侵彻过载测试信号的数据处理方法

研究了实测侵彻过载数据分析处理方法,提出了对试验弹及测试装置进行模态分析和实测数据频谱分析相结合的方法,选择低通滤波截止频率对测试数据进行滤波,获得相应的刚体过载。用该方法对实测数据进行分析处理得到的刚体过载与柱形空腔膨胀理论（CCET）计算结果吻合较好;对滤波后的刚体过载进行积分得到的弹体侵彻速度和位移与实测结果吻合较好。     

非等比例缩比侵彻/贯穿相似规律研究

高速侵彻弹体的弹载部件/关键元器件的生存性与可靠性考核是引战系统研制领域的热点与难点问题，受原型试验的成本限制，利用缩比弹体搭载原型引信部件开展非等比例缩比试验研究是可行途径。针对传统等比例缩比方案无法满足弹体刚体过载相似性要求的情况，研究了非等比例缩比侵彻/贯穿相似规律，提出了非等比例缩比侵彻试验设计方法。数值计算结果表明:侵彻半无限厚混凝土靶条件下，非等比例缩比弹刚体过载的脉宽、幅值均可实现与原型弹刚体过载一致的加载条件；贯穿多层薄靶的条件下，通过调节靶板布置及弹体初速等试验工况，合理设计缩比弹体结构，可使非等比例缩比试验的弹体刚体过载峰值和脉宽覆盖原型试验。通过缩比模型试验得到的刚体过载特性可以为弹体及引信部件抗过载防护设计提供可靠的参考依据。     

基于机械振动理论的垂直侵彻弹靶作用模型

为了给侵彻引信抗高过载优化设计提供准确的力学输入，将机械振动理论引入侵彻过程建模领域，提出了一种侵彻战斗部刚体运动与一阶轴向振动相结合的垂直侵彻弹靶作用模型。在垂直侵彻过程受力分析的基础上，基于牛顿第二定律建立了战斗部刚体运动模型，基于单自由度弹簧-质量-阻尼系统建立了战斗部一阶轴向振动模型，并采用数值积分的方法获得了垂直侵彻过程中各物理量的变化规律。和火炮试验实测加速度信号的对比分析结果表明:考虑战斗部一阶轴向振动后的垂直侵彻弹靶作用模型能更准确地描述侵彻过程，能更有效地指导侵彻引信的抗高过载优化设计。     

混凝土复合靶结构参数对侵彻过载的影响

混凝土复合靶基体靶板的层数和中间粘结层厚度是复合靶能否模拟单一靶的两个重要影响因 素, 利用AUTODYN2D仿真软件, 重点研究了这两个因素对弹体侵彻过载的影响. 首先通 过已有的实验和理论公式验证了初始仿真模型和材料参数的合理性. 在此基础上, 通过改变 基体靶板的层数和中间粘结层厚度建立了多组侵彻复合靶的仿真算例. 通过弹体侵彻速度、 过载曲线的对比, 结果表明: 全尺寸深侵彻过载实验中复合靶能够代替单一靶, 但复合靶中 间粘结层的厚度不要大于1/2弹头部长度; 当中间粘结层厚度超过弹头部长度1/2时, 弹体 侵彻复合靶过载与侵彻单一靶的偏离程度随基体靶板层数的增加而增大, 上述结论可为实验 中构建混凝土复合靶提供参考.     

几种典型起爆药的混凝土侵彻过载

为考核战斗部引信用火工品中起爆药的抗过载性能及适应性,通过火炮实弹射击的混凝土靶侵彻过载模拟实验,分析了典型起爆药在模拟弹中真实的力学环境、失效特性及承载能力。测试与计算结果表明:实验弹丸过载8.7×104g、脉宽持续时间约2 ms、最大速度708 m/s、侵彻深度0.57 m、起爆药惯性载荷最大瞬态作用力为85.34 N、冲量70.17 mN·s、最大瞬态作用能为0.466 8 J、总能量18.656 1 J。在此力学环境下,由于起爆药质量较小,实际承受加速度引起的作用力较小,与静态撞击感度测试作用势能数量级相当,起爆药在实验弹中未发现损伤。     

弹体高速侵彻混凝土的效应实验

利用高速侵彻设备进行了不同条件下弹体高速侵彻混凝土系列实验,探讨了高速撞击条件下弹体 侵彻能力、弹体侵彻稳定性、弹体变形和破坏等问题,揭示了混凝土中半流体侵彻阶段的典型特征:刚体侵彻 深度上限和对应的刚体侵彻初速上限、弹道弯曲、弹体严重侵蚀且伴随弯曲/断裂等。     

侵彻钢筋混凝土过程中弹丸过载特性的实验研究

实验测试了侵彻钢筋混凝土过程中弹丸的过载情况,得到侵彻过程中弹丸的加速度时程曲线。通过将实验测得的加速度时程曲线按其本身的特点划分成四个部分,每个部分代表弹丸与钢筋混凝土作用的不同阶段,分析了不同阶段弹丸与钢筋混凝土相互作用的特点。实验结果表明,含筋率为2%的钢筋混凝土靶板的抗侵彻能力明显高于含筋率为1%的钢筋混凝土靶板。研究结果为理论模型的建立打下了基础,也可为相关弹药和防护工程的优化设计提供参考。     

刚性弹丸侵彻钢筋混凝土的实验和简化分析模型

通过Φ57mm半穿甲弹对钢筋混凝土的垂直侵彻实验,得到了弹丸的撞靶速度、成坑深度、最大侵彻深度以及过载时程曲线等实验数据.对实验后钢筋的断裂特征进行分析,得到钢筋的典型破坏模式.将钢筋的破坏简化为弯曲+剪切断裂和弯曲+拉伸断裂这两种模式.根据混凝土侵彻模型和梁断裂失效理论,建立了刚性弹丸垂直侵彻钢筋混凝土的简化分析模型.将理论计算得到的侵彻深度、速度与过载时间历程分别与实验数据进行对比,结果表明两者吻合较好.研究表明,钢筋只对弹体侵彻过程产生局部影响,混凝土的抗侵彻阻力仍是钢筋混凝土抗侵彻阻力的主要组成部分.     

弹体高过载硬回收测量技术的实验探讨

为提供引信服役的力学参数,达到引战配合目的,弹体过载(减速度)的测量十分必要。采用硬回 收法测量了高速侵彻混凝土的先进钻地弹缩比弹过载时间历程。实验弹最大直径48mm,计及过载测量装 置,弹体质量约1.8kg,撞击速度1142m/s。过载测试系统模块化和集成化设计,包括过载测量模块、电路模 块、信号存储模块、电源模块和外部计算机模块,传感器为压阻式。量程在(-8~21)104g,可测量过载幅值 约20104g。     

弹体侵彻混凝土的临界跳弹

为了保证钻地战斗部打击防护层目标时不发生跳弹,需要对弹体侵彻目标的临界跳弹角度进行分析和估算。开展了一定大长径比弹体斜侵彻混凝土的跳弹实验,分析了在250~430 m/s速度下弹体侵彻30和60 MPa钢筋混凝土的临界跳弹角度,给出了弹体临界跳弹角度包络线。当靶板强度相同时,随着侵彻速度的增加,弹体的临界跳弹倾角增大,增大的趋势逐渐变缓;在相同侵彻速度下,随着靶板强度的增加,弹体的临界跳弹倾角减小;经验公式分析得到的弹体临界跳弹倾角偏低于实验,但偏差基本在3°以内。     

An experimental technique to measure projectile deceleration history during normal penetration into plain concrete

The present paper presents a new experimental method to measure the deceleration time history of projectiles penetrating into concrete in full-size test. The experiment can be carried out by using an onboard accelerometer to measure the projectile deceleration history and the data are transmitted to a ground recording system. With this experimental method, a series of tests on hemisphere-nose steel projectiles penetrating normally into plain concrete at the velocity region 150–400 m/s have been executed and the deceleration histories obtained. The high frequency portion in the deceleration data has been investigated and proved to be the structure response of projectile. The characteristics of deceleration history have also been analyzed and discussed.     

Analyses of the penetration process considering mass loss

Based on the dynamic cavity-expansion theory and momentum theorem, the key parameters of projectile penetrating into concrete target, i.e., the penetration time and time histories of DOP, deceleration, mass loss, instant mass loss rate and nose shape, are obtained by incremental calculation considering mass loss of projectile. The calculation results are consistent with the experimental results. Due to the mass loss and thus nose blunting effects, the pulse shape of deceleration may be quite different from that obtained in the analysis of a rigid projectile, and then the dissimilarity is analyzed. It is found that the pulse shape of deceleration is determined by the drag force and essentially determined by the performances of target and projectile, i.e., the shear strength of target, the Moh’s hardness of aggregate in concrete and the CRH value of projectile nose. Further analysis indicates that the pulse shape of deceleration is more sensitive to the performance of target than that of projectile.     

长杆高速侵彻的特征控制参量分析

针对理想长杆侵彻,通过对长杆侵彻Alekseevskii-Tate模型近似解进行分析,指出单一的无量纲速度衰减系数α（deceleration index）不足以完全表征长杆高速侵彻的准定常阶段。在此基础上,重新定义了2个无量纲特征参量:Johnson破坏数Φ_Jp和特征时间系数β,2个参量之间的关系为α=β/Φ_Jp。分析表明,Φ_Jp和β（或α和β）可实现对长杆高速侵彻准定常阶段的弹尾速度的完全表征;若再引入长杆弹相对临界速度v_c*,则可完全表征长杆侵彻的准定常阶段。此外,还证明了α能够判定侵彻过程偏离定常状态的程度,并指出通过确定Φ_Jp和β（或α和β）,可针对攻防需求对长杆弹侵彻设计进行指导。     

弹体侵彻与贯穿有限厚度混凝土靶体的力学特性

为了便于研究弹体贯穿混凝土靶体的力学本质,首先假设钻地弹是刚性弹体。在水动力侵彻模型的基础上,认为在弹体的冲击下,靶体裂缝扩展到靶体背面时就开始不稳定增长。将此时刻作为贯穿的发生时刻,据此利用裂缝增长的耗能机制求得了发生贯穿时,裂缝距靶体背面的临界距离。在求解贯穿发生后的侵彻阻抗力时考虑了由于靶体背面贯穿块的运动而造成的弹体相对速度的降低。计算表明,弹体端部侵入靶体与贯穿发生后2阶段弹体的减加速度变化剧烈,而弹体端部完全进入靶体后至发生贯穿阶段,弹体的减加速度变化相对较小。将计算结果与前人实验做了对比,验证了结果的可信性。 更多还原     

Performance evaluation of accelerometers used for penetration experiments

We present a Hopkinson bar technique to evaluate the performance of accelerometers that measure large amplitude pulses, such as those experienced during projectile penetration tests. An aluminum striker bar impacts a thin Plexiglas or copper disk placed on the impact surface of an aluminum incident bar. The Plexiglas or copper disk pulse shaper produces a nondispersive stress wave that propagates in the aluminum incident bar and eventually interacts with a tungsten disk at the end of the bar. A quartz stress gage is placed between the aluminum bar and tungsten disk, and an accelerometer is mounted to the free end of the tungsten disk. An analytical model shows that the rise time of the incident stress pulse in the aluminum bar is long enough and the tungsten disk length is short enough that the response of the tungsten disk can be accurately approximated as rigid-body motion. We measure stress at the aluminum bar-tungsten disk interface with the quartz gage and we calculate rigid-body acceleration of the tungsten disk from Newton's Second Law and the stress gage data. In addition, we measure strain-time at two locations on the aluminum incident bar to show that the incident strain pulse is nondispersive and we calculate rigid-body acceleration of the tungsten disk from a model that uses this strain-time data. Thus, we can compare accelerations measured with the accelerometer and accelerations calculated with models that use stress gage and strain gage measurements. We show that all three acceleration-time pulses are in very close agreement for acceleration amplitudes to about 20,000 G.     

弹丸侵彻钢筋混凝土的工程解析模型

既考虑了弹丸侵彻过程中受到的动阻力与静阻力,又考虑了弹丸与钢筋发生碰撞时钢筋对弹丸的直接阻力,提出了弹丸侵彻钢筋混凝土的工程解析模型。不同初速下弹丸的侵彻深度、侵彻过程中弹丸的位移、速度和负加速度时间历程的计算结果与测试数据符合很好,弹丸过载在12 000g~15 000g之间。该解析模型能够较真实的描述弹丸侵彻钢筋混凝土过程中的运动状态,并且该模型能够分析配筋结构、配筋尺寸、网眼尺寸对侵彻深度和侵彻过程的影响。     

滤波截止频率对粗糙点接触机理影响研究

使用基于快速傅里叶变换和共轭梯度法的接触程序,分析了滤波截止频率对粗糙点接触机理的影响.计算结果表明:粗糙表面形貌数据再处理时使用的滤波器滤波截止频率,对力-接近量关系有着明显的影响;滤波截止频率越小,接触面积越大,接触压力越小;滤波截止频率的改变会导致Von M ises应力的显著改变,这种改变在接触面上特别明显.因此,在实际研究粗糙表面的接触机理时,选择合适的滤波截止频率是非常必要的.     

Real-time numerical calculation for penetration depth of projectiles into concrete targets

Based on the acceleration data measured by penetration experiments with ogive-nose projectiles into semi-infinite concrete targets, a fuzzy method which can calculate the real-time penetration depth was developed. In the proposed method, the whole process of penetration was divided into three stages according to the instantaneous velocity, and each stage was described by different models. By judging the calculation error, threshold velocities between stages were automatically determined. Meanwhile, the striking velocity of the penetration process was calculated using the acceleration in whole trajectory. The calculated values by model are in reasonably good agreement with the measured data from experiments.