着火时间、燃烧室流速和火焰稳定器安装情况相关,多火焰稳定区延长了燃料驻留时间,使燃料更容易着火。 关键词 超燃冲压发动机,点火过程,火焰传播,火焰稳定器     

超声速化学反应流动中燃料预喷研究述评

研制基于超声速燃烧的高效吸气式推进装置(运行Mach数在3.5以上)需要寻求改善混合效率的有效机制, 这对于采用常规碳氢燃料(特别是可以增加密度的液体燃料)的装置尤为重要. 延长混合时间的一种途径是在飞行器燃料室的上游喷入部分燃料. 壁面喷射一直是超声速气动力学最具挑战性的课题, 这里包括使比冲损失最小、改善燃料-空气的混合、减少入口段/燃烧室的相互作用以及增进火焰稳定性等. 综述了超声速入口段或燃烧室的隔离器中液体燃料(个别情况下为气体燃料)喷射的研究进展. 在这些研究中, 燃料都是从后掠型细支架尾迹中的壁面处喷射出来的, 动压比很低($q_{\rm {jet}}/q_{\rm {air}}$=0.6$\sim$1.5). 它们涉及入口段和燃烧室的隔离器中单个支架/喷射器的几何结构及其组合方式、各种各样的喷射条件、不同的引射剂, 并且评估了这些因素对于燃料羽流喷散、比冲损失以及混合效率的影响. 述评引用了46篇参考文献.     

超燃燃烧室气流参数诊断

基于可调谐二极管激光器吸收光谱技术, 利用7185.597cm^{-1}, 7444.35cm^{-1} + 7444.37cm^{-1}(重合吸收线)两条H_2O吸收线, 采用分时扫描-直接探测策略组建多光路吸收测量系统, 在4kHz的测量频率下, 定量测量了燃烧室气流的静温、水蒸气浓度和流向速度. 利用位移机构, 在以C_2H_4为燃料的超燃直连式试验台中, 在单次试验中同时诊断燃烧室内某截面和燃烧室出口的多气流参数的截面分布. 利用燃烧室出口截面的水蒸气浓度分布, 并结合壁面静压计算燃烧效率; 利用燃烧室出口截面的静温和速度分布, 获得出口气流马赫数分布; 利用凹腔后部某截面的温度和水蒸气浓度分布, 判读了凹腔附近流场特征.      

当量比对汽油燃料两相旋转爆轰发动机工作特性影响实验研究

为了研究当量比对汽油燃料两相旋转爆轰发动机工作特性的影响,开展了以高总温空气为氧化剂的气液两相旋转爆轰实验研究。旋转爆轰发动机环形燃烧室外径、内径和长度分别为202、166和155 mm。汽油和高温空气采用高压雾化喷嘴与环缝对撞喷注的方式混合,以此提高推进剂的掺混效果与活性,采用预爆轰管作为点火装置。实验通过改变汽油质量流量改变推进剂当量比,并基于燃烧室内测得的高频动态压力和平均静压,对气液两相旋转爆轰波的传播模态和传播特性以及发动机的工作特性进行了详细分析。实验结果表明:在当量比为0.79～1.25时,燃烧室内均实现了旋转爆轰波的连续自持传播,且随着当量比的增加,爆轰波传播模态从双波对撞/单波的混合模态转变为单波模态;降低当量比至0.61～0.66,爆轰波传播稳定性变差,传播模态表现为间断爆轰以及零星爆轰;进一步降低当量比至0.53,爆轰波起爆失败。此外,燃烧室平均绝对压力与爆轰波平均传播频率均随着当量比的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,极大值出现在当量比1.19附近。在此工况下获得了最佳实验结果,旋转爆轰波的平均传播频率为1 900.9 Hz,平均传播速度为1 110.8 m/s,与高频压力信号经快速傅里叶变换得到的主频基本一致,爆轰波传播速度存在严重亏损。     

Reconstructed 3D flame structures in noise-controlled swirl-stabilized combustor

Flame structures of turbulent premixed flames in a noise-controlled, swirl-stabilized combustor are investigated to clarify the mechanism of combustion noise reduction by the secondary fuel injection. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is conducted for several cases with different secondary fuel injection, and 3D flame structure is reconstructed from PLIF results on multiple planes. The secondary fuel injection suppresses the fluctuation of high-temperature gas in the recirculation zone and reduces Reynolds stress and entropy terms in the acoustic sound source. In the flame zone, effects of the injection frequency are discussed by introducing mean progress variable. The flame brush is very wide for the no control case, whereas it becomes thin and is confined to a narrow space for the secondary fuel injection cases. The investigated combustor gives minimum sound level at a relevant fuel injection frequency, which is very low compared with the natural acoustic mode of the combustor. The flame brush becomes very thin, and self-induced oscillations of the flame brush disappear at this relevant frequency. The oscillation of the flame brush represents large-scale fluctuation of the mean heat release rate. The relations between characteristics of flame brush and combustion noise are discussed by introducing instantaneous and dynamical effects of flame front on the entropy term of the sound source. The secondary fuel injection works for the control of the entropy term in the sound source because the thin flame brush represents suppression of the instantaneous and dynamical effects.     

Simultaneous measurements of equivalence ratio and flame structure in multipoint injectors using PLIF

Simultaneous measurements of PLIF-kerosene and PLIF-OH have been successfully performed in a multipoint injection system for various overall equivalence ratio, air inlet temperature between 480 and 730 K and pressure up to 2.2 MPa. Single shot 2D-maps of the spatial distribution of kerosene vapour and OH radical in the combustor have been recorded with good signal-to-noise ratio. Results show that depending on the split between the pilot and the main injectors, the flame front exhibits a single or a double structure. Good spatial correlation between the repartition of the kerosene vapour and the position of the flame front was observed; in particular, no “dark zone” is observed between the fuel and the flame front. As temperature and pressure increase, fuel evaporation improves and the spatial distribution of OH radical becomes more homogeneous in the combustor, suggesting a partially-distributed combustion. To cite this article: M. Orain et al., C. R. Mecanique 337 (2009).     

LES of a Multi-burner Annular Gas Turbine Combustor

In this study, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) has been used to predict the flow, mixing and combustion in both a single burner laboratory gas turbine combustor and in an 18 burner annular combustor, having identical cross sections. The LES results for the single burner laboratory combustor are compared with experimental data for a laboratory model of this combustor, and with other LES predictions, with good agreement. An explicit finite volume based LES model, using the mixed subgrid model together with a partially stirred reactor model for the turbulence chemistry interactions, is used. For the annular combustor, with the swirlers parameterized by jet inflow boundary conditions, we have investigated the influence of the a-priori unknown combustor exit impedance, the influence of the swirler characteristics and the fuel type. The combustion chemistry of methane–air and n-decane–air combustion is modeled by a two-step reaction mechanism, whereas NOx is separately modeled with a one-step mechanism. No experimental data exists for the annular combustor, but these results are compared with the single burner LES and experimental results available. The combustor exit impedance, the swirler- and fuel characteristics all seem to influence the combusting flow through the acoustics of the annular combustor. To examine this in greater detail time-series and eigenmodes of the combustor flow fields are analyzed and comparisons are made also with results from conventional thermoacoustic eigenmode analysis, with reasonable agreement. The flow and pressure distributions in the annular combustor are described in some detail and the mechanisms by which the burners interact are outlined.     

OH-PLIF visualisation of radical farming supersonic combustion flows

Experimental investigations employing Planar Laser-induced fluorescence visualisation of the qualitative distribution of the OH radical (OH-PLIF), coupled with surface pressure measurements, have been made of flow in a generic, nominally two-dimensional inlet-injection radical farming supersonic combustion scramjet engine model. The test flows were provided by a hypersonic shock tunnel, and covered total enthalpies corresponding to the flight Mach number range 8.7–11.8 and approximately 150 kPa dynamic pressure. The surface pressure measurements displayed radical farming behaviour, that is a series of adjacent high and low pressure regions corresponding to successive shock/expansion structures, with no significant combustion-induced pressure rise until the second structure. OH-PLIF imaging between the first two structures provides the first direct experimental evidence of significant OH radical concentrations upstream of the ignition point in this mode of scramjet operation and shows that combustion reactions were occurring in highly localised regions in a complex turbulent and poorly micromixed fuel/air mixing layer confined to the fuel injection side of the combustor.     

Experimental investigation of combustion mechanisms of kerosene-fueled scramjet engines with double-cavity flameholders

A scramjet combustor with double cavitybased flameholders was experimentally studied in a directconnected test bed with the inflow conditions of M = 2.64,Pt = 1.84 MPa,Tt = 1 300 K.Successful ignition and selfsustained combustion with room temperature kerosene was achieved using pilot hydrogen,and kerosene was vertically injected into the combustor through 4×φ 0.5 mm holes mounted on the wall.For different equivalence ratios and different injection schemes with both tandem cavities and parallel cavities,flow fields were obtained and compared using a high speed camera and a Schlieren system.Results revealed that the combustor inside the flow field was greatly influenced by the cavity installation scheme,cavities in tandem easily to form a single side flame distribution,and cavities in parallel are more likely to form a joint flame,forming a choked combustion mode.The supersonic combustion flame was a kind of diffusion flame and there were two kinds of combustion modes.In the unchoked combustion mode,both subsonic and supersonic combustion regions existed.While in the choked mode,the combustion region was fully subsonic with strong shock propagating upstream.Results also showed that there was a balance point between the boundary separation and shock enhanced combustion,depending on the intensity of heat release.     

提高高马赫数超燃冲压发动机推力的理论方法

斜爆轰发动机和激波诱导燃烧冲压发动机在高马赫数吸气式发动机中具有重要应用前景,但是斜爆轰发动机是否具有足够大的净推力,还是一个未知的问题,因此需要对高马赫数冲压发动机的推进性能以及提高推力的方法进行理论研究.本文主要分为3部分.第1部分理论研究了超燃冲压发动机中的爆燃波和爆轰波的传播特性.保证发动机稳定燃烧是提高推力的...     

Progress in miniature liquid film combustors: Double chamber and central porous fuel inlet designs

One of the key limits to miniaturizing the size of liquid fueled combustors is the atomization process applied in meso-scale systems. A single-wall fuel-film combustor was introduced recently as one of the successful liquid fuel combustors at the meso-scale. Instead of atomizing the fuel, film combustors spread out a liquid film along the wall and absorb the heat transferred from the flame for vaporization. With a single-wall film design, however, there are some unexpected and disadvantageous combustion phenomena. This paper attempts to improve the single-wall film combustor by exploring separately a double chamber concept and a central porous fuel delivery concept. These two configurations help describe the limits and the potential of liquid fuel-film miniature combustors. The double chamber design demonstrates how heat transfer issues can be overcome by injecting the fuel-film on the outside of the primary combustor wall rather than on the inside, and the second design demonstrates a flame-holding mechanism using a porous material set on the bottom of the chamber. The combustion behavior in these two configurations is compared with that in the original single-wall miniature fuel-film combustor, revealing new aspects that are relevant to portable power generation with high specific energy and power.