Rapid distortion of turbulent structures

A simple two scale rapid distortion model of turbulence is used to investigate the generation of coherent structures and to explain some dynamical effects (vorticity alignment with the intermediate eigenvector of the rate of strain, and vorticity production) which have been observed in recent Direct Numerical Simulations (Vincent & Meneguzzi 1991, Ashurstet al. 1987).A three dimensional homogeneous, isotropic, turbulent velocity field with the Von Karman energy spectrum is generated from random Fourier modes (Kinematic Simulation), and dynamics are added by subjecting this flow to a variety of plane large scale distortions calculated using Rapid Distortion Theory (RDT). Five non-overlapping zones (eddy, donor, convergence, shear and streaming regions) are defined. Eddy, convergence and donor regions increase with the proportion of rotational straining by the large scales, while stream regions increase with irrotational distortion. Shear regions show the largest overall change in volume.After large scale irrotational straining the small scale vorticity aligns with themiddle eigenvector of the small scale rate of strain, but with the largest eigenvector of the large scale rate of strain. There is no net production (destruction) of vorticity except under large scale irrotational strain in regions with two positive (negative) eigenvalues of the small scale rate of strain. These vorticity alignment and production results may be deduced analytically from Rapid Distortion by assuming that the initial turbulence is homogeneous and isotropic.     

Mixing in a stably stratified medium by horizontal shear near vertical walls

Stratified environmental flows near boundaries can have a horizontal mean shear component, orthogonal to the vertical mean density gradient. Vertical transport, against the stabilizing force of gravity, is possible in such situations if three-dimensional turbulence is sustained by the mean shear. A model problem, water with a constant mean density gradient flowing in a channel between parallel vertical walls, is examined here using the technique of large eddy simulation (LES). It is found that, although the mean shear is horizontal, the fluctuating velocity field has significant vertical shear and horizontal vorticity, thereby causing small-scale vertical mixing of the density field. The vertical stirring is especially effective near the boundaries where the mean shear is large and, consequently, the gradient Richardson number is small. The mean stratification is systematically increased between cases in our study and, as expected, the buoyancy flux correspondingly decreases. Even so, horizontal mean shear is found to be more effective than the well-studied case of mean vertical shear in inducing vertical buoyancy transport as indicated by generally larger values of vertical eddy diffusivity and mixing efficiency.     

STUDY OF NON-SUBMERGED GROIN TURBULENCE FLOW IN A SHALLOW OPEN CHANNEL BYLES

采用动态亚格子模式和浸没边界法,对宽浅槽道中的丁坝群绕流的水动力学特性进行了三维大涡模拟研究. 利用丁坝绕流,试验中采用粒子图像测速仪(particle image velocimetry, PIV)测量的试验中自由水面处的时间平均流速和湍动强度数据对模型进行率定,结果表明计算结果与试验数据吻合良好. 丁坝长度与丁坝之间距离的比值L/D对丁坝周围的水流流动形式、湍流强度、涡量分布有显著影响. 在L保持不变并且L/D较大时,丁坝之间的距离D较小,这限制了混合层的发展,因此混合层中的湍动强度和涡量都较小;同时丁坝之间的回流区的流线形式也发生明显变化. 此外,还给出了涡体在丁坝坝头附近产生,发展并向下游输运的动态过程.     

Fourier neural operator approach to large eddy simulation of three-dimensional turbulence

Fourier neural operator (FNO) model is developed for large eddy simulation (LES) of three-dimensional (3D) turbulence. Velocity fields of isotropic turbulence generated by direct numerical simulation (DNS) are used for training the FNO model to predict the filtered velocity field at a given time. The input of the FNO model is the filtered velocity fields at the previous several time-nodes with large time lag. In the a posteriori study of LES, the FNO model performs better than the dynamic Smagorinsky model (DSM) and the dynamic mixed model (DMM) in the prediction of the velocity spectrum, probability density functions (PDFs) of vorticity and velocity increments, and the instantaneous flow structures. Moreover, the proposed model can significantly reduce the computational cost, and can be well generalized to LES of turbulence at higher Taylor-Reynolds numbers.     

基于涡旋识别方法的高速列车尾涡结构的讨论

利用改进型延迟分离涡模拟方法对缩尺比例1:30的高速列车简化模型的绕流流场进行数值计算,主要针对近尾流区的涡旋结构展开具体讨论. 通过不同的涡旋识别方法,发现在尾涡结构中,高涡量的强涡旋主要聚集于尾车附近,而涡量较低但处于相对稳定状态的涡旋分布在大部分尾流空间中. 对此,主要基于最新提出的涡旋定义及其物理意义认为,由于边界层在尾部发生的流动分离,剪切变形以及高涡量的扩散对强涡旋的形成发挥着重要的作用,而涡旋会被较强的剪切旋转拉伸,使得局部复杂的流动表现出突出的湍流特性;另一方面,尽管涡强度明显下降,但是在强剪切应变迅速衰减的情况下,流向涡核中的涡旋涡量是主要的,此时,在较接近地面的情况下,流体微团以涡核为中心的旋转运动使得涡旋与地面之间的相互作用成为主导的流动机制. 虽然涡强度会相对缓慢地衰减,但是从湍流能量产生的角度,该机制对涡旋的自维持发挥重要的作用,从而使尾涡结构能够相对稳定地存在于尾流流动中.      

Assessment of a three-component vorticity probe in decaying turbulence

Measurements in grid turbulence with a three-component hot-wire vorticity probe are compared with results obtained from a direct numerical simulation of decaying homogeneous turbulence at a similar Reynolds number. There is adequate agreement for both spectra and probability density functions of all three vorticity fluctuations. This supports the treatment of the measured data, in particular the corrections that need to be applied for the finite spatial resolution of the probe. The comparison does, however, highlight some inaccuracies in the way the instantaneous dissipation rate fluctuations were obtained experimentally.     

Taylor and Lagrange correlations in a turbulent free shear layer

 The objective of this research was to study the effect of various Lagrange-tracking correlation methods in estimating the eddy lifetime for a two-stream, turbulent, planar free shear layer. Zeroth-, first- and second-order Lagrange correlation methods were applied to the time-evolving velocity field data collected from a cinematic particle image velocimetry technique. A time scale associated with the eddy lifetime was obtained based on a 2/e correlation of either vorticity or streamwise velocity fluctuations. When based on vorticity, this time scale significantly increased as expected when the tracking was computed with a second-order Lagrangian tracking technique as compared to a (zeroth-order) Taylor hypothesis approach. However when based on streamwise velocity fluctuations, this time scale did not increase significantly for the higher order projection methods. The latter result is attributed to occurrences of “reverse correlation” of the instantaneous streamwise velocity fluctuations caused by eddy rotation. Received: 2 April 1997/Accepted: 3 September 1997     

Velocity field after wave breaking

The velocity field in breaking water waves is considered in this paper. A numerical simulation describes in detail the transition from a primary overturning and consequent rebounding jets into a bore front, where the vorticity in the coherent large‐scale eddy structures devolves into turbulence. Spatial changes in the frequency spectra of the kinetic energy and the enstrophy are associated with the production, transport and dissipation of the Reynolds stress and the various wave and turbulent mixing length scales. Mean velocity fields and the wave and kinetic energy in a surf zone are evaluated. Fourier and wavelet spectral analysis is applied to study both the surface elevation and energy changes, and the distinction that must be made between spilling and plunging breakers is clarified in this paper. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

圆柱周围湍流和含沙多相流的SPH数值模拟

湍流和多相流是流体力学中最具挑战性的两个主题,湍流多相流的实验和数值模拟更是一项艰巨的挑战。此外,对颗粒干沉积方面的多相流、多尺度、多物理耦合特征的风沙流的综合实地观测仍然很少。因此,本文综合考虑湍流、多相流与多物理耦合等方面,采用以圆柱为干扰物产生对流涡流的强制干扰技术,以塔克拉玛干沙漠地带中和田至若羌铁路的过沙桥桥墩为研究背景。为摆脱有限元软件中由网格大变形或失真引起的各种问题,采用SPH方法的宏观界面追踪和微观单点追踪相结合的方式,初步揭示了以单相对流涡流为风场背景的含沙多相流环境下的圆柱周围复杂的流场变化以及对颗粒干沉积运动的影响。采用数值模拟与现场实验相结合的方式,着重对计算域边界壁面和圆柱壁面对空气单相流中对流涡流的成形运动及其特征分析、两相流中对流涡流在圆柱周围的夹沙运动模拟及其特性分析、两相流中对流涡流的夹沙率以及边界壁湍流对沙粒干沉积效率展开分析研究。     

Diffusion velocity for a three-dimensional vorticity field

A discussion is presented on the existence of a diffusion velocity for the vorticity vector that satisfies extensions of the Helmholtz vortex laws in a three-dimensional, incompressible, viscous fluid flow. A general form for the diffusion velocity is derived for a complex-lamellar vorticity field that satisfies the property that circulation is invariant about a region that is advected with the sum of the fluid velocity and the diffusion velocity. A consequence of this property is that vortex lines will be material lines with respect to this combined velocity field. The question of existence of diffusion velocity for a general three-dimensional vorticity field is shown to be equivalent to the question of existence of solutions of a certain Fredholm equation of the first kind. An example is given for which it is shown that a diffusion velocity satisfying this property does not, in general, exist. Properties of the simple expression for diffusion velocity for a complex-lamellar vorticity field are examined when applied to the more general case of an arbitrary three-dimensional flow. It is found that this form of diffusion velocity, while not satisfying the condition of circulation invariance, nevertheless has certain desirable properties for computation of viscous flows using Lagrangian vortex methods. The significance and structure of the noncomplex-lamellar part of the viscous diffusion term is examined for the special case of decaying homogeneous turbulence.     

Measured turbulent entropy production with large eddy particle image velocimetry

In this paper, statistical post-processing of measured velocity, dissipation rate and turbulence data is performed to establish whole-field distributions of entropy production within a channel. Thermal irreversibilities arising from temperature variations were not included in the study, as the experiments were conducted between unheated plexiglass plates in an essentially isothermal water tunnel. Unlike velocity or temperature, the measurement of entropy cannot be performed directly, so entropy production is measured indirectly through spatial differencing of measured velocities in large eddy PIV. In contrast to single-point methods of anemometry, large eddy PIV enables whole-field, time-varying measurements of the velocity field, which can be post-processed to yield entire spatial variations of the entropy production rate. An uncertainty analysis is performed to estimate measurement uncertainties with the new experimental technique. The uncertainties are decomposed into systematic and random components, including a propagated uncertainty, due to spatial differencing of the velocity field. Close comparisons between measured results of turbulence dissipation and direct numerical simulations provide useful verification of the formulation, before post-processed results of dissipation rates are used to determine entropy production within a channel.     

稳定分层二层流室内实验早期格栅湍流结构

采用室内实验混合箱和粒子图像测速技术,本文研究了稳定分层无平均剪切二层流(上层淡水、下层盐水)振动湍流结构。对实验录像进行粒子图像测速技术处理,获得垂向二维流场(垂直于格栅平面)瞬时速度和涡量,并用于计算:①时均速度和时均涡量;②均方根速度;③均匀程度和各向同性程度;④平均流强度;⑤时均泰勒的欧拉积分长度尺度;⑥时均湍动能和时均湍动能垂向通量;⑦水平和垂向速度的欧拉频谱。结果显示:(1)格栅方棒处时间平均速度方向垂直向上,而其两侧的时间平均涡量正负交替,表明格栅附近射流结构占据主要位置且存在反向涡旋对。(2)均方根速度随着距离格栅(水平面)高程的增大而减小,并且满足高程的-1.425(接近-3/2)幂次律,表明格栅湍流均方根速度的垂向变化较为剧烈。(3)靠近混合箱边壁处的均匀程度和各向同性程度都大于1,表明靠近混合箱边壁处存在各向异性湍流。(4)格栅反湍流强度的量级非0,但是,相对较小,表明平均流强度较低,故而,本实验结果仍可与无平均流的情况作对比。(5)时均泰勒的欧拉积分长度尺度随着距离格栅(水平面)高程的增大而线性增大,表明随着湍流向上发展,涡的平均尺度增大。(6)时均湍动能和时均湍动能垂向通量随着距离格栅(水平面)高程的增大而减小,而时均湍动能垂向通量为正值,表明远离格栅时均湍动能衰减,但是,始终向上传递。(7)水平和垂向速度的欧拉频谱随着距离格栅(水平面)高程的增大而减小,幂次律介于ω^-1和ω^-5/3(ω为频率)之间,表明水平和垂向的湍流脉动能量远离格栅均衰减,并受湍流的有限雷诺数效应的影响。     

On the decay process of turbulence at large Reynolds and Peclet numbers

When fluctuating temperature field is considered to be super imposed on a general field of eddy turbulence, the early period decay phenomena in regard to velocity, temperature and velocity-temperature are guided by three dynamical equations that are obtained here in a straightforward manner. The equations so obtained are simplified for the case of homogeneous turbulence and subsequently for the case of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence.     

Planar velocity measurements of a two-dimensional compressible wake

The present study describes the application of particle image velocimetry (PIV) to investigate the compressible flow in the wake of a two-dimensional blunt base at a freestream Mach number M_X=2. The first part of the study addresses specific issues related to the application of PIV to supersonic wind tunnel flows, such as the seeding particle flow-tracing fidelity and the measurement spatial resolution. The seeding particle response is assessed through a planar oblique shock wave experiment. The measurement spatial resolution is enhanced by means of an advanced image-interrogation algorithm. In the second part, the experimental results are presented. The PIV measurements yield the spatial distribution of mean velocity and turbulence. The mean velocity distribution clearly reveals the main flow features such as expansion fans, separated shear layers, flow recirculation, reattachment, recompression and wake development. The turbulence distribution shows the growth of turbulent fluctuations in the separated shear layers up to the reattachment location. Increased velocity fluctuations are also present downstream of reattachment outside of the wake due to unsteady flow reattachment and recompression. The instantaneous velocity field is analyzed seeking coherent flow structures in the redeveloping wake. The instantaneous planar velocity and vorticity measurements return evidence of large-scale turbulent structures detected as spatially coherent vorticity fluctuations. The velocity pattern consistently shows large masses of fluid in vortical motion. The overall instantaneous wake flow is organized as a double row of counter-rotating structures. The single structures show vorticity contours of roughly elliptical shape in agreement with previous studies based on spatial correlation of planar light scattering. Peak vorticity is found to be five times higher than the mean vorticity value, suggesting that wake turbulence is dominated by the activity of large-scale structures. The unsteady behavior of the reattachment phenomenon is studied. Based on the instantaneous flow topology, the reattachment is observed to fluctuate mostly in the streamwise direction suggesting that the unsteady separation is dominated by a pumping-like motion.     

Assessment of Five SGS Models for Low-Rem MHD Turbulence

Assessment of three regularization-based and two eddy-viscosity-based subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence models for large eddy simulations (LES) are carried out in the context of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) decaying homogeneous turbulence (DHT) with a Taylor scale Reynolds number (Re_λ) of 120 and a MHD transition-to-turbulence Taylor-Green vortex (TGV) problems with a Reynolds number of 3000, through direct comparisons to direct numerical simulations (DNS). Simulations are conducted using the low-magnetic Reynolds number approximation (Re_m<<1). LES predictions using the regularization-based Leray- α,LANS- α, and Clark- α SGS models, along with the eddy viscosity-based non-dynamic Smagorinsky and the dynamic Smagorinsky models are compared to in-house DNS for DHT and previous results for TGV. With regard to the regularization models, this work represents their first application to MHD turbulence. Analyses of turbulent kinetic energy decay rates, energy spectra, and vorticity fields made between the varying magnetic field cases demonstrated that the regularization models performed poorly compared to the eddy-viscosity models for all MHD cases, but the comparisons improved with increase in magnitude of magnetic field, due to a decrease in the population of SGS eddies within the flow field.     

Sensitivity analysis of freestream turbulence parameters on stagnation region heat transfer using a neural network

A neural network has been used to predict stagnation region heat transfer in the presence of freestream turbulence. The neural network was trained using data from an experimental study to investigate the influence of freestream turbulence on stagnation region heat transfer. The integral length scale, Reynolds number, all three components of velocity fluctuations and the vorticity field were used to characterize the freestream turbulence. The neural network is able to predict 50% of the test data within ±1%, while the maximum error of any data point is under 3%. A sensitivity analysis of the freestream turbulence parameters on stagnation region heat transfer was performed using the trained neural network. The integral length scale is found to have the least influence on the stagnation line heat transfer, while the normal and spanwise turbulence intensities have the highest influence.     

Direct Numerical Simulation of Transitional Noncircular Buoyant Reactive Jets

The near field dynamics of transitional buoyant reactive jets established on noncircular geometries, including a rectangular nozzle with an aspect ratio of 2:1 and a square nozzle with the same cross-sectional area, are investigated by three-dimensional spatial direct numerical simulations. Without applying external perturbations at the inflow boundary, large vortical structures develop naturally in the flow field due to buoyancy effects. Simulation results and analysis describe the details and clarify mechanisms of vortex dynamics of the noncircular buoyant reactive jets. The interaction between density gradients and gravity initiates the flow vorticity. Among the major vorticity transport terms, the gravitational term mainly promotes flow vorticity in the cross-streamwise direction. For the baroclinic torque, it can either create or destroy flow vorticity depending on the local flow structure. The vortex stretching term has different effects on the streamwise and cross-streamwise vorticity. Streamwise vorticity is mainly created by vortex stretching, while this term can either create or destroy cross-streamwise vorticity. Under the coupling effects of buoyancy and noncircular nozzle geometry, three-dimensional vortex interactions lead to the transitional behavior of the reactive jets. Simulations also show that the rectangular jet is more vortical than the square jet. The rectangular jet has a stronger tendency of transition to turbulence at the downstream due to the aspect ratio effect. Mean flow property calculations show that the rectangular buoyant reactive jet has a higher entrainment rate than its square counterpart. Received 13 December 2000 and accepted 24 July 2001     

Experiment and prediction of a cavity type separated flow

A detail study involving flow visualization, Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) measurements and numerical prediction is presented. The visualization experiments revealed striking results of a pulsatile motion in the separated flow region associated with the formation and passage of large eddy structures. Measurements of mean velocities and turbulence intensity profiles across the separated flow field, provided information about the separated shear layer development and the recirculating flow pattern. The numerical predictions, obtained with a two-layer turbulence model in conjunction with the SIMPLE algorithm, failed to reproduce the coherent eddies and the pulsatile motion, but the mean velocities are reasonably reproduced.     

雷诺应力各向异性涡黏模型的层析TRPIV测量

利用层析TRPIV测量水洞中平板湍流边界层3D-3C速度场的高分辨率时间序列数据库. 提出了空间局部平均多尺度速度结构函数的新概念, 描述湍流多尺度涡结构的空间拉伸、压缩、剪切变形和旋转. 用空间局部平均多尺度速度结构函数对湍流脉动速度进行了空间多尺度分解. 用空间流向局部平均多尺度速度结构函数, 根据湍流多尺度涡结构在流向的拉伸和压缩物理特征, 提出了新的湍流相干结构条件采样方法, 检测并提取了层析TRPIV数据中相干结构“喷射”和“扫掠”事件中的脉动速度、平均速度变形率、雷诺应力等物理量的空间拓扑形态. 通过研究平均速度变形率各分量与雷诺应力各分量之间的空间相位差异,肯定了壁湍流相干结构雷诺应力各向异性复涡黏模型的合理性.