受三维静载压缩岩石对冲击能的吸收效应

为了研究深部地下资源开发过程中矿岩破裂的能耗效应，通过利用自行研制的岩石动静组合加载试验机，对细砂岩进行了2个系列的三维动静组合加载试验，即固定围压改变轴向静压和固定轴向静压改变围压的冲击试验。试验结果表明:在固定围压条件下，随着轴向静压增加，砂岩试件破坏所消耗的动载荷能量密度逐渐降低；当轴向静压在对应的常规三轴抗压强度的70%以上，消耗的动载荷能量密度变为负值（岩石试件释放能量）；轴向静压再进一步加大，负值逐渐接近0，但始终在0以下。在轴向静压不变且较小的条件下，随着围压增大，岩石试件破坏所消耗的动载荷能量密度值一直在增大；但当轴向静压较大且在对应的常规三轴抗压强度的70%以上时，岩石试件在受到动力扰动后失去原平衡，能够自行破坏，并释放多余的能量。     

直撞式霍普金森压杆二次加载技术

利用传统分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB）实验技术来实现试件在较低应变率下的大变形时，需要使用超长的压杆系统，杆件的加工和实验空间限制了该技术的推广应用。鉴于此，提出一种直撞式霍普金森压杆二次加载实验技术，利用透射杆中的应力波在其末端的准刚性壁反射实现对试件的二次加载，并分析了准刚性质量块尺寸对二次加载的影响规律；采用二点波分离方法对叠加的应力波进行了有效分离和计算，在总长4 m的压杆系统中实现了1.2 ms的长历时加载，并可以准确获得试件的加载应变率曲线和应力应变关系。建立了直撞式霍普金森压杆二次加载有限元模型，数值仿真结果表明，该实验技术能有效地实现试件的二次加载，与超长SHPB系统获得的仿真结果相比较，两者的试件应力应变关系完全一致。利用该技术对1100铝合金材料进行动态压缩实验，实现了其在102 s?1量级应变率下的大变形动态力学性能测试。     

中低速压缩加载下不同截面构型复合材料薄壁结构吸能特性及失效分析

为研究开剖面复合材料薄壁吸能结构的吸能特性,基于高速液压伺服试验系统,开展了开剖面复合材料薄壁结构轴向压缩试验,分析了截面构型、截面长宽比、触发模式及加载速度对其吸能特性的影响,揭示了其在压溃过程中的失效及吸能机理。研究结果表明,复合材料薄壁结构压溃过程中主要通过材料弯曲、分层、剪切破坏以及压溃区之间的摩擦吸能。截面构型对其吸能特性影响显著,其中,帽形及Ω形试件的平均压溃载荷较C形试件分别高出14.1%和14.6%,比吸能较C形试件分别高出14.3%和14.8%;截面长宽比对复合材料薄壁结构吸能特性的影响不如截面构型明显;触发模式主要影响吸能结构的初始压溃阶段,在降低峰值载荷方面,C形试件采用45°倒角触发效果更好,帽形试件采用15°尖顶触发效果更好;当加载速度从0.01 m/s提高到1 m/s时,C形、帽形及Ω形试件的平均压溃载荷分别下降了6.1%、10.9%和6.1%,比吸能分别下降了6.2%、11.0%和6.2%。     

基于脉冲星导航系统的X射线探测器

X射线脉冲星导航中脉冲到达时间（TOA）是脉冲星导航系统中基本的测量量，其测量精度直接影响导航定位的精度。国内外对用于X射线脉冲星导航的探测器研究还处于探索阶段。通过比较不同类型探测器的特性，根据导航定位精度对探测器各项性能指标的要求，提出一种X射线探测器系统设计方案，为用于脉冲星导航的X射线探测器的研制提供一种参考。本方案用CCD作为探测器主体，整个探测器由光学结构、CCD及电子学系统组成。     

用频率法测试一端固支另一端自由压杆的临界载荷

针对用频率法测定一端固支一端自由的杆件临界压力时,对杆件自由端的特殊约束要求,设计了一种双杆对称加载夹持装置,使杆件在承受轴向载荷作用的同时,仍然能够满足产生横向自由振动的条件。利用该装置进行频率法实验,得到了接近欧拉解的临界压力测试结果。结合实验数据分析,探讨了将频率法用于一端固支一端自由的压杆临界压力测试时,轴向压和轴向拉两种加载方式的适应性。     

与医用CT配套的便携式材料试验机的研制及其在混凝土损伤研究中的应用

混凝土内部细观裂纹的演化规律研究可以解释其动态特性和损伤破坏机理.X射线CT技术是无损探测混凝土内部细观裂纹萌生、扩展、贯通的有效手段.与医用CT配套的便携式材料试验机是进行混凝土CT试验的关键加载设备.本文概要介绍研制便携式材料试验机的研制过程.论述实现动态加载的几个关键技术问题,包括加载设备的便携式要求、加载波形显示、加载控制、试件安装和粘结技术等.经过试验,表明所研制的加载设备达到了使用要求.混凝土动力压缩条件下突发性裂纹的出现是其动态强度提高的原因之一.     

中应变率材料试验机的研制

本文全面介绍了自行研制的中应变率材料试验机的基本情况,此试验装置可在0.1s^-1-50s^-1应变率范围内对哑铃状圆柱试件和哑铃状扁平试件进行拉伸及加卸载实验,对圆柱状态 试件进行了压缩及加卸载试验,通过采用液压驱动、分级调速、缓冲撞击等技术产生上升沿陡峭的平衡加载脉冲,从而实现中应变率试验;通过自定心夹具、液压缸的精密共轴保证试验的可靠性;辅以定位装置实现对试件的加卸载;同时通过力传感器及配套研制的高动态应变仪、光学引伸仪完成应力、应变的测量,经实验考评,表明装置是可靠的。     

压应力场中爆生裂纹分布与扩展特征实验分析

采用动静组合加载实验装置和数字激光焦散线实验系统，进行了0、3、6、9 MPa等4种压应力场中PMMA试件的爆破致裂实验，分析了沿静态主应力方向扩展的裂纹运动学和力学行为。实验结果表明:首先，静态竖向载荷在预制炮孔周围产生应力集中，在炮孔壁上下端部处出现最大拉应力；随后，在动态爆炸载荷的叠加作用下，裂纹优先在炮孔壁上最大拉应力位置处起裂，并沿最大主应力方向扩展；裂纹扩展过程中，静态竖向载荷越大，裂纹扩展速度越大，且裂纹尖端应力强度因子值越大。     

水泥砂浆在主动围压下的动态力学性能

水泥砂浆等脆性材料的力学性能与所受围压的大小密切相关。为了研究水泥砂浆在围压下的动态力学性能，研制了适于分立式Hopkinson压杆加载的主动围压装置，最大预加载主动围压大于30 MPa。实验得到了水泥砂浆在不同围压、不同应变率下的轴向应力应变曲线，发现材料在围压作用下抗压强度和韧性大大提高并且整体进入了伪塑性，而材料的应变率效应也是显著的。     

中柱失效工况下单层组合框架受力理论分析

基于已有试验，本文提出了轴向弹簧和转动弹簧约束的组合框架简化计算模型，推导了在集中荷载作用下刚性、半刚性连接平面组合梁双跨钢框架移除中柱后的荷载-跨中挠度曲线计算公式，考虑了压拱效应和连接刚度的影响，将公式计算结果与试验结果进行对比证明了推导过程和计算公式的可靠性．在对比结果的基础上，根据已有试验和模拟结果对已有悬索阶段的计算公式进行修正，修正后的公式与试验结果吻合较好．     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.