层合板预紧螺栓搭接孔边应力分析

针对复合材料层合板预紧螺栓单板搭接和双板搭接结构,分别建立了全尺寸三维有限元模型,应用非线性接触算法模拟螺栓连接,采用Prets179预紧力单元施加螺栓预紧力.通过分析两种搭接形式在不同预紧力下的孔边应力分布,得到了预紧力与孔边拉应力以及预紧力与孔边层间应力的关系曲线.分析表明:随着螺栓预紧力增加,层合板孔边拉应力水平不断降低;双板搭接的孔边应力明显低于单板搭接的孔边应力.     

缆索热铸锚具的精细化建模和有限元分析

编写了适于参数化分析的热铸锚具的数值仿真命令流,锚具的精细有限元数值模型中分别采用三维两节点梁单元Beam188来模拟钢丝,三维八节点实体单元Solid185来模拟锚杯和铸体;通过设置多点约束中的刚臂单元MPC184来模拟钢索的截面影响,通过刚臂与实体单元节点之间的点点接触单元Conta178模拟钢丝与热铸锚铸体之间的接触和摩擦;通过面面接触单元Conta173来模拟锚杯内侧面与铸体浇注面之间的连接.在此基础上研究了钢丝束直径和股数对锚具受力的影响,并进行了比较分析;对锚具进行了设计荷载和破断荷载下的静力分析,给出了锚具的应力和变形分布.最后,考虑到施工工艺误差和安装偏差等因素,锚具节点在实际受力时经常承受局部弯矩,研究了在轴向力和侧向水平力共同作用下的热铸锚具的应力变化.本文研究结果表明:热铸锚具内部应力分布不均匀,应力集中主要出现在锚杯与铸体连接处和锚杯杯口位置,其他部位的应力相对较小;在侧向荷载作用下,应力分布发生了较显著变化,最大应力点的位置也发生了侧向偏移.     

拉伸螺杆半椭圆表面裂纹应力强度因子

将拉伸螺杆简化为理论应力集中系数Kt不同的带“V”形缺口圆杆,采用裂纹尖端为20节点奇异单元的三维有限元模型,对螺杆半椭圆表面裂纹的应力强度因子进行了计算.给出了具有普遍性意义的螺杆表面裂纹应力强度因子公式.为验证本文计算结果的有效性,还将本文M22×1.5螺杆的应力强度因子计算结果与试验结果进行了对比.     

复式钢管混凝土T形件单边螺栓节点承载力研究

T形件单边螺栓连接节点应用到复式钢管混凝土结构中可充分利用双层钢管的截面特点,传力性能好且抗震性能高。对5个节点试件进行柱端水平往复加载试验并进行了数值模拟分析,试验中T形件因加肋方式不同出现了3种变形特征,而节点整体的破坏形态均为T形件屈服后钢梁塑性变形,数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。根据试验和有限元结果分析了节点传力构件的受力机理,提出T形件受拉模型,分别计算T形件翼缘和加劲肋提供的抗弯承载力,从而得到节点的抗弯极限承载力计算公式,计算结果与试验结果误差较小,与数值模拟结果也十分相近。研究结果表明采用T形件受拉模型计算的节点承载力公式适用于T形件与单边螺栓强度相匹配的情况,T形件加肋形式对节点极限承载力影响最大,其次为T形件翼缘厚度,T形件腹板厚度影响很小;此外随着T形件翼缘厚度的增加节点承载力提高越来越小,故得出了单边螺栓直径与T形件翼缘厚度的最大临界值和最佳匹配值,为该节点工程应用提供理论参考和设计依据。     

电缆绕组变压器线圈短路机械强度的计算

在变压器T型等值电路基础上,求得变压器短路最严重情况对应的起始条件和出现最大短路电流时刻。以此起始条件设定变压器原边电压激励,利用“磁路-电路”耦合有限元法建立了2D轴对称模型,计算了变压器原、副边线圈及各线匝短路电磁力。以出现最大轴向和径向电磁力的线匝为研究对象,结合电缆绕组变压器的受力特点,建立了单线匝短路条件下的静态和动态有限元模型。选择第四强度破坏理论,分别计算了静态和动态时线匝相当应力分布。讨论了静态时相当应力与预紧压强、撑条根数的关系;分析了相当应力随时间的变化规律,并与静态对应情况进行了比较。     

弹性波在螺栓搭接结构中传播行为的数值模拟

为了建立有效的基于弹性波的螺栓连接损伤检测方法,研究弹性波在连接结构中的传播行为至关重要。本文针对典型单螺栓搭接薄梁,采用非线性多物理场耦合有限元仿真方法,研究弹性波在连接结构中的传播行为。采用ANSYS中压电耦合单元建模MFC压电传感器,非线性接触单元建模螺栓连接结构,将接触面之间考虑为考虑摩擦接触的非线性关系。依次对螺栓施加预紧载荷,对结构施加模拟电压激励,进行非线性瞬态波传播分析。同时,本文对仿真结果进行了实验验证。结果表明,本文建立的有限元模型和分析方法能够有效地模拟弹性波在连接结构中的传播过程,数值预测的响应电压和实验结果吻合较好。针对非线性模型计算耗费大的问题,本文对非线性模型进行了线性化改进。具体为采用准静态接触有限元分析确定对接面有效接触面积的大小,然后将接触面积上对应节点绑定,进行线性瞬态波传播分析。结果表明:本文的线性方法能够有效模拟波传播过程,并能有效降低计算耗费;弹性波在连接梁中传播时,经过连接界面和螺栓位置时,传播路径、波形、幅值都发生了较大的变化。     

Q460高强钢螺栓接头受力性能分析与评价

在试验研究的基础上,对Q460高强钢螺栓横排和纵排连接接头的应力分布、破坏模式、螺栓受力及承载性能进行了有限元模拟,并与EC3规范关于孔壁承压、螺栓抗剪、净截面破坏及板件撕裂的理论计算值进行了对比。研究结果表明:有限元分析的荷载位移曲线规律及连接接头的极限承载力与试验结果基本吻合。当螺栓横向布置时,两孔受力较均匀,应力云图及塑性区域呈对称分布,拟合曲线点分布较离散,采用EC3规范理论计算值富裕度较大;当螺栓纵向布置时,两孔受力不均,端部螺栓孔变形较大,EC3规范计算端部螺栓和中部螺栓承载力均比较准确。本研究可为高强钢螺栓连接设计方法提供数据参考。     

螺栓连接受力口盖区的实验—有限元混合法应力分析

本文以飞机的中外翼壁板上螺栓连接的受力口盖区为研究对象,探讨了将光弹性、电测法与有限元计算三者结合并用的应力分析方法.首先利用光弹性和电测法,研究受力口盖区连接螺栓的传力规律,提出有关的计算公式,然后以此为基础,建立合理的螺栓连接有限元计算模型,进而进行应力分析工作.实践表明,对于诸如此类复杂的工程结构,采用实验与有限元相结合的混合法,能够进一步提高应力分析的效率,获得更多更好的结果.     

自动扶梯事故典型案例分析

 根据断口特征和受力状态分析,探讨了某品牌自动扶梯驱动主机与座板联接螺栓的疲劳破坏原因. 该螺栓疲劳断裂很可能缘于驱动主机系统的异常振动以及螺栓长度不足导致螺栓与座板啮合段螺纹根部的应力高度集中. 电机系统动力学特性分析进一步表明:系统之所以发生异常振动,缘于制造商对该系统联接方式进行的不当设计变更.     

机车车体结构设计计算的研究

文章通过大量的计算,从受力的角度对两种机车车体结构型式做了比较,指出在通常的设计和制造工艺条件下,桁架式车体要优于框架式,文章提出,在车体设计的不同阶段应采用不同的计算模型,并对车体结构模型化的一些具体问题进行了研究,文章提出了对车体进行强度计算时应考虑的工况。     

Dislocations in second strain gradient elasticity

A second strain gradient elasticity theory is proposed based on first and second gradients of the strain tensor. Such a theory is an extension of first strain gradient elasticity with double stresses. In particular, the strain energy depends on the strain tensor and on the first and second gradient terms of it. Using a simplified but straightforward version of this gradient theory, we can connect it with a static version of Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity. For the first time, it is used to study a screw dislocation and an edge dislocation in second strain gradient elasticity. By means of this second gradient theory it is possible to eliminate both strain and stress singularities. Another important result is that we obtain nonsingular expressions for the force stresses, double stresses and triple stresses produced by a straight screw dislocation and a straight edge dislocation. The components of the force stresses and of the triple stresses have maximum values near the dislocation line and are zero there. On the other hand, the double stresses have maximum values at the dislocation line. The main feature is that it is possible to eliminate all unphysical singularities of physical fields, e.g., dislocation density tensor and elastic bend-twist tensor which are still singular in the first strain gradient elasticity.     

Photoelastic analysis of a thin-walled compressor housing

The fabrication, testing, and analysis of a full-sized photoelastic model of a thin-walled compressor housing are presented. The conical model and connecting bolts were stress frozen under axial and bending loads to simulate severe in-flight manoeuver loads of a jet aircraft sufficient to cause flange separation. Results and discussion are presented for stresses in and near the flange, for stresses experienced by the bolts, and for the fabrication techniques used.     

Defects in gradient micropolar elasticity—I: screw dislocation

A gradient micropolar elasticity is proposed based on first gradients of distortion and bend-twist tensors for an isotropic micropolar medium. This theory is an extension of the theory of micropolar elasticity with couple stresses together with gradient elasticity in a way that in addition to hyper stresses, hyper couple stresses also appear. In particular, the strain energy, besides its dependence upon the distortion and bend-twist terms of a micropolar medium (Cosserat continuum), depends also on distortion and bend-twist gradients. Using a simplified but rigorous version of this gradient theory, we can connect it to Eringen's nonlocal micropolar elasticity. In addition, it is used to study a screw dislocation in gradient micropolar elasticity. One important result is that we obtained nonsingular expressions for the force and couple stresses. The components of the force stress have maximum values near the dislocation line and those of the couple stress have maximum values at the dislocation line.     

Assembly stress for the reduction of stress concentration

A systematic study utilizing the experimental method of reflected photoelasticity was undertaken to determine the effects of assembly stress on the stresses around circular holes under uniaxial tension. The assembly stresses are the result of the contact and bearing stresses between the bolts and the member. It has been concluded that assembly stress contributes to reducing the stresses around the hole.     

直流静电悬浮系统的实验研究

正负对称输出的直流高压放大器和直流高压电源是直流静电悬浮系统的两项关键技术问题,本介绍了我们的这两项研究成果,以及在此基础上构建的直流静电悬浮实验系统和相关实验结果。     

扩展的Hellinger-Reissner原理及特殊层合杂交应力元

建立了一种非匀质材料新的、扩展的Hellinger-Reissner原理,发展了当一个单元域划分为不同材料特性子域、其元内应力场沿子域表面不连续、且位移场在子域表面也急剧变化时,一个非匀质有限元刚度列式便利方法。这种列式亦可用于对每层横向剪应变均独立处置的厚层板。基于此变分原理建立了新的具有一个无外力圆柱表面的层合杂交应力元,单元各层独立假定的应力场通过以自然坐标表示的非协调位移为权函数使齐次平衡方程变分满足的理性方法及严格满足给定圆柱面上无外力条件得到,位移场在元间及层间连续条件则分别通过Lagrange乘子进行了松弛。数值算例表明：这类新型元可有效地分析具有多类圆柱形槽孔的厚、中厚及薄层板自由孔边应力分布。     

Stress intensification in cracked shank of tightened bolt

Defects or cracks in the shank of bolts can degrade their load carrying capacity. The ways with which loading and residual stress intensify the crack border stress field can be reflected through the stress intensity factor quantity as defined in the linear elastic fracture mechanics theory. Use is made of the stiffness derivative method where quarter-point singular finite elements are used in the numerical calculation. Improved accuracy is achieved by considering the displacements not only of the main nodes but also of those quarter-point nodes in plane normal and adjacent to the crack.Numerical results are obtained for a semi-elliptical shaped crack in the bolt shank owing to tension, bending, residual stress and stress caused by tightening of the bolt. Maximum value of the Mode I stress intensity factor K_a due to tension or bending could prevail either at the deepest point on the crack border or at the root of the shank where the crack border terminates depending on the aspect ratio of the ellipse. In general, K₁ at the deepest point of crack penetration is larger than that at the free surface for tension and bending for a fixed crack depth with reference to the bolt diameter. Tightening of the bolt tends to increase K₁ at the free surface if the crack depth is small. The opposite is obtained for deeper cracks. Assumed residual stress effect obtained from experimental data is found to have negligible influence on the stress intensity factor when compared with that arising from tensile load.     

Interaction between a dislocation and a core–shell nanowire with interface effects

The problem of a screw dislocation interacting with a core–shell nanowire (coated nanowire) containing interface effects (interface stresses) is first investigated. The interaction energy and the interaction force are calculated. The interaction force and the equilibrium position of the dislocation are examined for variable parameters (interface stress and material mismatch). The influence of the core–shell nanowire and the interface stresses on the interaction between two screw dislocations is also considered. The results show that the impact of the interface stresses on the motion and the equilibrium position of the dislocation near the core–shell nanowire is very significant when the radius of the nanowire is reduced to nanometer scale.     

形成不同拉压允许应力Michell桁架的有限元方法

提出了形成具有不同拉压允许应力材料的Michell桁架的有限元方法。采用正交异性材料模型,以结点位置杆件的密度和方向作为设计变量,由结点位置的值插值得到有限单元内部的材料性质,材料在设计域内连续分布,这样避免了单元之间材料性质的突变,因此从根本上避免了单元铰接、棋盘格现象以及单元依赖性等数值计算不稳定性问题。提出了一种基于优化准则法的迭代算法,用以形成不同拉压允许应力材料的Michell桁架。由有限元分析得到结点位置处的主应力方向作为杆件方向,根据主应力方向的应变和材料拉压允许应力调整杆件密度。最后由结点位置的杆件方向形成Michell桁架中连续分布杆件。     

Microstructure damage at ensemble of points for grain composites

Fracture concentration zones are considered in microstructure elements of grain composites. Mathematical model of micro-heterogeneous medium with random properties of elements is used for calculations. The distribution laws for the modules of elasticity and ultimate strengths in the elements as well as the tensor of macroscopic deformations for the composite serve as the initial data. Different types of stresses are evaluated. Correlation functions for micro stresses are obtained by the Green’s tensor method.Random microstructure strength condition is a difference between the stress and the ultimate strength at any point of an ensemble with a particular configuration. The probability of simultaneously exceeding the ultimate strength in this set of elements determines the likelihood of failure of this ensemble of points and the relative damage at the micro level.The damage is calculated using multivariate normal distribution. Structure of correlation matrix of distribution depends on the type of fracture concentration zones. Correlation functions of microstructure strength condition depend on the distance between the points of the ensemble. Calculations of multipoint damage are provided for several configurations of points, in particular, for the three points on a straight line segment, and for the five points in the vertices and the center of a tetrahedron. For two-dimensional distribution density, the smoothing surface formulas are derived, taking into account the moments of stresses up to and including the fourth order.The influence of microstructure properties and the type of ensemble of points on composite damage is demonstrated. Study of microstructure damage enables the prediction of early stages of construction material failure.