An optimized Schwarz method with two‐sided Robin transmission conditions for the Helmholtz equation

Optimized Schwarz methods are working like classical Schwarz methods, but they are exchanging physically more valuable information between subdomains and hence have better convergence behaviour. The new transmission conditions include also derivative information, not just function values, and optimized Schwarz methods can be used without overlap. In this paper, we present a new optimized Schwarz method without overlap in the 2d case, which uses a different Robin condition for neighbouring subdomains at their common interface, and which we call two‐sided Robin condition. We optimize the parameters in the Robin conditions and show that for a fixed frequency an asymptotic convergence factor of 1 – O(h^1/4) in the mesh parameter h can be achieved. If the frequency is related to the mesh parameter h, h = O(1/ω^γ) for γ?1, then the optimized asymptotic convergence factor is 1 – O(ω^(1–2γ)/8). We illustrate our analysis with 2d numerical experiments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fourier analysis of Schwarz domain decomposition methods for the biharmonic equation

Schwarz methods are an important type of domain decomposition methods. Using the Fourier transform, we derive error propagation matrices and their spectral radii of the classical Schwarz alternating method and the additive Schwarz method for the biharmonic equation in this paper. We prove the convergence of the Schwarz methods from a new point of view, and provide detailed information about the convergence speeds and their dependence on the overlapping size of subdomains. The obtained results are independent of any unknown constant and discretization method, showing that the Schwarz alternating method converges twice as quickly as the additive Schwarz method.     

Flow simulation on moving boundary‐fitted grids and application to fluid–structure interaction problems

We present a method for the parallel numerical simulation of transient three‐dimensional fluid–structure interaction problems. Here, we consider the interaction of incompressible flow in the fluid domain and linear elastic deformation in the solid domain. The coupled problem is tackled by an approach based on the classical alternating Schwarz method with non‐overlapping subdomains, the subproblems are solved alternatingly and the coupling conditions are realized via the exchange of boundary conditions. The elasticity problem is solved by a standard linear finite element method. A main issue is that the flow solver has to be able to handle time‐dependent domains. To this end, we present a technique to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation in three‐dimensional domains with moving boundaries. This numerical method is a generalization of a finite volume discretization using curvilinear coordinates to time‐dependent coordinate transformations. It corresponds to a discretization of the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations. Here the grid velocity is treated in such a way that the so‐called Geometric Conservation Law is implicitly satisfied. Altogether, our approach results in a scheme which is an extension of the well‐known MAC‐method to a staggered mesh in moving boundary‐fitted coordinates which uses grid‐dependent velocity components as the primary variables. To validate our method, we present some numerical results which show that second‐order convergence in space is obtained on moving grids. Finally, we give the results of a fully coupled fluid–structure interaction problem. It turns out that already a simple explicit coupling with one iteration of the Schwarz method, i.e. one solution of the fluid problem and one solution of the elasticity problem per time step, yields a convergent, simple, yet efficient overall method for fluid–structure interaction problems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A coupled multigrid-domain-splitting technique for simulating incompressible flows in geometrically complex domains

This paper describes a domain decomposition numerical procedure for solving the Navier-Stokes equations in regions with complex geometries. The numerical method includes a modified version of QUICK (quadratic upstream interpolation convective kinematics) for the formulation of convective terms and a central difference scheme for the diffusion terms. A second-order-accurate predictor-corrector scheme is employed for the explicit time stepping. Although the momentum equations are solved independently on each subdomain, the pressure field is computed simultaneously on the entire flow field. A multigrid technique coupled with a Schwarz-like iteration method is devised to solve the pressure equation over the composite domains. The success of this strategy depends crucially on appropriate methods for specifying intergrid pressure boundary conditions on subdomains. A proper method for exchanging information among subdomains during the Schwarz sweep is equally important to the success of the multigrid solution for the overall pressure field. These methods are described and subsequently applied to two forced convection flow problems involving complex geometries to demonstrate the power and versatility of the technique. The resulting pressure and velocity fields exhibit excellent global consistency. The ability to simulate complex flow fields with this method provides a powerful tool for analysis and prediction of mixing and transport phenomenon.     

Efficiency and scalability of a two‐level Schwarz algorithm for incompressible and compressible flows

This paper studies the application of two‐level Schwarz algorithms to several models of computational fluid dynamics. The purpose is to build an algorithm suitable for elliptic and convective models. The subdomain approximated solution relies on the incomplete lower‐upper factorization. The algebraic coupling between the coarse grid and the Schwarz preconditioner is discussed. The deflation method and the balancing domain decomposition method are studied for introducing the coarse‐grid correction as a preconditioner. Standard coarse grids are built with the characteristic or indicator functions of the subdomains. The building of a set of smooth basis functions (analogous to smoothed‐aggregation methods) is considered. A first test problem is the Poisson problem with a discontinuous coefficient. The two options are compared for the standpoint of coarse‐grid consistency and for the gain in scalability of the global Schwarz iteration. The advection–diffusion model is then considered as a second test problem. Extensions to compressible flows (together with incompressible flows for comparison) are then proposed. Parallel applications are presented and their performance measured. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于AFT-Delaunay的二维解耦并行网格生成算法

面向平面任意几何区域网格生成,提出了一种将波前法AFT(Advancing Front Technique)与Delaunay法相结合的解耦并行网格生成算法。算法主要思想是沿着求解几何区域惯性轴,采用扩展的AFT-Delaunay算法生成高质量三角形网格墙,递归地将几何区域动态划分成多个彼此解耦的子区域;采用OpenMP多线程并行技术,将子区域分配给多个CPU并行生成子区域网格;子区域内部的网格生成复用AFT-Delaunay算法,保证了生成网格的质量、效率和一致性要求。本算法优先生成几何边界与交界面网格,有利于提高有限元计算精度;各个子区域的网格生成彼此完全解耦,因此并行网格生成过程无需通信。该方法克服了并行交界面网格质量恶化难题,且具有良好的并行加速比,能够全自动、高效率地并行生成高质量的三角网格。     

一类面向高阶精度自适应流动计算的流场插值方法

网格自适应技术和高阶精度数值方法是提升计算流体力学复杂问题适应能力的有效技术途径. 将这两项技术结合需要解决一系列技术难题, 其中之一是高阶精度流场插值. 针对高阶精度自适应流动计算, 提出一类高精度流场插值方法, 实现将前一迭代步网格中流场数值解插值到当前迭代步网格中, 以延续前一迭代步中的计算状态. 为实现流场插值过程中物理量守恒, 该方法先计算新旧网格的重叠区域, 然后将物理量从重叠区域的旧网格中转移到新网格中. 为满足高阶精度要求, 先采用k-exact最小二乘方法对旧网格上的数值解进行重构, 获得描述物理量分布的高阶多项式, 随后采用高阶精度高斯数值积分实现物理量精确地转移到新网格单元上. 最后, 通过一个具有精确解的数值算例和一个高阶精度自适应流动计算算例验证了本文算法的有效性. 第一个算例结果表明当网格规模固定不变时, 插值精度阶数越高, 插值误差越小; 第二个算例显示本文方法可以有效缩短高精度自适应流动计算的迭代收敛时间.      

A domain decomposition approach to finite volume solutions of the Euler equations on unstructured triangular meshes

We report on our recent efforts on the formulation and the evaluation of a domain decomposition algorithm for the parallel solution of two‐dimensional compressible inviscid flows. The starting point is a flow solver for the Euler equations, which is based on a mixed finite element/finite volume formulation on unstructured triangular meshes. Time integration of the resulting semi‐discrete equations is obtained using a linearized backward Euler implicit scheme. As a result, each pseudo‐time step requires the solution of a sparse linear system for the flow variables. In this study, a non‐overlapping domain decomposition algorithm is used for advancing the solution at each implicit time step. First, we formulate an additive Schwarz algorithm using appropriate matching conditions at the subdomain interfaces. In accordance with the hyperbolic nature of the Euler equations, these transmission conditions are Dirichlet conditions for the characteristic variables corresponding to incoming waves. Then, we introduce interface operators that allow us to express the domain decomposition algorithm as a Richardson‐type iteration on the interface unknowns. Algebraically speaking, the Schwarz algorithm is equivalent to a Jacobi iteration applied to a linear system whose matrix has a block structure. A substructuring technique can be applied to this matrix in order to obtain a fully implicit scheme in terms of interface unknowns. In our approach, the interface unknowns are numerical (normal) fluxes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The direct simulation Monte Carlo method using unstructured adaptive mesh and its application

The implementation of an adaptive mesh‐embedding (h‐refinement) scheme using unstructured grid in two‐dimensional direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is reported. In this technique, local isotropic refinement is used to introduce new mesh where the local cell Knudsen number is less than some preset value. This simple scheme, however, has several severe consequences affecting the performance of the DSMC method. Thus, we have applied a technique to remove the hanging node, by introducing the an‐isotropic refinement in the interfacial cells between refined and non‐refined cells. Not only does this remedy increase a negligible amount of work, but it also removes all the difficulties presented in the originals scheme. We have tested the proposed scheme for argon gas in a high‐speed driven cavity flow. The results show an improved flow resolution as compared with that of un‐adaptive mesh. Finally, we have used triangular adaptive mesh to compute a near‐continuum gas flow, a hypersonic flow over a cylinder. The results show fairly good agreement with previous studies. In summary, the proposed simple mesh adaptation is very useful in computing rarefied gas flows, which involve both complicated geometry and highly non‐uniform density variations throughout the flow field. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于分区径向基函数配点法的大变形分析

无网格法因为不需要划分网格, 可以避免网格畸变问题,使得其广泛应用于大变形和一些复杂问题. 径向基函数配点法是一种典型的强形式无网格法,这种方法具有完全不需要任何网格、求解过程简单、精度高、收敛性好以及易于扩展到高维空间等优点,但是由于其采用全域的形函数, 在求解高梯度问题时 存在精度较低和无法很好地反应局部特性的缺点. 针对这个问题,本文引入分区径向基函数配点法来求解局部存在高梯度的大变形问题. 基于完全拉格朗日格式,采用牛顿迭代法建立了分区径向基函数配点法在大变形分析中的增量求解模式.这种方法将求解域根据其几何特点划分成若干个子域, 在子域内构建径向基函数插值, 在界面上施加所有的界面连续条件,构建分块稀疏矩阵统一求解. 该方法仍然保持超收敛性, 且将原来的满阵转化成了稀疏矩阵, 降低了存储空间,提高了计算效率. 相比较于传统的径向基函数配点法和有限元法, 这种方法能够更好地反应局部特性和求解高梯度问题.数值分析表明该方法能够有效求解局部存在高梯度的大变形问题.      

Solution of the shallow‐water equations using an adaptive moving mesh method

This paper extends an adaptive moving mesh method to multi‐dimensional shallow water equations (SWE) with source terms. The algorithm is composed of two independent parts: the SWEs evolution and the mesh redistribution. The first part is a high‐resolution kinetic flux‐vector splitting (KFVS) method combined with the surface gradient method for initial data reconstruction, and the second part is based on an iteration procedure. In each iteration, meshes are first redistributed by a variational principle and then the underlying numerical solutions are updated by a conservative‐interpolation formula on the resulting new mesh. Several test problems in one‐ and two‐dimensions with a general geometry are computed using the proposed moving mesh algorithm. The computations demonstrate that the algorithm is efficient for solving problems with bore waves and their interactions. The solutions with higher resolution can be obtained by using a KFVS scheme for the SWEs with a much smaller number of grid points than the uniform mesh approach, although we do not treat technically the bed slope source terms in order to balance the source terms and flux gradients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A coupling difference scheme for the numerical solution of a singular perturbation problem

In this paper, we consider a singularly perturbed problem without turning points. On a special diseretization mesh, a coupling difference scheme, resulting from central difference scheme and Abrahamsson-Keller-Kreiss box scheme, is proposed and the second order convergence, uniform in the small parameter, is proved. Finally, numerical resulls are provided.     

Computation of viscous incompressible flow using pressure correction method on unstructured Chimera grid

In this paper, a pressure correction algorithm for computing incompressible flows is modified and implemented on unstructured Chimera grid. Schwarz method is used to couple the solutions of different sub-domains. A new interpolation to ensure consistency between primary variables and auxiliary variables is proposed. Other important issues such as global mass conservation and order of accuracy in the interpolations are also discussed. Two numerical simulations are successfully performed. They include one steady case, the lid-driven cavity and one unsteady case, the flow around a circular cylinder. The results demonstrate a very good performance of the proposed scheme on unstructured Chimera grids. It prevents the decoupling of pressure field in the overlapping region and requires only little modification to the existing unstructured Navier–Stokes (NS) solver. The numerical experiments show the reliability and potential of this method in applying to practical problems.     

Dual Mesh Method for Upscaling in Waterflood Simulation

Detailed geological models typically contain many more cells than can be accommodated by reservoir simulation due to computer time and memory constraints. However, recovery predictions performed on a coarser upscaled mesh are inevitably less accurate than those performed on the initial fine mesh. Recent studies have shown how to use both coarse and fine mesh information during waterflooding simulations. In this paper, we present an extension of the dual mesh method (Verdière and Guérillot, 1996) which simulates water flooding injection using both the coarse and the original fine mesh information. The pressure field is first calculated on the coarse mesh. This information is used to estimate the pressure field within each coarse cell and then phase saturations are updated on the fine mesh. This method avoids the most time consuming step of reservoir simulation, namely solving for the pressure field on the fine grid. A conventional finite difference IMPES scheme is used considering a two phase fluid with gravity and vertical wells. Two upscaling methodologies are used and compared for averaging the coarse grid properties: geometric average and the pressure solve method. A series of test cases show that the method provides predictions similar to those of full fine grid simulations but using less computer time.     

Flow past symmetric convex profiles with open wakes

A fixed domain approach and a Baiocchi type transformation in conjunction with a modified Schwarz alternating iteration scheme are used to solve problems of flow past truncated convex shaped profiles between walls in a logarithmic hodograph plane. The flows are such that an open wake or cavity is formed behind the profile. The basic numerical scheme consists of the successive over-relaxation finite difference approach over the whole domain of the problem with the use of a projection operation over only part of the domain. The numerical results that are obtained using this approach for the cases of a truncated circular arc profile and a wedge profile are compared with published results and are found to be in good agreement.     

基于最佳质量网格的薄板问题的非协调流形方法

对于大部分非协调板单元,使用规则网格能得到很好的效果。但是,当网格不规则时,非协调元的数值特性将变得很差,甚至收敛性得不到保证。为解决网格依赖性问题,许多专家学者提出了改造单元,如拟协调元法和广义协调元法,这些方法能解决收敛性问题,但是数值实践证明没有一种单元能在所有情况下都具有良好的数值特性。考虑到流形方法采用两套完全独立的覆盖系统,可以用规则的数学网格来作为数学覆盖进行插值,取得最佳的插值效果,单元收敛性便能得到保证。再结合适用于流形方法的变分提法,建立起流形方法处理非规则物理边界非协调板单元的一般格式。以ACM薄板单元为例,与ANSYS、拟协调元法和广义协调元法进行了对比,证明本文方法在处理具有曲线边界的薄板弯曲问题时具有收敛快和精度高等优势。     

A parallel finite element sliding mesh technique for the simulation of viscous flows in agitated tanks

A parallel sliding mesh algorithm for the finite element simulation of viscous fluid flows in agitated tanks is presented. Lagrange multipliers are used at the sliding interfaces to enforce the continuity between the fixed and moving subdomains. The novelty of the method consists of the coupled solution of the resulting velocity–pressure‐Lagrange multipliers system of equations by an ILU(0)‐QMR solver. A penalty parameter is introduced for both the interface and the incompressibility constraints to avoid pivoting problems in the ILU(0) algorithm. To handle the convective term, both the Newton–Raphson scheme and the semi‐implicit linearization are tested. A penalty parameter is introduced for both the interface and the incompressibility constraints to avoid the failure of the ILU(0) algorithm due to the lack of pivoting. Furthermore, this approach is versatile enough so that it allows partitioning of sliding and fixed subdomains if parallelization is required. Although the sliding mesh technique is fairly common in CFD, the main advantage of the proposed approach is its low computational cost due to the inexpensive and parallelizable calculations that involve preconditioned sparse iterative solvers. The method is validated for Couette and coaxial stirred tanks. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An extended finite element method for the simulation of particulate viscoelastic flows

We present an extended finite element method (XFEM) for the direct numerical simulation of the flow of viscoelastic fluids with suspended particles. For moving particle problems, we devise a temporary arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) scheme which defines the mapping of field variables at previous time levels onto the computational mesh at the current time level. In this method, a regular mesh is used for the whole computational domain including both fluid and particles. A temporary ALE mesh is constructed separately and the computational mesh is kept unchanged throughout the whole computations. Particles are moving on a fixed Eulerian mesh without any need of re-meshing. For mesh refinements around the interface, we combine XFEM with the grid deformation method, in which nodal points are redistributed close to the interface while preserving the mesh topology. Our method is verified by comparing with the results of boundary fitted mesh problems combined with the conventional ALE scheme. The proposed method shows similar accuracy compared with boundary fitted mesh problems and superior accuracy compared with the fictitious domain method. If the grid deformation method is combined with XFEM, the required computational time is reduced significantly compared to uniform mesh refinements, while providing mesh convergent solutions. We apply the proposed method to the particle migration in rotating Couette flow of a Giesekus fluid. We investigate the effect of initial particle positions, the Weissenberg number, the mobility parameter of the Giesekus model and the particle size on the particle migration. We also show two-particle interactions in confined shear flow of a viscoelastic fluid. We find three different regimes of particle motions according to initial separations of particles.     

Some applications of the concept of minimized integrated exponential error for low dispersion and low dissipation

Several techniques to optimize parameters that regulate dispersion and dissipation effects in finite difference schemes have been devised in our previous works. They all use the notion that dissipation neutralizes dispersion. These techniques are the minimized integrated square difference error (MISDE) and the minimized integrated exponential error for low dispersion and low dissipation (MIEELDLD). It is shown in this work based on several numerical schemes tested that the technique of MIEELDLD is more accurate than MISDE to optimize the parameters that regulate dispersion and dissipation effects with the aim of improving the shock‐capturing properties of numerical methods. First, we consider the family of third‐order schemes proposed by Takacs. We use the techniques MISDE and MIEELDLD to optimize two parameters, namely, the cfl number and another variable which also controls dispersion and dissipation. Second, these two techniques are used to optimize a numerical scheme proposed by Gadd. Moreover, we compute the optimal cfl for some multi‐level schemes in 1D. Numerical tests for some of these numerical schemes mentioned above are performed at different cfl numbers and it is shown that the results obtained are dependent on the cfl number chosen. The errors from the numerical results have been quantified into dispersion and dissipation using a technique devised by Takacs. Finally, we make use of a composite scheme made of corrected Lax–Friedrichs and the two‐step Lax–Friedrichs schemes like the CFLF4 scheme at its optimal cfl number, to solve some problems in 2D, namely: solid body rotation test, acoustics and the circular Riemann problem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A stable and accurate projection method on a locally refined staggered mesh

In this paper, a robust projection method on a locally refined mesh is proposed for two‐ and three‐dimensional viscous incompressible flows. The proposed method is robust not only when the interface between two meshes is located in a smooth flow region but also when the interface is located in a flow region with large gradients and/or strong unsteadiness. In numerical simulations, a locally refined mesh saves many grid points in regions of relatively small gradients compared with a uniform mesh. For efficiency and ease of implementation, we consider a two‐level blocked structure, for which both of the coarse and fine meshes are uniform Cartesian ones individually. Unfortunately, the introduction of the two‐level blocked mesh results in an important but difficult issue: coupling of the coarse and fine meshes. In this paper, by properly addressing the issue of the coupling, we propose a stable and accurate projection method on a locally refined staggered mesh for both two‐ and three‐dimensional viscous incompressible flows. The proposed projection method is based on two principles: the linear interpolation technique and the consistent discretization of both sides of the pressure Poisson equation. The proposed algorithm is straightforward owing to the linear interpolation technique, is stable and accurate, is easy to extend from two‐ to three‐dimensional flows, and is valid even when flows with large gradients cross the interface between the two meshes. The resulting pressure Poisson equation is non‐symmetric on a locally refined mesh. The numerical results for a series of exact solutions for 2D and 3D viscous incompressible flows verify the stability and accuracy of the proposed projection method. The method is also applied to some challenging problems, including turbulent flows around particles, flows induced by impulsively started/stopped particles, and flows induced by particles near solid walls, to test the stability and accuracy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.