纯铁材料的冲击相变与"反常"层裂

采用VISAR、X射线衍射和金相处理联合测试分析技术,开展等厚对称碰撞实验,研究了纯铁材料的冲击相变与层裂行为特征。结果发现,冲击加载压力大于纯铁材料相变阈值(13 GPa)时,等厚对称碰撞样品发生反常2次层裂。结合相关文献的实验结果,从应力波相互作用的角度分析了反常层裂形成的原因,指出纯铁材料的冲击相变和卸载逆转变及引发的稀疏冲击波是导致反常2次层裂的物理机制。     

用高速阴影技术研究K9玻璃中的失效波

用高速阴影摄影技术研究了爆轰加载下K9玻璃样品中波的传播和压缩区内损伤破坏的物理图象和规律。实验中观测到冲击波阵面后有一个移动速度为 2 .1～ 2 .2mm/ s的黑色阴影区边界 ,即失效波 (Fail urewave) ;实验发现只有当冲击载荷接近材料的HEL时 ,在冲击波和失效波之间的区域才有少量的微裂纹成核和长大 ,而在冲击载荷较低时却没有观察到 ;同时实验中观测到失效波萌生于被撞击面 ,并在两块玻璃的交界面上观测到失效波的再生。这些结果表明失效波的产生基本与冲击相变无关 ,主要与玻璃样品表面的初始损伤有关 ,换言之 ,失效波是玻璃样品表面微裂纹在冲击波作用下失稳扩展造成的。     

层裂微裂纹的形态及层裂程度的表征参量

层裂是冲击载荷造成材料破坏的一种典型方式。文中运用超声Ｃ扫描检测系统对层裂试件的微损伤形态进行检测，确是出在一维应变加载条件下的微裂纹形态呈钱币型；另一方面，根据钱币型微纹形态，通过对层裂损伤演化过程的分析，提出了一个描述层裂程度的无量纲参量，与层裂实验数据的对比说明了这个参量能够很好地描述层裂损伤程度。     

准脆性材料损伤破坏的细宏观联结分析

准脆性材料在外力作用下不仅产生应力与变形,而且还会内部缺陷或微裂纹随着变化和出现宏观裂缝扩展.根据材料的微细观测,通过固体力学原理建立模型分析其微裂纹与宏观裂缝之间的关联.材料中宏观裂缝端部通常存在损伤区,且在该区内存在许多相对微小缺陷或微裂纹,从而使得材料局部变形增加而力量减弱.若把该损伤带视为裂缝一部分,那么在该虚拟裂缝两岸上将存在分布黏聚力;虚拟裂缝两岸的相对位移将是微裂纹区变形及扩展的综合体现.为此,对包含有细观裂纹的代表性体积单元进行力学计算,然后将其嵌入到宏观裂缝端部损伤带的变形计算中,以探寻固体失效的细观与宏观尺度力学分析的联结,并与实测数据相对比.     

强冲击荷载作用下混凝土材料动态本构模型

基于混凝土强冲击荷载作用下的实验研究,以修正Ottosen四参数破坏准则为流动法则,引入损伤,构造了一个塑性与损伤相耦合的动态本构模型用于描述混凝土材料的冲击特性.在该模型中,考虑了引起混凝土材料弱化的两种不同的损伤机制:拉伸损伤和压缩损伤.其中,拉伸损伤是由微裂纹的张开和扩展引起的,通过拉伸应变来控制;压缩损伤相关于微空洞体积分数比的演化,并通过微空洞塌陷引起的压缩应变来控制,由此压缩损伤和拉伸损伤就完全耦合了.通过模型计算模拟结果与实验结果比较发现,随着冲击速度的提高,混凝土的峰值应力显著增加,即混凝土材料的承载能力增大,同时混凝土内部产生显著的塑性变形.模拟曲线与实验曲线拟合良好,因而可以用该模型模拟混凝土材料在强冲击荷载下的动态特性.     

Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带材内部结构损伤演化及力学性能研究

在北京同步辐射实验室X光形貌站,采用X光透射成像技术,对Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带材内部结构以及在载荷作用下的损伤演化过程进行研究,分辨率约为5μm。实验结果表明:在带材的线弹性段,超导芯存在微裂纹损伤,但未形成端面的穿透性裂纹;当带材进入塑性流动区后,损伤明显加剧,贯穿性裂纹阻断了电流通道,材料失去超导性。     

升温热冲击环境下超高温陶瓷材料抗热震性能的热-损伤模型

在现有的抗热震理论基础上考虑到超高温陶瓷材料热物理性能对温度的敏感性及损伤在其使役历程中随温度的演化,建立了适用于升温服役环境下表征超高温陶瓷材料抗热震性能的热-损伤模型。该模型考虑了微裂纹尺寸、密度、热冲击环境温度等因素对材料抗热震性能的影响。利用此模型研究了超高温陶瓷材料在升温服役环境下损伤以微裂纹形核规律演化时对其抗热震性能的影响。从理论上验证了基于材料微结构设计思想在制备超高温陶瓷材料时,引进一定密度一定尺寸的微裂纹并控制其随温度演化规律以形核方式进行,既可以使材料保持较高的强度又能大幅度提升材料的抗热震性能。     

应用微相关技术研究裂端弹塑性变形

测量裂端附近区域的弹塑性变形,对于研究材料的损伤或微裂纹的产生,获得材料早期的损伤信息,为预防宏观裂纹的产生及扩展具有十分重要的意义.本文用A3钢材料制作边缘带裂纹的显微拉伸试件,试件表面进行了金相处理.试件是用由计算机控制的显微拉伸台进行加载试验.在加载过程中,利用环境扫描电镜对裂端附近的显微结构进行原位观察以及扫描记录.应用数字散斑相关技术对扫描电子显微镜记录的显微结构图进行分析处理,求出裂端附近的弹塑性变形.借助扫描电子显微镜,不仅可以定性观察应力集中区微裂纹的萌生及扩展过程,还可以结合数字散斑相关技术,对微区内的弹塑性变形进行测试,是研究微区域内材料变形的一个有效手段.     

应用微相关技术研究裂端弹塑性变形

测量裂端附近区域的弹塑性变形，对于研究材料的损伤或微裂纹的产生，获得材料早期的损伤信息，为预防宏观裂纹的产生及扩展具有十分重要的意义。本文用A3钢材料制作边缘带裂纹的显微拉伸试件，试件表面进行了金相处理。试件是用由计算机控制的显微拉伸台进行加载试验。在加载过程中，利用环境扫描电镜对裂端附近的显微结构进行原位观察以及扫描记录。应用数字散斑相关技术对扫描电子显微镜记录的显微结构图进行分析处理，求出裂端附近的弹塑性变形。借助扫描电子显微镜，不仅可以定性观察应力集中区微裂纹的萌生及扩展过程，还可以结合数字散斑相关技术，对微区内的弹塑性变形进行测试，是研究微区域内材料变形的一个有效手段。     

复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤分析的连续介质损伤力学模型

针对复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤问题,提出了一种各向异性材料连续介质损伤力学模型,模型涵盖损伤表征、损伤起始判定和损伤演化法则3 个方面. 通过材料断裂面坐标下的损伤状态变量矩阵完成损伤表征,并考虑断裂面角度的影响,建立了主轴坐标系下的材料损伤本构关系. 损伤起始由卜克(Puck) 失效准则预测,损伤演化由断裂面上的等效应变控制,服从基于材料应变能释放的线性软化行为. 模型区分了纤维损伤和基体损伤,并根据冲击载荷下层内产生多条基体裂纹继而扩展至界面形成层间裂纹(分层) 的试验观察,引入基体裂纹饱和密度参数表征层间分层. 以[0₃/45/-45]_S 和[45/0/-45/90]_4S 两种铺层的复合材料层合板为例,预测了不同冲击能量下复合材料层合板的低速冲击损伤响应参数,试验结果证明了连续介质损伤力学模型的有效性.模型在不同网格密度下的计算结果表明单元特征长度的引入可以在一定程度上降低损伤演化阶段对网格密度的依赖性.      

压剪复合冲击下氧化铝陶瓷的剪切响应实验研究

通过对92.93%氧化铝陶瓷进行倾斜板碰撞实验,研究了多晶陶瓷材料在压剪复合冲击下的非弹性变形响应和剪切波传播规律。压剪复合冲击实验由57 mm开槽气体炮驱动铜飞片对陶瓷靶板加载,通过试件内埋植的电磁速度计来测量内部质点速度历程。将纵向粒子速度从感应电动势曲线中分离后得到横向粒子速度历程,发现在压剪复合冲击下由于材料剪切刚度的降低而引起的剪切波衰减。冲击软回收试件的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察表明,冲击载荷低于屈服强度时,多晶氧化铝陶瓷中存在沿晶界、气孔的微裂纹成核与扩展,在高于屈服强度的冲击加载下进一步产生了穿晶微裂纹,微裂纹系统导致了材料在卸载后的显著的体积膨胀。     

Modelling unilateral damage effect in strongly anisotropic materials by the introduction of the loading mode in damage mechanics

Damage weakens the mechanical characteristics of materials. But this weakening can disappear if the cracks close again: this is called the unilateral effect of damage. We propose a model of this phenomenon using damage mechanics in the case of a diffuse network of identical microcracks. The microcracks state is defined with two internal state variables. These two variables are control parameters of the geometry of the microcracks. They also define the loading mode in damage mechanics as in fracture mechanics. In order to limit the anisotropy induced by the microcracks, hence by the loading, we suppose that the geometry of damage spreads into preferential directions. Therefore, this model is essentially applied to materials with a strong anisotropy where the defects follow the constituents of the material. An application is given for composite laminates.     

微裂纹串级连接及临界破坏

对一铝合金材料层裂过程的实验研究发现，当损伤累积到一定程度时，受损材料的残余强度突然丧失，表现出临界破坏现象。层裂表面具有分形特征，其分形断面的形成归因于大量微裂纹的串级连接。据此提出了一重正化群弱面模型，并对损伤演化后期的临界破坏现象进行了初步的分析和探讨。     

PROGRESSIVE FRACTURE MODELING OF THE FAILURE WAVE IN IMPACTED GLASS

The failure wave has been observed propagating in glass under impact loading since 1991. It is a continuous fracture zone which may be associated with the damage accumulation process during the propagation of shock waves. A progressive fracture model was proposed to describe the failure wave formation and propagation in shocked glass considering its heterogeneous meso-structures. The original and nucleated microcracks will expand along the pores and other defects with concomitant dilation when shock loading is below the Hugoniot Elastic Limit. The governing equation of the failure wave is characterized by inelastic bulk strain with material damage and fracture. And the inelastic bulk strain consists of dilatant strain from nucleation and expansion of microcracks and condensed strain from the collapse of the original pores. Numerical simulation of the free surface velocity was performed and found in good agreement with planar impact experiments on K9 glass at China Academy of Engineering Physics. And the longitudinal, lateral and shear stress histories upon the arrival of the failure wave were predicted, which present the diminished shear strength and lost spall strength in the failed layer.     

Damage and self-similarity in fracture

Consider applications of damage mechanics to material failure. The damage variable introduced in damage mechanics quantifies the deviation of a brittle solid from linear elasticity. An analogy between the metastable behavior of a stressed brittle solid and the metastable behavior of a superheated liquid is established. The nucleation of microcracks is analogous to the nucleation of bubbles in the superheated liquid. In this paper we have applied damage mechanics to four problems. The first is the instantaneous application of a constant stress to a brittle solid. The results are verified by applying them to studies of the rupture of chipboard and fiberglass panels. We then obtain a solution for the evolution of damage after the instantaneous application of a constant strain. It is shown that the subsequent stress relaxation can reproduce the modified Omori’s law for the temporal decay of aftershocks following an earthquake. Obtained also are the solutions for application of constant rates of stress and strain. A fundamental question is the cause of the time delay associated with damage and microcracks. It is argued that the microcracks themselves cause random fluctuations similar to the thermal fluctuations associated with phase changes.     

Constitutive relationship of brittle rock subjected to dynamic uniaxial tensile loads with microcrack interaction effects

A micromechanical model is proposed to describe both stable and unstable damage evolution in microcrack-weakened brittle rock material subjected to dynamic uniaxial tensile loads. The basic idea of the present model is to classify the constitution relationship of rock material subjected to dynamic uniaxial tensile loads into four stages including some of the stages of linear elasticity, pre-peak nonlinear hardening, rapid stress drop, and strain softening, and to investigate their corresponding micromechanical damage mechanisms individually. Special attention is paid to the transition from structure rearrangements on microscale to the macroscopic inelastic strain, to the transition from distribution damage to localization of damage and the transition from homogeneous deformation to localization of deformation. The influence of all microcracks with different sizes and orientations are introduced into the constitutive relation by using the statistical average method. Effects of microcrack interaction on the complete stress-strain relation as well as the localization of damage for microcrack-weakened brittle rock material are analyzed by using effective medium method. Each microcrack is assumed to be embedded in an approximate effective medium that is weakened by uniformly distributed microcracks of the statistically-averaged length depending on the actual damage state. The elastic moduli of the approximate effective medium can be determined by using the dilute distribution method. Micromechanical kinetic equations for stable and unstable growth characterizing the ‘process domains’ of active microcracks are taken into account. These ‘process domains’ together with ‘open microcrack domains’ completely determine the integration domains of ensemble averaged constitutive equations relating macro-strain and macro-stress. Theoretical predictions have shown to consistent with the experimental results.     

Microcrack interaction brittle rock subjected to uniaxial tensile loads

A micromechanics-based model is proposed to describe unstable damage evolution in microcrack-weakened brittle rock material. The influence of all microcracks with different sizes and orientations are introduced into the constitutive relation by using the statistical average method. Effects of microcrack interaction on the complete stress–strain relation as well as the localization of damage for microcrack-weakened brittle rock material are analyzed by using effective medium method. Each microcrack is assumed to be embedded in an approximate effective medium that is weakened by uniformly distributed microcracks of the statistically-averaged length depending on the actual damage state. The elastic moduli of the approximate effective medium can be determined by using the dilute distribution method. Micromechanical kinetic equations for stable and unstable growth characterizing the ‘process domains’ of active microcracks are taken into account. These ‘process domains’ together with ‘open microcrack domains’ completely determine the integration domains of ensemble averaged constitutive equations relating macro-strain and macro-stress. Theoretical predictions have shown to be consistent with the experimental results.     

Zr基非晶合金破片冲击破碎反应机制研究

为研究Zr基非晶合金破片的冲击破碎反应机制,进行了准密封箱冲击超压实验,测试了破片的碎片粒度,分析了碎片尺寸分布关系,并对不同粒径尺度的碎片进行了X射线衍射分析。实验结果表明,材料在冲击加载下的反应程度随着撞击速度的升高而增大;碎片分布符合分段式幂次律分布规律;材料冲击诱发的化学反应主要为Zr元素与空气中氧气的燃烧,其主要反应产物为ZrO₂。基于冲击升温-碎片分布-碎片燃烧的冲击破碎反应理论模型能较好地解释冲击作用下Zr基非晶合金破片的反应规律,理论计算与实验结果吻合度较高。     

A heuristic approach to microcracking and fracture for ceramics with statistical consideration

Microcracking damage and toughening are examined for ceramics. These effects have been found to depend on the material microstructure and macrocrack growth. Isotropic damage, attributed to random distribution of microcrack location, length and orientation can be associated with a disordered microstructure and a non-uniform residual stress field. When the applied stress is the main cause of cracking, the microcrack distribution is no longer random such as a system of quasi-parallel cracks. To highlight the effect of crack interaction, discrete models are advanced where damage is simulated by a distribution of microcracks. The dilute concentration assumption is invoked to simplify the analysis.The two-dimensional discrete model is based on a phenomenological approach that is statistical in character. Interactions of microcracks and with a macrocrack are considered by means of a boundary element technique (A. Brencich, A. Carpinteri, Int. J. Fracture 76 (1996) 373–389; A. Brencich, A. Carpinteri, Eng. Fract. Mech. 59 (1998) 797–814) where both isotropic and anisotropic damage could be treated. Comparisons with other results are made to show that the model can be applied to analyse the fracture behaviour of different materials.